CN110621666A - N-取代吲哚衍生物 - Google Patents
N-取代吲哚衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110621666A CN110621666A CN201880031869.9A CN201880031869A CN110621666A CN 110621666 A CN110621666 A CN 110621666A CN 201880031869 A CN201880031869 A CN 201880031869A CN 110621666 A CN110621666 A CN 110621666A
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Abstract
本发明涉及式(I)的衍生物,其中R1及R2如本说明书中所描述;其制备;其医药学上可接受的盐;及其作为药物的用途;含有一或多种式(I)化合物的医药组合物;且尤其涉及其作为前列腺素2受体EP2的调节剂的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及式(I)的新颖N取代吲哚衍生物及其作为药物的用途。本发明亦关于相关方面,该等方面包括制备化合物的方法、含有一或多种式(I)化合物的医药组合物,及其作为PGE2受体EP2(别名PTGER2,别名PGE2受体EP2亚型)的调节剂的用途。式(I)化合物可尤其用作单一试剂或与一或多种治疗剂(尤其诸如PGE2受体EP4(别名PTGER4,别名EP4R,别名PGE2受体EP4亚型)的调节剂)及/或化学疗法及/或放射疗法及/或免疫疗法组合,用于预防/防治或治疗癌症;尤其预防/防治或治疗黑素瘤;肺癌;膀胱癌;肾癌;胃肠癌;子宫内膜癌;卵巢癌;子宫颈癌;及神经母细胞瘤。
背景技术
前列腺素E2(PGE2)系可引发与炎症及癌症相关的广泛范围的生物作用的生物活性脂质。PGE2属于脂质的前列腺素家族。环加氧酶(COX)系称为前列腺素的生物介体的合成中的速率限制酶,前列腺素由前列腺素PGD2、PGE2、PGF2α、前列环素PGI2及凝血脂素TXA2组成。前列腺素经由七种跨膜G蛋白偶合受体(GPCR)的活化来发挥作用,详言之,EP1、EP2、EP3及EP4为PGE2的受体。由PGE2进行的EP2及EP4两者的活化刺激腺苷酸环化酶,引起细胞质cAMP含量升高,从而经由其原型效应子蛋白质激酶A起始多个下游事件。此外,PGE2亦能够经由PI3K/AKT及Ras-MAPK/ERK信号传导来进行信号传导。
癌症为全世界死亡的主要原因。肿瘤由异常增殖恶性癌细胞构成,亦由功能支持微环境构成。此肿瘤微环境由细胞、细胞外基质组分及信号传导分子的复合数组构成且藉由基质与肿瘤细胞之间的改变的通信建立。随着肿瘤尺寸扩大,其引发不同因子产生,该等因子可帮助肿瘤生长,诸如血管生成因子(促进血管向内生长),或可帮助避开宿主免疫反应袭击。PGE2系肿瘤中产生的此类免疫调节因子。
确定COX2主要经由PGE2促进肿瘤整体生长且上调且与高百分比的常见癌症,尤其结肠直肠癌、胃癌、食道癌、胰脏癌、乳癌及卵巢癌中的临床结果相关。高COX-2及PGE2表达量与赘生性转型、细胞生长、血管生成、侵袭性、癌转移及免疫逃避相关。
有关COX2过表达且在胃肠道(GI)癌症(尤其包括食道癌、胃癌及结肠直肠癌)中的癌发生中起重要作用的发现结果产生以下实情:COX抑制剂(昔布(Coxibs))(包括塞内昔布(Celecoxib))及其他非类固醇消炎药(NSAID)(包括阿司匹林(aspirin))属于当今研发过程中研究最多的癌症化学预防剂(关于综述,参见例如Wang R等人,Curr Pharm Des.2013;19(1):115-25;Garcia Rodriguez LA等人,Recent Results Cancer Res.2013;191:67-93,Sahin IH等人,Cancer Lett.2014年4月10日;345(2):249-57;Drew DA等人,Nat RevCancer 2016,16:173;Brotons C等人,Am J Cardiovasc Drugs.2015年4月;15(2):113)。
除COX2及PGE2以外,EP受体,尤其EP2及EP4亦在多种类型的癌症,尤其胃肠道(GI)癌及胰脏癌中异常过表达。此外,PGE2及/或EP2及/或EP4的过表达与一些癌症类型的疾病进展相关,诸如食道鳞状细胞癌(Kuo KT等人,Ann Surg Onc 2009;16(2),352-60);肺鳞状细胞癌(Alaa M等人,Int J Oncol 2009,34(3);805-12);前列腺癌(Miyata Y等人,Urology 2013,81(1):136-42;Badawi AF and Badr MZ Int J Cancer.2003,103(1):84-90);头颈鳞状细胞癌(Gallo O等人,Hum Pathol.2002,33(7):708-14)。
根据用昔布进行的研究,在小鼠中,COX1、COX2、微粒体前列腺素E合成酶1(mPTGES1)、EP2或EP4的基因敲除引起不同肿瘤模型中肿瘤发生率降低及进展减少。相反,转殖基因小鼠中COX2或mPTGES1的过表达引起增加的肿瘤发生率及肿瘤负荷(关于综述,参见Nakanishi M.及Rosenberg D.W.,Seminars in Immunopathology 2013,35:123-137;Fischer SM等人Cancer Prev Res(Phila)2011年11月;4(11):1728-35;Fulton AM等人Cancer Res 2006;66(20);9794-97)。
已在小鼠中进行在不同肿瘤模型中使用EP受体拮抗剂或COX2抑制剂抑制肿瘤生长及进程的若干药理学研究。EP拮抗剂及/或COX2抑制剂尤其减少以下实验模型中的肿瘤生长及转移:结肠直肠癌(例如Yang L等人Cancer Res 2006,66(19),9665-9672;Pozzi A.等人JBC279(28);29797-29804)、肺癌(Sharma S等人Cancer Res 2005 65(12),5211-5220)、胃肠道癌症(Oshima H等人Gastroenterology 2011,140(2);596-607;Fu SL等人world J Gastroenterol 2004,10(13);1971-1974)、乳癌(Kundu N等人,Breast CancerRes Treat 117,2009;235-242;Ma X等人,OncoImmunology 2013;Xin X等人LabInvestigation 2012,1-14;Markosyan N等人;Breast Cancer Res 2013,15:R75)、前列腺癌(Xu S等人,Cell Biochem Biophys 2014,Terada等人Cancer Res 70(4)2010;1606-1615)、胰脏癌(Al-Wadei HA等人,PLOS One 2012,7(8):e43376;Funahashi H等人,CancerRes 2007,67(15):7068-71)。COX2抑制剂批准用于治疗家族性腺瘤性息肉病(familialadenomatous polyposis;FAP),其为结肠直肠癌的一种遗传倾向性症候群,但后来因心脏血管副作用而收回。
在机理上,PGE2信号传导主要与肿瘤与基质细胞之间的串扰有关,从而产生有利于肿瘤生长的微环境。详言之,经由EP2及EP4进行的PGE2信号传导可例如(i)抑制自然杀手细胞的细胞毒性及细胞激素产生,(ii)使肿瘤相关巨噬细胞朝向促肿瘤M2巨噬细胞的极化偏移(参见例如Nakanishi Y等人Carcinogenesis 2011,32:1333-39),(iii)调节Treg(调节性T细胞)及MDSC(骨髓衍生的抑制细胞)的活化、扩增及效应功能,该两种细胞为在患者及实验动物模型中的肿瘤中积聚的强效免疫抑制细胞(参见例如Sharma S等人,CancerRes 2005,5(12):5211-20;Sinha P等人Cancer Res 2007,67(9),4507-4513;Obermajer N等人,Blood 2011,118(20):5498-5505);(iv)下调免疫细胞中的IFN-γ、TNF-αIL-12及IL-2表达,该等免疫细胞诸如自然杀手细胞、T细胞、树突状细胞及巨噬细胞,破坏此等免疫细胞诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及限制肿瘤形成的能力(参见例如Bao YS等人,IntImmunopharmacol.2011;11(10):1599-605;Kim JG及Hahn YS,Immunol Invest.2000;29(3):257-69;Demeuere CE等人,Eur J Immunol.1997;27(12):3526-31;Mitsuhashi M等人,J LeukocBiol.2004;76(2):322-32;Pockaj BA等人,Ann Surg Oncol.2004;11(3):328-39);(v)抑制T细胞的活化、IL-2易反应性、扩增及细胞毒性,藉此促进局部免疫抑制(参见例如Specht C等人,Int J Cancer200191:705-712);(vi)抑制树突状细胞的成熟、其呈现抗原及产生IL-12的能力,引起细胞毒性T细胞的顿挫性活化(参见例如Ahmadi M等人,Cancer Res 2008,68(18):7250-9;Stolina M等人,J Immunol 2000,164:361-70);(vii)藉由增强内皮细胞活动性及存活率以及藉由增加VEGF(血管内皮生长因子)的表达来调节肿瘤血管生成(形成用于营养物及氧供应的新血管)(参见例如Zhang Y及Daaka Y,Blood2011;118(19):5355-64:Jain S等人,Cancer Res.2008;68(19):7750-9;Wang及Klein,Molecular Carcinogenesis 2007,46:912-923);(viii)增强肿瘤细胞存活(经由PI3K/AKT及MAPK信号传导)。关于综述,参见例如Kalinski P,JImmunol 2012,188(1),21-28;Obermajer N等人,Oncoimmunology1(5),762-4;Greenhough A等人,carcinogenesis2009,30(3),377-86;Wang D及Dubois RN,Gut 2006,55,115-122;Harris SG等人TrendsImmunol 2002,22,144-150。
已证实昔布可使肿瘤细胞对辐射及化学疗法敏感且已进行或正在进行组合昔布与辐射及/或化学疗法的若干临床试验(关于综述,参见例如Ghosh N等人,PharmacolRep.2010 3月-4月;62(2):233-44;DavisTW等人,Am J Clin Oncol.2003,26(4):S58-61;亦参见Higgins JP等人,Cancer Biol Ther 2009,8:1440-49)。
此外,存在一些证据表明昔布与以下之间的加成作用及/或协同作用:表皮成长因子受体(EGFR)抑制剂(参见例如Zhang X等人,ClinCancer Res.2005,11(17):6261-9;Yamaguchi NH等人,J Gastrointest Oncol.2014,5(1):57-66);及芳香酶抑制剂(参见例如Generali D等人,BrJ Cancer.2014;111(1):46-54;Lustberg MB等人,Clin BreastCancer.2011年8月;11(4):221-7;Falandry C等人,Breast Cancer Res Treat.2009年8月;116(3):501-8;Chow LW等人,J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.2008,111(1-2):13-7)。
