CN1104542C - 有关双层复合壳板的改进 - Google Patents
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Abstract
双层复合壳板由两块厚度在2mm和32mm之间的用横构件(1)连接在一起的钢面板(2,3)组成。每个横构件(1)通常对正面与面板(2,3)垂直,并且与其相邻的构件间隔的距离为面板(2,3)中部厚度的10到80倍,两块面板之间的间距是在30mm和800mm之间。充填材料,例如混凝土,被灌注到两块面板之间的空隙中。
Description
本发明涉及双层复合壳板和生产该复合壳板的方法。双层复合壳板由一层充填材料(通常为粘结的材料,例如混凝土)用板(通常为碳钢)罩面组成。较轻的充填材料,例如加注的合成树脂,可以适用于某种用途。
双层复合壳板显示了与钢筋混凝土结构类似的特性,并且有利的是面板起到钢筋的作用,使能以比钢筋混凝土小的结构总深获得所需的强度特性。高的增强比是可能的,并且对于中间的混凝土层来说面板起到永久模板的作用。
已经知道双层复合壳板,它包括两块钢面板,在混凝土层的每侧各放置一块并且由横向跨接的构件连接之,这些横向构件通常在它们的端部延伸而垂直于和连接到两块面板上。在GB-A-2136032,GB-A-2136033,和GB-A-2258669中公开了这种壳板。
至今,这种双层复合壳板一直在施工现场生产,就是说在它们安装或主要基体结构组装的现场。就地生产不仅使所需的就地处理量加倍,因为每层要分别处理,而且显著增加这种壳板的生产费用。一般地说,这些已知的壳板包括一组相对厚的面板,内部连接件和面板加强肋。它们还要求在面板之间浇灌混凝土期间对面板作外部支撑和/或内部加强肋,以避免由浇灌时产生的高的静压所引起的结构变形。还已发现,必须限制混凝土浇灌的高度或额度,以减小这种压力。
本发明的双层复合壳板定为工厂生产,并且包括由横向连接构件固定在一起的面板作为整体结构运至现场。这些面板可能是平的或者是弯曲的。
根据本发明的壳板的尺寸是这样的,以致它们的刚度在吊运时足以保持它们的形状,使得大的结构件能够迅速和准确地组合,单个壳板的尺寸达到3.5m宽乘以18m长是可行的,以便在现场的施工时间减至最少。相对紧密的横向连接构件的间隔使混凝土可以浇灌至高的落差而不会改变壳板的结构形状,并且无需内部加强和外部支撑。
根据本发明的壳板使双层复合结构能够以至今未能做到的个数组合。
申请人所做的试验和实验已经表明,为了大多数双层复合壳板的潜在商业利益,如果要获得所需的壳板强度和吊运性能,必须对面板厚度,板的间隔和横构件的间距加以限制。还有,每一个横构件必须固定到两块面板上,最好是用焊接,同时其纵轴线实际上垂直于通常平行的面板。这些试验还已证实,具有横向连接构件固定到两块面板上的壳板可以比具有交错的抗剪螺杆的常规结构有更大的强度。
因此,申请人已经证实,对于宽度从1m到3.5m和长度从2m到18m的壳板,相邻横构件之间的间距尤其对防止由于充填材料(正常为混凝土)而造成面板变形是重要的。如果这个间距太大,就很可能会发生变形。申请人还已证实,为了获得所需的吊运性能和强度特性,在板的厚度和应该遵循的横构件的间距之间存在一种关系。还有,申请人已经确定提供所需的强度特性而不过分增加重量以及提供所需的壳板吊运性能的钢板厚度的范围。
GB-A-2136033讲述了双层复合壳板的横向跨接构件之间的间距最好等于该壳板的两块面板之间的间距。还谈到这些横构件之间的间距可以大到面板之间间距的4倍,但是以小于2倍的这个间距为好。GB-A-2136032或者GB-A-2258669都没有谈到什么间距是合乎要求的。
本发明打算提供具有以上讨论的特点的双层复合壳板。
所谓术语“双层复合壳板”指的是一种壳板,该壳板具有两块通常平行的用多个横构件连接在一起的面板,这些横构件布置成许多间隔的行列并且通常对正而垂直于面板,该壳板的内部随后用充填材料灌注,例如象混凝土这样的粘结材料。
根据本发明,一方面提供了一种预制的包括两块钢面板的双层壳板,在该壳板的使用中,在粘结材料层的每一侧各设置一块钢面板并且用横跨构件连接之,这样横跨构件通