此外,当组合阿司匹林(COX1/2抑制剂)与抗VEGF抗体时,在不同小鼠肿瘤模型中发现加成/协同作用(Motz GT等人;Nat Med 201420(6):607)且此组合当前正处于临床试验研究(NCT02659384)中。
最近,已证实若组合不同免疫治疗方法,则可具有增强的抗肿瘤功效。归因于PGE2的免疫调节特性,因此昔布亦与不同免疫治疗方法组合使用。详言之,可在以下情况下观测到加成或甚至协同作用:在大鼠神经胶质瘤模型及小鼠间皮瘤或黑素瘤模型中组合昔布与树突状细胞疫苗接种(Zhang H等人,Oncol Res.2013;20(10):447-55;Veltman JD等人,BMC Cancer.2010;10:464;Toomey D等人,Vaccine.2008年6月25日;26(27-28):3540-9);在小鼠脑瘤中组合昔布与颗粒球-巨噬细胞群落刺激因子(GM-CSF)( S等人,IntJ Cancer.2014年6月1日;134(11):2748-53);在脑瘤中组合昔布与干扰素γ(IFN-γ)( S等人,Cancer Immunol Immunother.2012,61(8):1191-9);在小鼠乳癌模型中组合昔布与树突状细胞疫苗接种或GM-CSF(Hahn T等人,Int J Cancer.2006,118(9):2220-31);及在小鼠间皮瘤模型中组合昔布与腺病毒干扰素β(IFN-β)疗法(DeLong P等人,Cancer Res.2003年11月15日;63(22):7845-52)。由此,亦可设想昔布及/或EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂与以下的加成或甚至协同作用:作用于细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白质4(CTLA-4)的试剂,诸如抗CTLA-4抗体;抗TIM-3抗体、抗Lag-3抗体;抗TIGIT抗体;或详言之,作用于计划性细胞死亡蛋白质1(PD1)的试剂,诸如抗PD1或抗PDL1(计划性细胞死亡配位体1)抗体(Yongkui Li等人Oncoimmunology 2016,5(2):e1074374;Zelenay S等人,Cell 2015,162;1-14;WO2013/090552,其指示双重EP2及EP4阻断与作用于PD1的试剂的组合的协同作用)。
腺苷为另一种具有消炎特性的内源性因子,其经由表达于各种细胞型(包括调节性T细胞(Treg))上的胞外核苷酸酶(CD39及CD73)的活性产生(Mandapathil M等人,J BiolChem.2010;285(10):7176-86)。免疫细胞亦对腺苷起反应,因为其携带ADO的受体,该等受体主要为A2a/A2b类型(Hoskin DW等人,Int J Oncol 2008,32:527-535)。经由腺苷受体及EP2/EP4受体进行的信号传导会聚在细胞质腺苷酸环化酶上,引起cAMP上调。证实腺苷及PGE2在抑制由调节性T细胞介导的免疫反应方面协作(Mandapathil M等人,J BiolChem.2010;285(36):27571-80;Caiazzo E等人,Biochem Pharmacol.2016;112:72-81)。
因此,本发明EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂可单独或与一或多种治疗剂及/或化学疗法及/或放射疗法及/或免疫疗法组合,尤其与化学疗法、放射疗法、EGFR抑制剂、芳香酶抑制剂、抗血管生成药物、腺苷抑制剂、免疫疗法(尤其诸如PD1及/或PDL1阻断)或其他靶向疗法组合用于预防/防治或治疗癌症,特别用于预防/防治或治疗皮肤癌,包括黑素瘤,包括转移性黑素瘤;肺癌,包括非小细胞肺癌;膀胱癌(bladder cancer),包括膀胱癌(urinarybladder cancer)、尿道上皮细胞癌;肾癌,包括肾细胞癌、转移性肾细胞癌、转移性肾透明细胞癌;胃肠癌,包括结肠直肠癌、转移性结肠直肠癌、家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)、食道癌、胃癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌、肝细胞癌及胰脏癌,诸如胰腺癌或胰管癌;子宫内膜癌;卵巢癌;子宫颈癌;神经母细胞瘤;前列腺癌,包括去势抗性前列腺癌;脑瘤,包括脑转移瘤、恶性神经胶质瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、神经管胚细胞瘤、脊膜瘤;乳癌,包括三阴性乳癌;口腔肿瘤;鼻咽肿瘤;胸腺癌;头颈癌;白血病,包括急性骨髓白血病、成人T细胞白血病;癌瘤;腺癌;甲状腺癌,包括乳头状甲状腺癌;绒膜癌;尤文氏肉瘤(Ewing's sarcoma);骨肉瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;卡堡氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma);淋巴瘤,包括伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、MALT淋巴瘤;多发性骨髓瘤;以及病毒诱发的肿瘤。
此外,选择性或双重EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂可适用于若干其他例如对用COX2抑制剂进行的治疗起反应的疾病或病症,其优势在于EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂不应具有在COX2抑制剂情况下发现的潜在心脏血管副作用,该等副作用主要归因于PGI2及TXA2合成的干扰(参见例如Boyd MJ等人,bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters 21,484,2011)。举例而言,藉由COX抑制剂阻断前列腺素产生为选择用于尤其包括发炎性疼痛及痛经的疼痛的治疗。因此,EP2及/或EP4及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂可用于治疗疼痛,尤其发炎性疼痛。来自EP2基因剔除小鼠的证据表明EP2拮抗剂可用于治疗发炎性痛觉过敏(Reinold H等人,JClin Invest 2005,115(3):673-9)。此外,EP4拮抗剂在发炎性疼痛模型中具有有利的活体内作用(例如Murase A,Eur J Pharmacol 2008;Clark P,J Pharmacol ExpTher.2008;Maubach KA Br J Pharmacol.2009;Colucci J Bioorg MedChem Lett.2010,Boyd MJ等人,Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011,Chn Q等人Br J Phramacol 2010,Nakao K等人,JPharmacol Exp Ther.2007年8月;322(2):686-94)。EP2与EP4拮抗剂的组合投药在小鼠胶原蛋白诱导的关节炎模型中展示关节炎的显著,但部分抑制(Honda T等人J Exp Med2006,203(2):325-35)。
EP2及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂可用于降低女性生育力,亦即证实其在短尾猿中用作避孕药时可防止怀孕(Peluffo MC等人HumReprod 2014)。EP2基因剔除小鼠具有降低的生育力、较小每窝产仔数及减小的卵丘扩增(Matsumoto等人,Biology of reproduction2001,64;1557-65;Hitzaki等人,PNAS 1999,96(18),10501-10506;Tilley SL J ClinInves 1999,103(11):1539-45;Kennedy CR等人,Nat Med 19995(2):217-20)。
亦存在EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂可用于预防或治疗子宫内膜异位的基本原理:例如EP2、EP3及EP4以及COX2在子宫内膜异位细胞株及组织中过表达(例如Santulli P等人JClin Endocrinol Metab 2014,99(3):881-90);证实拮抗剂治疗可活体外抑制子宫内膜细胞的黏着(Lee J等人Biol Reprod 2013,88(3):77;Lee J等人Fertil Steril 201,93(8):2498-506);已证实COX2抑制剂可经由EP2降低小鼠中的子宫内膜病变(Chuang PC等人,AmJ Pathol 2010,176(2):850-60);及已证实拮抗剂治疗可活体外诱导子宫内膜细胞的凋亡(Banu SK等人,MOl endocrinol2009,23(8)1291-305)。
双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂或选择性EP2拮抗剂与选择性EP4拮抗剂的组合可具有用于自体免疫性病症的潜在用途;例如已证实其在多发性硬化(MS)的小鼠模型中有效(Esaki Y等人PNAS 2010,107(27):12233-8;Schiffmann S等人,Biochem Pharmacol.2014,87(4):625-35;亦参见Kofler DM等人J Clin Invest 2014,124(6):2513-22)。活体外细胞中EP2/EP 4信号传导的活化(Kojima F等人Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009,89:26-33)将双重或选择性EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂与类风湿性关节炎治疗相关联。又,已在来自骨关节炎(OA)患者的滑液及软骨中报导PGE(2)的含量升高且已证实PGE2经由EP4受体刺激骨关节炎软骨细胞中的基质降解(Attur M等人,J Immunol.2008;181(7):5082-8)。
EP4过表达与患者的动脉粥样硬化斑中增强的发炎反应相关(Cipollone F等人,Artherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005,25(9);1925-31),因此指示EP4及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂可用于斑块稳定化作用及预防/防治急性局部缺血症候群。此外,EP4不足藉由损害巨噬细胞存活率来抑制早期动脉粥样硬化(Babaev VR等人,Cell Metab.2008年12月;8(6):492-501)。
EP2及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂亦适用于治疗肺炎:凋亡细胞的肺内投药显示PGE(2)经由EP2引起白血球的肺募集的后续损伤及肺炎链球菌的清除,以及增强的活体内IL-10的产生(Medeiros AI等人J ExpMed 2009 206(1):61-8)。
此外,EP2及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂可另外适用于治疗神经退化性疾病(关于综述,参见Cimino PJ等人,Curr Med Chem.2008;15(19):1863-9)。EP2受体促进肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)的小鼠模型中的炎症进程(Liang X等人,Ann Neurol 2008,64(3):304-14);已证实COX2抑制剂在中风、帕金森病(Parkinson disease)及ALS的啮齿动物模型中具有神经保护性(关于综述,参见Liang X等人J Mol Neurosci 2007,33(1):94-9),在用帕金森病毒剂处理的EP2基因剔除小鼠中观测到降低的神经毒性(Jin J等人,JNeuroinflammation 2007,4:2),PGE2经由EP2使培养的大鼠细胞中的神经退化恶化(Takadera T等人,Life Sci 2006,78(16):1878-83);若与EP2基因剔除小鼠杂交,则在阿兹海默氏病小鼠模型中观测到降低的淀粉样蛋白负荷(Liang X等人J Neurosci 2005,25(44):10180-7;Keene CD等人,Am J Pathol.2010,177(1):346-54)。EP2剔除小鼠避免神经退化性疾病中CD14依赖性/先天性免疫性介导的神经元损坏(Shie FS等人Glia 2005,52(1):70-7);PGE2经由EP2增加培养的大鼠小神经胶质细胞中的淀粉样蛋白前驱蛋白(APP)表达(Pooler AM等人Neurosci.Lett.2004,362(2):127-30)。EP2拮抗剂限制大脑中由先天性免疫性的活化(LPS的颅内注射)引起的氧化损坏且可用于阿兹海默症或HIV相关痴呆(Montine TJ等人,J Neurochem 2002,83(2):463-70)。在阿兹海默氏病小鼠模型中,可藉由EP4的遗传及药理学抑制来改良认知功能(Hoshino T等人,J Neurochem 2012,120(5):795-805)。
EP2及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂亦可适用于治疗体染色体显性多囊性肾病(ADPKD):PGE2经由EP2诱导人类肾上皮细胞的囊肿生成;及发现EP2在患者样品中过表达(Elberg G等人,Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007,293(5):F1622-32)。
EP4及/或双重EP2/EP4拮抗剂亦可适用于治疗骨质疏松:PGE2主要经由EP4且部分经由EP2刺激骨骼再吸收(Suzawa T等人,Endocrinology.2000年4月;141(4):1554-9),EP4基因剔除小鼠展示减弱的骨骼再吸收(Miyaura C等人,J Biol Chem 2000,275(26):19819-23)且EP4拮抗剂展示PGE(2)刺激的破骨细胞生成及破骨细胞骨骼再吸收的部分抑制(Tomita M等人,Bone.2002年1月;30(1):159-63)。
WO2008/152093揭示选择性EP2受体调节剂,其包含在位置3连接于分子其余部分的吲哚环及无论如何不经直接连接的芳族取代基取代的嘧啶部分。WO2006/044732揭示作为PGD2调节剂的嘧啶化合物,主张其适用于例如治疗过敏性疾病。WO2008/006583揭示作为ALK-5抑制剂的嘧啶衍生物。WO2006/044732及WO2008/039882揭示作为前列腺素D2受体拮抗剂的某些嘧啶衍生物。嘧啶-2-基衍生物揭示于WO2013/020945、WO2012/127032、WO2011/144742、Bioorg.Med.Chem 2011,21(13)4108-4114及Bioorg.Med.Chem 2011,21(1)66-75中。某些吲哚-1-乙酰胺化合物称为链接库化合物,例如CAS 1448123-30-5及CAS 1448075-88-4。所主张的其他具有作为抗癌剂的活性的化合物揭示于WO2006/128129、WO2008/008059及Bioorg.Med.Chem 2013,21(2),540-546中。WO2013/163190及WO2015/058031揭示与DNA修复过程相互作用的某些DNA-PK抑制剂。认为所揭示的化合物适用于使癌细胞敏感,及增强癌症化学疗法及放射疗法的功效。
发明内容
本发明提供作为前列腺素2受体EP2的调节剂的式(I)的新颖N取代吲哚衍生物。因此,本发明化合物可作为单一试剂或尤其与一或多种治疗剂(尤其诸如PGE2受体EP4的调节剂)组合,用于预防/防治或治疗对EP2受体的阻断起反应(或若使用与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合,对EP2及EP4受体两者的阻断起反应)的疾病,尤其诸如癌症;以及疼痛,尤其包括发炎性疼痛及痛经;子宫内膜异位;动脉粥样硬化患者中的急性局部缺血症候群;肺炎;神经退化性疾病,包括肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化、中风;帕金森病、阿兹海默氏病及HIV相关痴呆;体染色体显性多囊性肾病;及控制女性生育力。
1)本发明的第一方面涉及式(I)化合物
其中
R1表示氢或甲基;
R2表示甲基、溴、氯或氰基。
本发明亦包括同位素标记、尤其2H(氘)标记的根据实施方式1)至7)的式(I)化合物,除了一或多个原子各经具有相同原子数但原子质量不同于在自然界中通常发现的原子质量的原子置换以外,该等化合物与式(I)化合物一致。同位素标记、尤其2H(氘)标记的式(I)化合物及其盐在本发明范畴的内。用较重同位素2H(氘)取代氢可产生较大代谢稳定性,使得例如活体内半衰期增加或剂量需求降低,或可导致对细胞色素P450酶的抑制降低,产生例如改良的安全型态。在本发明的一个实施方式中,式(I)化合物未经同位素标记或其仅用一或多个氘原子标记。在一子实施方式中,式(I)化合物完全未经同位素标记。同位素标记的式(I)化合物可类似于下文所述的方法来制备,但使用适合试剂或起始物质的适当同位素变体。
具体实施方式
在本专利申请案中,标绘为点线的键展示所标绘的基团的连接点。举例而言,以下标绘的基团
是2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基。
在化合物、盐、医药组合物、疾病及其类似物使用复数形式的情况下,此复数形式亦意欲意谓单一化合物、盐或其类似物。
适当及方便时,对根据实施方式1)至7)的式(I)化合物的任何提及应理解为亦提及此类化合物的盐(及尤其医药学上可接受的盐)。
术语“医药学上可接受的盐”系指保持本发明化合物的所需生物活性且展现极小非所需毒理学效应的盐。视本发明化合物中碱基及/或酸基的存在而定,此类盐包括无机酸或有机酸及/或碱加成盐。作为参考,参见例如“Handbook of PhramaceuticalSalts.Properties,Selection and Use.”,P.Heinrich Stahl,Camille G.Wermuth(编),Wiley-VCH,2008;及“Pharmaceutical Salts and Co-crystals”,Johan Wouters及LucQuéré(编),RSC Publishing,2012。
本文所提供的定义意欲统一应用于根据实施方式1)至6)中的任一者所定义的式(I)化合物,且细节上做必要修改后,在整个说明书及申请专利范围中除非另外明确地陈述,否则定义提供较宽或较窄定义。应充分理解,术语的定义或较佳定义界定且可替换各别术语,独立于(及组合)如本文所定义的任何或所有其他术语的任何定义或较佳定义。
每当取代基表示为任选选用时,应了解此类取代基可不存在,在此情况下具有游离价数的所有位置(此类任选选用的取代基可附接的位置;诸如在芳环中,具有游离价数的环碳原子及/或环氮原子)在适当时经氢取代。同样地,倘若术语“任选”用于(环)杂原子的情形下,则该术语意谓各别任选选用的杂原子或类似物不存在(亦即某一部分不含有杂原子/系碳环/或类似物),或各别任选选用的杂原子或类似物如所明确定义存在。
术语“卤素”意谓氟、氯、溴或碘;尤其氟、氯或溴;较佳氟或氯。
单独或组合使用的术语“烷基”系指含有一至六个碳原子的饱和直链或分支链烃基。术语“(Cx-y)烷基”(x及y各自为整数)系指含有x至y个碳原子的如先前所定义的烷基。举例而言,(C1-6)烷基含有一至六个碳原子。烷基的实施例系甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、3-甲基-丁基、2,2-二甲基-丙基及3,3-二甲基-丁基。为避免任何疑义,若基团称为例如丙基或丁基,其分别意谓正丙基、正丁基。较佳为甲基及乙基。最佳为甲基。
单独或组合使用的术语“烷氧基”系指烷基-O-基团,其中烷基如先前所定义。术语“(Cx-y)烷氧基”(x及y各自为整数)系指含有x至y个碳原子的如先前所定义的烷氧基。举例而言,(C1-4)烷氧基意谓式(C1-4)烷基-O-的基团,其中术语“(C1-4)烷基”具有此前给出的意义。烷氧基的实施例系甲氧基、乙氧基、正丙氧基、异丙氧基、正丁氧基、异丁氧基、仲丁氧基及叔丁氧基。较佳为乙氧基及尤其甲氧基。
单独或组合使用的术语“氟烷基”系指含有一至三个碳原子的如先前所定义的烷基,其中一或多个(及可能所有)氢原子已由氟置换。术语“(Cx-y)氟烷基”(x及y各自为整数)系指含有x至y个碳原子的如先前所定义的氟烷基。举例而言,(C1-3)氟烷基含有一至三个碳原子,其中一至七个氢原子已由氟置换。氟烷基的代表性实施例包括三氟甲基、2-氟乙基、2,2-二氟乙基及2,2,2-三氟乙基。较佳为(C1)氟烷基,诸如三氟甲基。
单独或组合使用的术语“氟烷氧基”系指含有一至三个碳原子的如先前所定义的烷氧基,其中一或多个(及可能所有)氢原子已由氟置换。术语“(Cx-y)氟烷氧基”(x及y各自为整数)系指含有x至y个碳原子的如先前所定义的氟烷氧基。举例而言,(C1-3)氟烷氧基含有一至三个碳原子,其中一至七个氢原子已由氟置换。氟烷氧基的代表性实施例包括三氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、2-氟乙氧基、2,2-二氟乙氧基及2,2,2-三氟乙氧基。较佳为(C1)氟烷氧基,诸如三氟甲氧基及二氟甲氧基,以及2,2,2-三氟乙氧基。
单独或组合使用的术语“环烷基”系指含有三个至六个碳原子的饱和单环烃环。术语“(Cx-y)环烷基”(x及y各自为整数)系指含有x至y个碳原子的如先前所定义的环烷基。举例而言,(C3-6)环烷基含有三至六个碳原子。环烷基的实施例系环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基及环庚基。较佳为环丙基、环丁基及环戊基;尤其环丙基。
术语“氰基”系指基团-CN。
式(I)化合物经羧酸基团-COOH取代;应理解此类羧酸基团可呈前药基团形式存在。此类前药涵盖于本发明的范畴中。在某些情况下,包含此类羧酸前药基团的化合物因此可呈现对EP2受体的生物活性,而在其他情况下,包含此类羧酸前药基团的此类化合物需要(例如酶)裂解前药以呈现对EP2受体的生物活性。羧酸官能基的前药为此项技术中熟知的(参见例如J.Rautio(编)Prodrugs and Targeted Delivery:Towards Better ADMEProperties,第47卷,Wiley 2010,ISBN:978-3-527-32603-7;H.Maag in Stella,V.,Borchardt,R.,Hageman,M.,Oliyai,R.,Maag,H.,Tilley,J.(编)Prodrugs:Challengesand Rewards,Springer 2007,ISBN 978-0-387-49785-3)。
例如适合于此类-COOH基团的前药的特定实施例系:
·酯基团-CO-O-P1,其中P1系例如(C1-4)烷基;(C3-6)环烷基,其中(C3-6)环烷基任选含有环氧原子;(C3-6)环烷基-(C1-3)烷基,其中(C3-6)环烷基任选含有环氧原子;(C1-3)氟烷基;羟基-(C2-4)烷基;或(C1-4)烷氧基-(C2-4)烷基(尤其P1系(C1-4)烷基,详言之甲基或乙基);
·基团-CO-NH-SO2-RS3,其中RS3表示(C1-4)烷基、(C3-6)环烷基,其中(C3-6)环烷基任选含有环氧原子;(C3-6)环烷基-(C1-3)烷基,其中(C3-6)环烷基任选含有环氧原子;(C1-3)氟烷基、-NH2;(尤其RS3系(C1-4)烷基、(C3-6)环烷基或苯基;尤其甲基);
·基团-CO-RO1,其中RO1表示-O-CH2-CO-RO4,其中RO4表示羟基,或(C1-4)烷氧基,或-N[(C1-4)烷基]2(尤其-CO-O-CH2-COOH、-CO-O-CH2-CO-N(CH3)2);
·基团-CO-RO1,其中RO1表示-O-CH2-O-CO-RO5,其中RO5表示(C1-4)烷基或(C1-4)烷氧基(尤其-CO-O-CH2-O-CO-O-乙基、-CO-O-CH2-O-CO-丙基);
·基团-CO-RO1,其中RO1表示-O-CH2-CH2-N[(C1-4)烷基]2(尤其-CO-O-CH2-CH2-N(CH3)2);及
·基团-CO-RO1,其中RO1表示5-甲基-2-氧代-[1,3]二氧杂环戊烯-4-基)-甲氧基-。
当使用词语“在……之间”描述数值范围时,应理解,所指示范围的端点明确包括于该范围中。举例而言:若温度范围描述为在40℃与80℃之间,则此意谓在该范围内包括端点40℃及80℃;或若定义变量为1与4之间的一整数,则此意谓该变量为整数1、2、3或4。
除非关于温度使用,否则位于数值“X”之前的术语“约”在本申请案中系指自X减10%X延伸至X加10%X的区间且较佳指自X减5%X延伸至X加5%X的区间。在温度的特定情况下,位于温度“Y”之前的术语“约”系指在本申请案中自温度Y减10℃延伸至Y加10℃的区间,且较佳指自Y减5℃延伸至Y加5℃的区间。此外,如本文所用的术语“室温”系指约25℃的温度。
本发明的其他实施方式呈现于下文:
2)仲实施方式系指根据实施方式1)的化合物,其中R1表示氢。
3)另一实施方式涉及根据实施方式1)的化合物,其中R1表示甲基。
4)另一实施方式系指根据实施方式1)至3)中任一项的化合物,其中R2表示甲基。
5)另一实施方式系指根据实施方式1)至3)中任一项的化合物,其中R2表示氯或溴(尤其氯)。
6)另一实施方式系指根据实施方式1)至3)中任一项的化合物,其中R2表示氰基。
7)另一实施方式涉及根据实施方式1)的最佳化合物,其系选自以下化合物:
4-{6-[2-(2-甲基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
4-{6-[2-(2-氰基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
4-{6-[2-(2,7-二甲基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
4-{6-[2-(2-氯-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;及
4-{6-[2-(2-溴-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸。
根据实施方式1)至7)的式(I)化合物及其医药学上可接受的盐可用作药剂,例如呈医药组合物形式以用于经肠(尤其如口服,例如呈片剂或胶囊形式)或非经肠投药(包括局部施用或吸入)。
可以任何本领域普通技术人员所熟悉的方式(参见例如Remington,The Scienceand Practice of Pharmacy,第21版(2005),第5部分,“Pharmaceutical Manufacturing”[由Lippincott Williams&Wilkins出版]),藉由将所描述的式(I)化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐(任选与其他有治疗价值的物质组合)与适合的无毒惰性治疗兼容性固体或液体载剂材料及(必要时)常用医药佐剂一起制成盖伦投药剂型(galenical administrationform)来产生医药组合物。
本发明亦关于一种预防/防治或治疗本文所提及的疾病或病症的方法,其包含向个体投与医药活性量的根据实施方式1)至7)的式(I)化合物。
在本发明的一较佳实施方式中,投与量包含于每天1mg与2000mg之间,尤其每天5mg与1000mg之间,更尤其每天25mg与500mg之间,尤其每天50mg与200mg之间。
当使用词语“在……之间”描述数值范围时,应理解,所指示范围的端点明确包括于该范围中。举例而言:若温度范围描述为在40℃与80℃之间,则此意谓在该范围内包括端点40℃及80℃;或若定义变量为1与4之间的一整数,则此意谓该变量为整数1、2、3或4。
除非关于温度使用,否则位于数值“X”之前的术语“约”在本申请案中系指自X减10%X延伸至X加10%X的区间且较佳指自X减5%X延伸至X加5%X的区间。在温度的特定情况下,位于温度“Y”之前的术语“约”系指在本申请案中自温度Y减10℃延伸至Y加10℃的区间,且较佳指自Y减5℃延伸至Y加5℃的区间。
为了避免任何疑义,若化合物描述为可用于预防/防治或治疗某些疾病,则此类化合物同样适用于制备供预防/防治或治疗该等疾病用的药剂。同样,此类化合物亦适于预防/防治或治疗此类疾病的方法,其包含向有需要的个体(哺乳动物,尤其人类)投与有效量的此类化合物。
根据实施方式1)至7)的式(I)化合物适用于预防/防治或治疗与EP2及/或(若与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合)EP2及EP4受体两者相关的病症。
抑制EP4受体的化合物详言之系化合物4-[[4-(5-甲氧基-2-吡啶基)苯氧基]甲基]-5-甲基-N-[(2-甲基苯基)磺酰基]-2-呋喃甲酰胺(BGC-20-1531、BGC20-1531;WO2004/067524);N-[[2,4-(2-乙基-4,6-二甲基-1H-咪唑并[4,5-c]吡啶-1-基)苯乙基氨基]羰基]-4-甲基-苯磺酰胺(Grapiprant、AAT-007、CJ-023423、MR-10A7、RQ-00000007、RQ-07、RQ-7-;WO2002/032900);4-[(1S)-1-[[[3-(二氟甲基)-1-甲基-5-[3-(三氟甲基)苯氧基]-1H-吡唑-4-基]羰基]氨基]乙基]-苯甲酸(E-7046、ER-886046-00;WO2012/039972);CR-6086(WO2012/076063);ONO-4578(WO2016/111347);及4-[1(S)-[5-氯-2-(3-氟苯氧基)吡啶-3-基甲酰氨基]乙基]苯甲酸(AAT-008、RQ-08、RQ-00000008;WO2005/021508);以及以下各者中所揭示的化合物:WO2017/066633;WO2017/014323;WO2016/111347;WO2016/021742;WO2015/179615;WO2015/147020;WO2015/091475;WO2015/094912;WO2015/094902;WO2014/200075;WO2014/186218;WO2014/126746;WO2014/122267;WO2014/086739;WO2014/004230;WO2014/004229;WO2013/004290;WO2012/103071;WO2012/076063;WO2012/043634;WO2012/039972;WO2010/034110;WO2010/032123;WO2010/019796;WO2009/139373;WO2009/005076;WO2008/123207;WO2008/116304;WO2008/104055;WO2008/017164;WO2007/143825;WO2007/121578;WO2006/122403;WO2005/105733;WO2005/105732;WO2005/037812;WO2005/021508;WO2004/067524;WO2003/099857;WO2003/086390;WO2003/087061;WO2002/064564;WO2002/050032;WO2002/050033;WO2002/032422;WO2001/072302。
根据实施方式1)至7)的某些式(I)化合物展现其在生物环境中(亦即在一或多种能够使连接于羰基的共价键断裂的酶,诸如酰胺酶、酯酶或能够自羧酸基移除前药基团的其任何适合的同等物存在下)作为前列腺素2受体EP2的调节剂的生物活性。
与EP2及/或(若此类化合物与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合使用)EP2及EP4受体两者相关的疾病或病症尤其系
·癌症(特别为黑素瘤,包括转移性黑素瘤;肺癌,包括非小细胞肺癌;膀胱癌,包括膀胱癌、尿道上皮细胞癌;肾癌,包括肾细胞癌、转移性肾细胞癌、转移性肾透明细胞癌;胃肠癌,包括结肠直肠癌、转移性结肠直肠癌、家族性腺瘤性息肉病(FAP)、食道癌、胃癌、胆囊癌、胆管癌、肝细胞癌及胰脏癌,诸如胰腺癌或胰管癌;子宫内膜癌;卵巢癌;子宫颈癌;神经母细胞瘤;前列腺癌,包括去势抗性前列腺癌;脑瘤,包括脑转移瘤、恶性神经胶质瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤、神经管胚细胞瘤、脊膜瘤;乳癌,包括三阴性乳癌;口腔肿瘤;鼻咽肿瘤;胸腺癌;头颈癌;白血病,包括急性骨髓白血病、成人T细胞白血病;癌瘤;腺癌;甲状腺癌,包括乳头状甲状腺癌;绒膜癌;尤文氏肉瘤(Ewing's sarcoma);骨肉瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;卡堡氏肉瘤(Kaposi's sarcoma);淋巴瘤,包括伯基特氏淋巴瘤(Burkitt's lymphoma)、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin's lymphoma)、MALT淋巴瘤;多发性骨髓瘤;以及病毒诱发性肿瘤;尤其黑素瘤;肺癌;膀胱癌;肾癌;胃肠癌;子宫内膜癌;卵巢癌;子宫颈癌;以及神经母细胞瘤);
以及与EP2及/或EP4受体相关的其他疾病或病症,诸如:
·疼痛(尤其发炎性疼痛及痛经);
·子宫内膜异位;
·体染色体显性多囊性肾病;
·动脉粥样硬化患者中的急性缺血症候群;
·肺炎;及
·神经退化性疾病,包括肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化、中风;帕金森氏病(Parkinsondisease)、阿兹海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)及HIV相关痴呆症;
·且EP2及/或EP4拮抗剂可进一步用于控制女性生育力。
与EP2及/或EP4受体相关的其他疾病或病症系自体免疫病症,尤其诸如多发性硬化症、类风湿性关节炎及骨关节炎;以及骨质疏松。
根据实施方式1)至7)中任一者的式(I)化合物尤其可作为预防/防治或治疗癌症的治疗剂。其可用作单一治疗剂,其中为预防/防治或治疗癌症,该等化合物较佳地与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合使用;且另外任选与一或多种化学疗法药剂及/或放射疗法及/或靶向疗法组合使用。此类组合治疗可同时、分开或在一段时间内进行。
因此,本发明亦关于包含医药学上可接受的载剂材料及以下的医药组合物:
·根据实施方式1)至7)中任一者的式(I)化合物;及/或
·PGE2受体EP4的调节剂;及/或
·及一或多种细胞毒性化学疗法药剂。
因此,本发明亦涉及一种试剂盒,其包含
·医药组合物,该组合物包含医药学上可接受的载剂材料及:
根据实施方式1)至7)中任一者的式(I)化合物;
·及如何使用该医药组合物与化学疗法及/或放射疗法及/或靶向疗法组合来预防/防治或治疗癌症的说明书。
术语“放射疗法”或“放射线疗法”或“放射线肿瘤学”系指电离放射线预防/防治(辅助疗法)及/或治疗癌症的医疗用途;包括外部及内部放射疗法。
术语“靶向疗法”系指用一或多种抗肿瘤剂,诸如对特定类型的癌细胞或基质细胞起作用的小分子或抗体,预防/防治(辅助疗法)及/或治疗癌症。一些靶向疗法阻断某些酶、蛋白质或与癌细胞的生长及扩散有关的其他分子的活动。其他类型的靶向疗法帮助免疫系统杀死癌细胞(免疫疗法);或抑制肿瘤中新血管的血管生成、生长及形成;或直接传递有毒物质至癌细胞且将其杀死。尤其适于与本发明化合物组合的靶向疗法的实施例为免疫疗法,尤其靶向计划性细胞死亡受体1(PD-1受体)或其配位体PD-L1的免疫疗法(Zelenay等人,2015,Cell 162,1-14;Yongkui Li等人,Oncoimmunology 2016,5(2):e1074374)。
当与式(I)化合物组合使用时,术语“靶向疗法”尤其系指诸如以下的试剂:
a)表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)抑制剂或阻断抗体(例如吉非替尼(Gefitinib)、埃罗替尼(Erlotinib)、阿法替尼(Afatinib)、埃克替尼(Icotinib)、拉帕替尼(Lapatinib)、帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)、扎鲁姆单抗(Zalutumumab)、尼妥珠单抗(Nimotuzumab)、马妥珠单抗(Matuzumab)及西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab));
b)RAS/RAF/MEK路径抑制剂(例如维罗非尼(Vemurafenib)、索拉非尼(Sorafenib)、达拉菲尼(Dabrafenib)、GDC-0879、PLX-4720、LGX818、RG7304、曲美替尼(Trametinib)(GSK1120212)、考比替尼(Cobimetinib)(GDC-0973/XL518)、毕尼替尼(Binimetinib)(MEK162、ARRY-162)、司美替尼(Selumetinib)(AZD6244));
c)芳香酶抑制剂(例如依西美坦(Exemestane)、来曲唑(Letrozole)、阿那曲唑(Anastrozole)、伏罗唑(Vorozole)、福美司坦(Formestane)、法屈唑(Fadrozole));
d)血管生成抑制剂,尤其VEGF信号传导抑制剂,诸如贝伐单抗(Bevacuzimab)(阿瓦斯汀(Avastin))、雷莫芦单抗(Ramucirumab)、索拉非尼(Sorafenib)或阿西替尼(Axitinib);
e)免疫检查点抑制剂(例如:抗PD1抗体,诸如派立珠单抗(Pembrolizumab)(拉立珠单抗(Lambrolizumab)、MK-3475)、纳武单抗(Nivolumab)、皮立珠单抗(Pidilizumab)(CT-011)、AMP-514/MED10680、PDR001、SHR-1210;REGN2810、BGBA317;靶向PD-1的融合蛋白,诸如AMP-224;小分子抗PD1剂,诸如WO2015/033299、WO2015/044900及WO2015/034820中揭示的化合物;抗PD1L抗体,诸如BMS-936559、阿特唑单抗(atezolizumab)(MPDL3280A、RG7446)、MEDI4736、艾维路单抗(avelumab)(MSB0010718C)、德瓦鲁单抗(durvalumab)(MEDI4736);抗PDL2抗体,诸如AMP224;抗CTLA-4抗体,诸如伊派利单抗(ipilimumab)、曲米木单抗(tremilmumab);抗淋巴细胞活化基因3(LAG-3)抗体,诸如BMS-986016、IMP701、MK-4280、ImmuFact IMP321;抗T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3(TIM-3)抗体,诸如MBG453;抗CD137/4-1BB抗体,诸如BMS-663513/优瑞路单抗(urelumab)、PF-05082566;具有Ig及ITIM结构域(TIGIT)抗体的抗T细胞免疫受体,诸如RG6058(抗TIGIT、MTIG7192A);
f)疫苗接种方法(例如树突状细胞疫苗接种、肽或蛋白质疫苗接种(例如用gp100肽或MAGE-A3肽);
g)再次引入经遗传修饰以分泌免疫调节因子,诸如颗粒球单核球群落刺激因子(GMCSF)基因转染的肿瘤细胞疫苗(GVAX)或Fms相关的酪胺酸激酶3(Flt-3)配位体基因转染的肿瘤细胞疫苗(FVAX)或基于Toll样受体增强的GM-CSF肿瘤的疫苗(TEGVAX)的患者来源或同种异体(非自身)癌细胞;
h)基于T细胞的过继性免疫疗法,包括嵌合抗原受体(CAR)工程改造的T细胞(例如CTL019);
i)基于细胞介素或免疫细胞介素的疗法(例如干扰素α、干扰素β、干扰素γ、介白素2、介白素15);
j)Toll样受体(TLR)促效剂(例如雷西莫特(resiquimod)、咪喹莫特(imiquimod)、葡萄哌喃糖基脂质A、CpG寡脱氧核苷酸);
k)沙力度胺(Thalidomide)类似物(例如来那度胺(Lenalidomide)、泊利度胺(Pomalidomide));
l)吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)及/或色胺酸-2,3-双加氧酶(TDO)抑制剂(例如RG6078/NLG919/GDC-0919;因多莫得(Indoximod)/1MT(1-甲基色胺酸)、INCB024360/艾帕斯塔(Epacadostat)、PF-06840003(EOS200271)、F001287);
m)T细胞共刺激受体的活化剂(例如抗OX40/CD134(肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族,成员4,诸如RG7888(MOXR0916)、9B12;MEDI6469、GSK3174998、MEDI0562)、抗OX40-配位体/CD252;抗糖皮质激素诱导的TNFR家族相关基因(GITR)(诸如TRX518、MEDI1873、MK-4166、BMS-986156)、抗-CD40(TNF受体超家族成员5)抗体(诸如达西珠单抗(Dacetuzumab)(SGN-40)、HCD122、CP-870,893、RG7876、ADC-1013、APX005M、SEA-CD40);抗CD40-配位体抗体(诸如BG9588);抗CD27抗体,诸如瓦里木单抗(Varlilumab));
n)结合肿瘤特异性抗原以及T细胞表面标记物的分子,诸如双特异性抗体(例如靶向CEA及CD3的RG7802)或抗体片段、抗体模拟蛋白(诸如经设计的锚蛋白重复蛋白,DARPINS)、双特异性T细胞接合分子(BITE,例如AMG103、AMG330);
o)靶向群落刺激因子-1受体(CSF-1R)的抗体或小分子量抑制剂(例如埃玛图单抗(Emactuzumab)(RG7155)、卡比拉单抗(Cabiralizumab)(FPA-008)、PLX3397);
p)靶向自然杀手细胞上免疫细胞检查点的试剂,诸如针对杀手细胞免疫球蛋白样受体(KIR)的抗体,例如利瑞路单抗(Lirilumab)(IPH2102/BMS-986015);
q)靶向腺苷受体或将ATP转变成腺苷的核酸外切酶CD39及CD73的试剂,诸如MEDI9447(抗CD73抗体)、PBF-509;CPI-444(腺苷A2a受体拮抗剂)。
当与式(I)化合物组合使用时,诸如d)下列出的免疫检查点抑制剂及尤其靶向计划性细胞死亡受体1(PD-1受体)或其配位体PD-L1的免疫检查点抑制剂的免疫检查点抑制剂为较佳。
术语“化学疗法”系指用一或多种细胞毒性抗肿瘤剂(“细胞毒性化学疗法药剂”)治疗癌症。化学疗法常常结合诸如放射线疗法或手术的其他癌症治疗使用。该术语尤其系指藉由杀死迅速分裂(大部分癌细胞的主要特性的一)的细胞来起作用的常规细胞毒性化学治疗剂。化学疗法可每次使用一种药物(单剂化学疗法)或一次使用若干药物(组合化学疗法或多化学疗法)。使用仅在曝光时方转变成细胞毒活性的药物的化学疗法称为光化学疗法或光动力疗法。
如本文所用,术语“细胞毒性化学疗法药剂”或“化学疗法药剂”系指诱导细胞凋亡或坏死性细胞死亡的活性抗肿瘤剂。当与式(I)化合物组合使用时,该术语尤其系指常规细胞毒性化学疗法药剂,诸如:
a)烷基化剂(例如甲氮芥、氯芥苯丁酸、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、链脲菌素、卡莫司汀(carmustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、美法仑(melphalan)、达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine)、替莫唑胺(temozolomide)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、噻替派(thiotepa)或六甲蜜胺(altretamine);尤其环磷酰胺、卡莫司汀、美法仑、达卡巴嗪或替莫唑胺);
b)铂药物(尤其顺铂(cisplatin)、卡铂(carboplatin)或奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin));
c)抗代谢药物(例如5-氟尿嘧啶、叶酸/甲酰四氢叶酸、卡培他滨(capecitabine)、6-巯基嘌呤、甲胺喋呤、吉西他滨(gemcitabine)、阿糖胞苷、氟达拉宾(fludarabine)或培美曲塞(pemetrexed);尤其5-氟尿嘧啶、叶酸/甲酰四氢叶酸、卡培他滨、甲胺喋呤、吉西他滨或培美曲塞);
d)抗肿瘤抗生素(例如道诺比星(daunorubicin)、小红莓(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、埃达霉素(idarubicin)、放射菌素-D、博莱霉素(bleomycin)、丝裂霉素-C或米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);尤其小红莓);
e)有丝分裂抑制剂(例如太平洋紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、多烯紫杉醇(docetaxel)、伊沙匹隆(ixabepilone)、长春碱(vinblastine)、长春新碱(vincristine)、长春瑞宾(vinorelbine)、长春地辛(vindesine)或雌氮芥(estramustine);尤其太平洋紫杉醇、多烯紫杉醇、伊沙匹隆或长春新碱);或
f)拓朴异构酶抑制剂(例如依托泊苷(etoposide)、替尼泊苷(teniposide)、拓朴替康(topotecan)、伊立替康(irinotecan)、二氟替康(diflomotecan)或依洛替康(elomotecan);尤其依托泊苷或伊立替康)。
当与式(I)的化合物组合使用时,较佳的细胞毒性化学疗法药剂为以上提及的烷基化剂(尤其福莫司汀、环磷酰胺、异环磷酰胺、卡莫司汀、达卡巴嗪及其前药,诸如尤其替莫唑胺或此等化合物的医药学上可接受的盐;尤其替莫唑胺);有丝分裂抑制剂(尤其太平洋紫杉醇、多西他赛、伊沙匹隆;或此等化合物的医药学上可接受的盐;尤其太平洋紫杉醇);铂药物(尤其顺铂、奥沙利铂及卡铂);以及依托泊苷及吉西他滨。
化学疗法可在治愈意图下给与或其可旨在延长生命或减轻症状。
·组合形式化学疗法为使用药物与其他癌症治疗,诸如放射线疗法或手术。
·诱导化学疗法为使用化学治疗药物的第一线癌症治疗。此类型化学疗法用于治愈意图。
·巩固化学疗法在缓解后提供,以延长整体无疾病时间且提高整体存活率。投与的药物与实现缓解的药物相同。
·加强化学疗法与巩固化学疗法一致,但使用与诱导化学疗法不同的药物。
·组合化学疗法涉及同时用许多不同药物治疗患者。该等药物的机制及副作用不同。最大优点为对任一药剂形成抗性的几率降至最低。此外,药物可常以较低剂量使用,降低毒性。
·新辅助化学疗法在诸如手术的局部治疗前给与,且经设计以缩小原发性肿瘤。其亦用于具有高风险微转移疾病的癌症。
·辅助化学疗法在局部治疗(放射疗法或手术)后给与。其可在几乎无癌症存在的证据但存在复发风险时使用。其亦可用于杀死已扩散至其他身体部分的任何癌细胞。此等微小转移灶可用辅助化学疗法治疗且可降低由此等散播性细胞引起的复发速率。
·维持化学疗法为重复低剂量治疗以延长缓解。
·补救性化学疗法或缓解性化学疗法在无治愈意图下提供,但仅降低肿瘤负荷及延长预期寿命。对于此等方案,通常预期更佳的毒性概况。
在提及投药类型时,“同时”在本申请案中意谓相关投药类型在于在大致相同时间投与两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗;其中应理解,同时投与将使个体同时暴露于两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗。当同时投与时,该两种或更多种活性成分可呈固定剂量组合或呈同等的非固定剂量组合(例如藉助于藉由相同投药途径在大致相同时间使用两种或更多种待投与的不同医药组合物),或藉由非固定剂量组合,使用两种或更多种不同投药途径来投与;其中该投药使得个体基本上同时暴露于两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗。举例而言,当与化学疗法及/或适合靶向疗法组合使用时,本发明的EP2/EP4拮抗剂将可能“同时”使用。
当提及投药类型时,“固定剂量组合”在本申请案中意谓相关投药类型在于投与包含两种或更多种活性成分的一种单个医药组合物。
当提及投药类型时,“分开”在本申请案中意谓相关投药类型在于在不同时间点投与两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗;其中应理解分开投药将产生其中个体同时暴露于两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗的治疗阶段(例如至少1小时,尤其至少6小时,尤其至少12小时);但分开投药亦可产生其中历经某一时间段(例如至少12小时,尤其至少一天)个体仅暴露于两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗中的一者。分开投药尤其指代以下情况:以显著不同于每日(诸如每天一次或两次)投药的周期性给与活性成分及/或治疗中的至少一者(例如其中例如一天一次或两次给与一种活性成分及/或治疗,且另一种例如隔日、或一周一次或以甚至更长间隔给与)。举例而言,当与放射疗法组合使用时,本发明EP2/EP4拮抗剂将可能“分开”使用。
“在一段时间内”投与在本申请案中意谓在不同时间相继投与两种或更多种活性成分及/或治疗。该术语尤其系指其中活性成分及/或治疗中的一者的整个投药在另一/其他活性成分及/或治疗的投药开始前完成的投药方法。以此方式,可投与活性成分及/或治疗中的一者达若干个月,接着投与其他活性成分及/或治疗。
“在一段时间内”投与亦涵盖其中在初始化学治疗剂(例如诱导化学疗法)及/或放射性治疗及/或靶向疗法治疗终止后开始的治疗中将使用式(I)化合物的情形,其中任选该治疗将与其他/持续化学治疗剂及/或放射性治疗及/或靶向疗法治疗组合(例如与巩固化学疗法、加强化学疗法、辅助化学疗法或维持化学疗法或其放射性治疗同等物组合);其中此类其他/持续化学治疗及/或放射性治疗及/或靶向疗法治疗将在“不以相同周期给与”的意义上同时、分开或在一段时间内。
如实施方式1)至7)中所定义的式(I)化合物(尤其与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合)亦可用于调节具有肿瘤的个体中免疫反应的方法,其包含投与有效量的式(I)化合物;其中该有效量重新活化该个体的肿瘤中的免疫系统;其中尤其该有效量:
·对抗肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化成促肿瘤M2巨噬细胞;及/或
·下调肿瘤中累积的免疫抑制细胞(尤其调节T细胞(Tregs)及/或骨髓衍生抑制细胞(MDSC))的活化、扩增及/或效应功能;及/或
·上调诸如自然杀手细胞、T细胞、树突状细胞及巨噬细胞的免疫细胞中IFN-γ及/或TNF-α及/或IL-12及/或IL-2表达(诱导肿瘤细胞细胞凋亡及/或限制肿瘤形成);及/或
·直接或间接对抗细胞毒性T细胞的遏制活化、IL-2反应及扩增(从而减少局部免疫抑制)。
如实施方式1)至7)中所定义的式(I)化合物(尤其与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合)亦可用于减少具有肿瘤的个体中的肿瘤生长及/或降低该个体中的肿瘤尺寸,其包含投与有效量的式(I)化合物;其中该有效量下调肿瘤血管生成(尤其藉由降低内皮细胞活动性及/或存活率,且/或藉由降低血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor;VEGF)的表达);且/或其中该有效量减小肿瘤细胞存活率且/或诱导肿瘤细胞细胞凋亡(尤其经由PI3K/AKT及MAPK信号传导的抑制)。
如实施方式1)至7)中所定义的式(I)化合物(尤其与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合)亦可用于调节具有肿瘤的个体中的免疫反应,其包含投药有效量的式(I)化合物;其中该有效量重新活化该个体的肿瘤中的免疫系统;其中该有效量活化自然杀手细胞及/或细胞毒性T细胞的细胞毒性及细胞激素产生。
实验部分
I.化学物质
所有温度系以℃形式进行陈述。市售起始物质未经进一步纯化即按原样使用。除非另外说明,否则所有反应皆在烘干玻璃器皿中,在氮气氛围下进行。化合物藉由硅胶急骤管柱层析或藉由制备型HPLC来纯化。描述于本发明中的化合物藉由使用列于以下的条件的LC-MS数据(以min给定滞留时间tR;获自质谱的分子量以g/mol给定)表征。在本发明化合物呈现为构形异构体的混合物的情况下,尤其在其LC-MS谱图中可见,给出最大量构像的滞留时间。
分析型LC-MS装备:
HPLC泵:二元梯度泵,Agilent G4220A或等效物
自动取样器:Gilson LH215(具有Gilson 845z注射器)或等效物
管柱隔室:Dionex TCC-3000RS或等效物
脱气器:Dionex SRD-3200或等效物
补给泵:Dionex HPG-3200SD或等效物
DAD检测器:Agilent G4212A或等效物
MS检测器:单四极质量分析器,Thermo Finnigan MSQPlus或等效物
ELS检测器:Sedere SEDEX 90或等效物
LC-MS方法A
管柱:Zorbax SB-aq(3.5μm,4.6×50mm)。条件:MeCN[洗脱剂A];水+0.04%TFA[洗脱剂B]。梯度:95%B→5%B,历经1.5min(流速:4.5mL/min)。检测:UV/Vis+MS,tR以min给出。
制备型HPLC装备:
配备有Gilson LH215的Gilson 333/334HPLC泵、Dionex SRD-3200脱气器、DionexISO-3100A补给泵、Dionex DAD-3000DAD检测器、单四极质量分析器MS检测器、ThermoFinnigan MSQ Plus、MRA100-000分流器、Polymer Laboratories PL-ELS1000ELS检测器。
具有碱性条件的制备型HPLC
管柱:Waters XBridge(10μm,75×30mm)。条件:MeCN[洗脱剂A];水+0.5%NH4OH(25%aq.)[洗脱剂B];梯度参见表1(流速:75mL/min),视待纯化的化合物的极性决定洗脱剂A的起始百分比(x)。检测:UV/Vis+MS
表1
t(min) | 0 | 0.01 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.6 |
洗脱剂A(%) | x | x | 95 | 95 | x | x |
洗脱剂B(%) | 100-x | 100-x | 5 | 5 | 100-x | 100-x |
具有酸性条件的制备型HPLC
管柱:Waters Atlantis T3(10μm,75×30mm)。条件:MeCN[洗脱剂A];水+0.5%HCO2H[洗脱剂B];梯度参见表2(流动速率:75mL/min),视待纯化的化合物的极性来决定洗脱剂A的起始百分比(x)。检测:UV/Vis+MS
表2
t(min) | 0 | 0.01 | 4.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.6 |
洗脱剂A(%) | x | x | 95 | 95 | x | x |
洗脱剂B(%) | 100-x | 100-x | 5 | 5 | 100-x | 100-x |
缩写(如上文或下文中使用):
aq. 水溶液
atm 氛围
boc 叔丁氧基羰基
d 天
DCM 二氯甲烷
DIPEA 二异丙基-乙胺,惠尼格氏碱
DMF 二甲基甲酰胺
DMSO 二甲亚砜
Et2O 二乙醚
EtOAc 乙酸乙酯
EtOH 乙醇
Ex. 实施例
FC 硅胶急骤层析
h 小时
hept 庚烷
HPLC 高效液相层析
LC-MS 液相层析质法
Lit. 文献
MeCN 乙腈
MeOH 甲醇
mL 毫升
min 分钟
MW 微波
Ph 苯基
PPh3 三苯基膦
prep. 制备型
RM 反应混合物
RT 室温
s 秒
sat. 饱和(若未以其他方式指示:饱和水溶液)
tBu 叔丁基(tert-butyl)=叔丁基(tertiary butyl)
TEA 三乙胺
TFA 三氟乙酸
THF 四氢呋喃
TLC 薄层层析法
tR 反应时间
triflate 三氟甲磺酸酯
A-制备式(III)的嘧啶卤化物衍生物
A.1. 6-氯-N-(2-(2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙基)嘧啶-4-胺
在室温下向4,6-二氯嘧啶(3.00g,20.1mmol)于2-丙醇(50mL)中的溶液添加2-(2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙-1-胺(3.68g,21.1mmol)及TEA(3.08mL,22.2mmol)。使所得混合物回流2h,随后使其冷却至室温且在减压下浓缩。将残余物分配于饱和NaHCO3水溶液与EtOAc之间。分离各层,且用EtOAc再次萃取水层。合并的有机层用水、盐水洗涤,经MgSO4干燥,过滤且溶剂在真空中移除,获得呈黄色粉末状的所需产物(5.45g,94%)。LC-MS A:tR=0.87min;[M+H]+=287.13。
A.1.1. 2-(2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙-1-胺
向2-甲基吲哚(10.04g,75mmol)于甲苯(200mL)中的溶液添加2-氯乙胺盐酸盐(17.4g,150mmol)、新鲜粉末状NaOH(21.00g,525mmol)及硫酸氢四丁基铵(2.037g,6mmol)。将所得混合物加热至回流且搅拌17h。随后冷却至室温,且经由滤纸过滤。残余物用甲苯湿磨两次,且过滤。滤液在减压下浓缩,且残余物藉由FC纯化使用100:0至95:5的DCM/MeOH梯度。在浓缩含有产物的溶离份之后,获得呈黄色树脂状的标题化合物(13.2g,99%):LC-MS A:tR=0.54min;[M+H]+=175.31。
A.2. 1-(2-((6-氯嘧啶-4-基)氨基)乙基)-1H-吲哚-2-甲腈
标题化合物系根据上文所述的A.1.的合成使用2,2,2-三氟乙酸2-(2-氰基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙-1-铵制备;LC-MS A:tR=0.85min;[M+H]+=298.05。
A.2.1. 2,2,2-三氟乙酸2-(2-氰基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙-1-铵
(2-(2-氰基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙基)氨基甲酸叔丁酯(2.08g,6.56mmol)于DCM(20mL)中的溶液用TFA(20mL)处理且RM在室温下搅拌1h。在真空下移除溶剂。残余物在Et2O中湿磨三次,得到呈米色粉末状的标题化合物(1.56g,81%)。LC-MS A:tR=0.82min;[M+H]+=186.25。
A.2.2. (2-(2-氰基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙基)氨基甲酸叔丁酯
向1H-吲哚-2-甲腈(0.80g,5.63mmol)于DMF(25mL)中的溶液逐份添加NaH(0.27g,6.75mmol)且在室温下将RM搅拌15min。逐滴添加N-叔丁氧羰基-2-溴乙基-胺(1.30g,5.63mmol)于DMF(10mL)中的溶液,且将RM加热达至85℃且在此温度下搅拌17h,随后在室温下冷却且分配于Et2O与Et2O之间。水层用Et2O再次萃取(3次)。合并的有机层经MgSO4干燥,过滤且在减压下浓缩,得到呈褐色油状物的标题化合物。LC-MS A:tR=0.90min;[M+H-Boc]+=186.27。
A.3. 6-氯-N-(2-(2,7-二甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙基)嘧啶-4-胺
标题化合物系根据上文所述的A.1.的合成,使用2-(2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙-1-胺制备;LC-MS A:tR=0.91min;[M+H]+=301.19。
A.3.1. 2-(2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙-1-胺
标题化合物系根据上文所述的A.1.1.的合成,使用2,7-二甲基吲哚制备;LC-MS A:tR=0.58min;[M+H]+=189.26。
B-制备实施例
一般程序A:与Pd(PPh3)4的铃木偶合
用氩气吹扫各别嘧啶卤化物衍生物(II)(0.15mmol)、各别4-羧基苯基硼酸(0.18mmol)及K2CO3 2M(0.3mL,0.6mmol)于乙醇(3mL)中的混合物,添加四-(三苯基膦)-钯(0.0075mmol),且在90℃下RM过夜。可替代地,反应可在120℃下于微波设备中进行,持续10-30min。RM经0.45μm Glass MicroFiber过滤器过滤,用EtOH/MeCN及DMF洗涤。藉由制备型HPLC或FC纯化滤液。可替代地,用水稀释,视需要调节pH值且用EtOAc萃取(3次)。将合并的有机萃取物干燥(MgSO4)且在减压下浓缩。藉由制备型HPLC或FC纯化残余物。
实施例1:4-{6-[2-(2-甲基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸
标题化合物系根据上文所述的一般程序A,使用6-氯-N-(2-(2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙基)嘧啶-4-胺(A.1.)制备且获得呈灰白色固体状;LC-MSA:tR=0.67min;[M+H]+=373.09。
实施例2:4-{6-[2-(2-氰基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸
标题化合物系根据上文所述的一般程序A,使用1-(2-((6-氯嘧啶-4-基)氨基)乙基)-1H-吲哚-2-甲腈(A.2.)制备且获得呈灰白色固体状;LC-MS A:tR=0.56min;[M+H]+=384.16。
实施例3:4-{6-[2-(2,7-二甲基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸
标题化合物系根据上文所述的一般程序A,使用6-氯-N-(2-(2,7-二甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)乙基)嘧啶-4-胺(A.3.)制备且获得呈淡黄色固体状;LC-MS A:tR=0.69min;[M+H]+=386.92。
实施例4:4-{6-[2-(2-氯-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸
向MW小瓶装入4-(6-((2-(2-氧代吲哚啉-1-基)乙基)氨基)嘧啶-4-基)苯甲酸叔丁酯(200mg,0.465mmol)、DCM(3mL)及POCl3(0.0848mL,0.929mmol),其经密封且在回流下搅拌6h。将RM冷却至0℃且用NaOH 32%谨慎骤冷直至碱性pH值,随后谨慎地添加额外的水。水层用DCM萃取(3次)。有机层用盐水洗涤,经MgSO4干燥。过滤且在减压下浓缩。添加MeOH且在减压下移除溶剂。将残余物溶解于乙醇(2mL)及H2O(1mL)中,添加单水合氢氧化锂(101mg,2.38mmol)且在105℃下将混合物加热1h。反应混合物经由0.45μm Glass MicroFiber过滤器过滤且藉由碱性制备型HPLC纯化以得到呈白色固体状的粗标题化合物(16mg,9%)。LC-MS A:tR=0.69min;[M+H]+=393.13。
a)4-(6-((2-(2-氧代吲哚啉-1-基)乙基)氨基)嘧啶-4-基)苯甲酸叔丁酯
标题化合物系根据上文所述的一般程序A,使用1-(2-((6-氯嘧啶-4-基)氨基)乙基)吲哚啉-2-酮及4-叔丁氧基羰基苯基硼酸制备;LC-MS A:tR=0.75min;[M+H]+=431.07。
b)1-(2-((6-氯嘧啶-4-基)氨基)乙基)吲哚啉-2-酮
标题化合物系根据上文所述的一般程序A.1.,使用1-(2-氨基乙基)吲哚啉-2-酮制备;LC-MS A:tR=0.70min;[M+H]+=289.13。
实施例5:4-{6-[2-(2-溴-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸
向MW小瓶装入4-(6-((2-(2-氧代吲哚啉-1-基)乙基)氨基)嘧啶-4-基)苯甲酸乙酯(60mg,0.149mmol)、DCM(2mL)及POBr3(64mg,0.224mmol),其经密封且在回流下搅拌1h。将RM冷却至室温,添加咪唑(12.3mg,0.179mmol),且使RM回流48h。RM经冷却且用饱和NaHCO3水溶液谨慎骤冷且用DCM萃取(3次)。用盐水洗涤有机层,经MgSO4干燥,过滤,且在减压下浓缩。使残余物溶解于乙醇(2mL)及H2O(1mL)中,添加单水合氢氧化锂(35mg,0.83mmol)且使混合物回流过夜。反应混合物经由0.45μm Glass MicroFiber过滤器过滤且藉由碱性制备型HPLC纯化以得到呈黄色固体状的粗标题化合物(1mg,1%)。LC-MS A:tR=0.69min;[M+H]+=438.85。
a)4-(6-((2-(2-氧代吲哚啉-1-基)乙基)氨基)嘧啶-4-基)苯甲酸乙酯
标题化合物系根据上文所述的一般程序A,使用1-(2-((6-氯嘧啶-4-基)氨基)乙基)吲哚啉-2-酮(实施例4-b)及4-乙氧基羰基苯基硼酸制备;LC-MS A:tR=0.69min;[M+H]+=402.94。
活体外生物分析
根据以下实验方法测定式(I)化合物对EP2及EP4受体的拮抗活性。
该分析系使用来自DiscoverX的PathHunterTM HEK 293PTGER2及PTGER4b-抑制蛋白细胞株。该系统系基于酶片段互补技术。b-半乳糖酶的两个互补片段在稳定转染的细胞内表达。b-gal的较大部分(称为酶受体的EA)与b-抑制蛋白2的C端融合。较小片段(称为ProLinkTM标签)在C端与PTGER2(EP2)或PTRGER4(EP4)。在活化时,募集b-抑制蛋白,其迫使ProLink与EA相互作用,允许b-gal的两个片段互补且形成能够水解受质且产生化学发光信号的功能性酶。
hEP2b-抑制蛋白分析:
用细胞解离缓冲液(Invitrogen,13151-014)使HEK 293 PTGER2b-抑制蛋白细胞(DiscoverX 93-021-4C1)与培养皿分离,且收集在生长培养基(GM:DMEM+格鲁塔玛(Glutamax)-I(Invitrogen 32430)/10%FCS,1%青霉素(Penicilin)/链霉素(streptomycin))中。将384孔板(白色,具有白底,Greiner 781080)中每孔5000个细胞接种在每孔20μl GM中。板在37℃、5%CO2下培育24小时。
在DMSO中制成测试化合物的储备溶液,浓度为10mM,且在DMSO中连续稀释至抑制剂量反应曲线所需的浓度(测试浓度范围10μM-2nM或1μM-0.2nM)。
在5μM最终浓度下PGE2(Cayman 14010,储备溶液:10mM于DMSO中)用作促效剂,对应于EC80。
将五微升经稀释的化合物转移至分析板中。将板在37℃下预培育15分钟。接着将五微升PGE2(最终浓度5μM)转移至分析板中。将板在37℃下培育120分钟。
使PathHunter Glo检测试剂盒组分解冻且根据制造商说明书分别混合:1份Galacton Star受质与5份Emerald IITM溶液,及19份PathHunter细胞分析缓冲液。将十二微升试剂转移至分析板且在室温下在黑暗中培育1小时。发光计数在BMG Fluostar Optima读数器上根据制造商的说明书读取。
对于各化合物浓度,与DMSO对照值相比活性百分比计算为平均值±STDEV。(各浓度一式两份量测)
IC50值及曲线用XLfit软件(IDBS)使用剂量反应一定点模型203(Dose-ResponseOne Site model 203)产生。当多次量测化合物时,给出平均值。
hEP4b-抑制蛋白分析:
用细胞解离缓冲液(Invitrogen,13151-014)使HEK 293 PTGER4b-抑制蛋白细胞(DiscoverX 93-030-4C1)与培养皿分离,且收集在生长培养基(GM:DMEM+格鲁塔玛-I(Invitrogen 32430)/10%FCS,1%青霉素/链霉素)中。将384孔板(白色,具有白底,Greiner 781080)中每孔5000个细胞接种在每孔20μl GM中。板在37℃、5%CO2下培育24小时。
在DMSO中制成测试化合物的储备溶液,浓度为10mM,且在DMSO中连续稀释至抑制剂量反应曲线所需的浓度(测试浓度范围10μM-2nM或1μM-0.2nM)。
在20nM最终浓度下PGE2(Cayman 14010,储备溶液:100μM于DMSO中)用作促效剂,对应于EC80。
将五微升经稀释的化合物转移至分析板中。将板在37℃下预培育15分钟。接着五微升PGE2(最终浓度20nM)转移至分析盘中。将板在37℃下培育120分钟。
使PathHunter Glo检测试剂盒组分解冻且根据制造商说明书分别混合:1份Galacton Star受质与5份Emerald IITM溶液,及19份PathHunter细胞分析缓冲液。将十二微升试剂转移至分析板且在室温下在黑暗中培育1小时。发光计数在BMG Fluostar Optima读数器上根据制造商的说明书读取。
对于各化合物浓度,与DMSO对照值相比活性百分比计算为平均值±STDEV。(各浓度一式两份量测)
IC50值及曲线用XLfit软件(IDBS)使用剂量反应一定点模型203产生。当多次量测化合物时,给出平均值。
亦根据以下实验方法测定式(I)化合物对EP2及EP4受体的拮抗活性。
使用内源性表达EP4或EP2的人类肿瘤细胞株且监测在PGE2刺激时细胞中的cAMP累积。SF295神经胶母细胞瘤细胞表达高内源性EP2且未表达EP4,而BT549乳癌细胞表达高内源性EP4含量及极低EP2含量。
作为cAMP的检测方法,使用HTRF(均相时间分辨荧光)Cisbio试剂盒(HTRF cAMP动态2试剂盒20'000测试Cisbio目录号62AM4PEC),其系基于使用穴状化合物标记的抗cAMP抗体及d2标记的cAMP的竞争性免疫分析。藉由细胞产生的原生cAMP或未标记的cAMP(用于标准曲线)与以外源方式添加的d2标记的cAMP(受体)竞争结合于单株抗cAMP-Eu3+穴状化合物(供体)。仅在标记的抗cAMP抗体结合d2标记的cAMP时才获得FRET信号(荧光共振能量转移),因此特定信号(亦即能量转移)与标准或样品中cAMP的浓度成反比。
hEP2cAMP分析:
用细胞解离缓冲液(Invitrogen,13151-014)使SF295细胞(NCI/第0503170号)与培养皿分离,且收集在生长培养基(GM:RPMI1640(Invitrogen 21875)/10%FCS,1%青霉素/链霉素)中。将细胞计数,洗涤且再悬浮于分析缓冲液(AB;HBSS、20mM HEPES、0.2%BSA;2mMIBMX)中。将含4'000个细胞的5μl AB接种于小体积384孔板(黑色,具有平坦底部,Greiner 784076)的每个孔中。
在DMSO中制成测试化合物的储备溶液,浓度为10mM,且在DMSO中连续稀释至抑制剂量反应曲线所需的浓度(测试浓度范围30μM至0.4nM;30μM至0.015nM或1μM至0.01nM)。
在75nM最终浓度下使用PGE2(Cayman 14010,储备溶液:75μM于DMSO中)作为促效剂,对应于EC80。
将2.5μL经稀释的化合物转移至分析板中。将板在室温下预培育45分钟。随后,将2.5mL PGE2(最终浓度75nM)转移至分析板中。将板在室温下培育30分钟。添加五微升各供体(抗cAMP穴状化合物)及受体(cAMP-d2)且板在暗处,在室温下再培育一小时,且接着使用BMG LABTECH PHERAstar读取器(激发:337nm,发射:620及665nm)读取。
使用试剂盒中提供的cAMP校正器的量测结果将所得ΔF(荧光)值(665nm/620nM)转换成cAMP百分比值。对于各化合物浓度,与DMSO对照值相比,cAMP的百分比计算为平均值±STDEV(一式两份地量测各浓度)。
IC50值及曲线用XLfit软件(IDBS)使用剂量反应一定点模型203产生。当多次量测化合物时,给出平均值。
hEP4cAMP分析:
用细胞解离缓冲液(Invitrogen,13151-014)使BT549细胞(NCI/第0507282号)与培养皿分离,且收集在生长培养基(GM:RPMI1640(Invitrogen 21875)/10%FCS,1%青霉素/链霉素)中。将细胞计数,洗涤且再悬浮于分析缓冲液(AB;HBSS、20mM HEPES、0.2%BSA;2mMIBMX)中。将含4'000个细胞的5μl AB接种于小体积384孔板(黑色,具有平坦底部,Greiner 784076)的每个孔中。
在DMSO中制成测试化合物的储备溶液,浓度为10mM,且在DMSO中连续稀释至抑制剂量反应曲线所需的浓度(测试浓度范围30μM至0.4nM;30μM至0.015nM或1μM至0.01nM)。
在6nM最终浓度下使用PGE2(Cayman 14010,储备溶液:6μM于DMSO中)作为促效剂,对应于EC80。
将2.5μL经稀释的化合物转移至分析板中。将板在室温下预培育45分钟。接着,将2.5mL PGE2(最终浓度6nM)转移至分析板中。将板在室温下培育30分钟。添加五微升各供体(抗cAMP穴状化合物)及受体(cAMP-d2)且板在暗处,在室温下再培育一小时,且接着使用BMG LABTECH PHERAstar读取器(激发:337nm,发射:620及665nm)读取。
使用试剂盒中提供的cAMP校正器的量测结果将所得ΔF(荧光)值(665nm/620nM)转换成cAMP百分比值。对于各化合物浓度,与DMSO对照值相比,cAMP的百分比计算为平均值±STDEV(一式两份地量测各浓度)。
IC50值及曲线用XLfit软件(IDBS)使用剂量反应一定点模型203产生。当多次量测化合物时,给出平均值。
例示化合物的拮抗活性显示于表3中:
表3:
Claims (16)
1.一种式(I)化合物
其中
R1表示氢或甲基;
R2表示甲基、溴、氯或氰基;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
2.如权利要求1所述的化合物;其中R1表示氢;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
3.如权利要求1所述的化合物;其中R1表示甲基;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物;其中R2表示甲基;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
5.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物;其中R2表示氯;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
6.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的化合物;其中R2表示氰基;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
7.如权利要求1所述的化合物,其选自由以下组成的群:
4-{6-[2-(2-甲基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
4-{6-[2-(2-氰基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
4-{6-[2-(2,7-二甲基-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
4-{6-[2-(2-氯-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;及
4-{6-[2-(2-溴-吲哚-1-基)-乙氨基]-嘧啶-4-基}-苯甲酸;
或其医药学上可接受的盐。
8.一种医药组合物,其包含作为活性成分的如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,以及至少一种治疗惰性赋形剂。
9.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,其用作药剂。
10.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,其用于预防或治疗选自由以下组成的群的疾病:癌症;疼痛;子宫内膜异位;体染色体显性多囊性肾病;动脉粥样硬化患者中急性缺血症候群;肺炎;以及神经退化性疾病;或用于控制女性生育力。
11.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,其用于预防或治疗选自黑素瘤、肺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、胃肠癌、子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌、子宫颈癌以及神经母细胞瘤的癌症。
12.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,其用于制备供预防或治疗选自由以下组成的群的疾病或用于控制女性生育力用的药剂:癌症;疼痛;子宫内膜异位;体染色体显性多囊性肾病;动脉粥样硬化患者中急性缺血症候群;肺炎;以及神经退化性疾病。
13.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,其用于调节具有肿瘤的个体中免疫反应的方法;其中该方法重新活化该个体的该肿瘤中的免疫系统。
14.一种调节具有肿瘤的个体中免疫反应的方法,其包含投与有效量的如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的式(I)化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐;其中该有效量重新活化该个体的该肿瘤中的免疫系统。
15.一种方法,其防治或治疗以下:癌症;疼痛;子宫内膜异位;体染色体显性多囊性肾病;动脉粥样硬化患者中急性缺血症候群;肺炎;以及神经退化性疾病;或其用于控制女性生育力;其包含向有需要的个体投与如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的式(I)化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐。
16.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的化合物或其医药学上可接受的盐,其用于预防或治疗癌症;其中该化合物与PGE2受体EP4的调节剂组合使用;及另外任选与一或多种化学疗法药剂及/或放射疗法及/或靶向疗法组合使用。
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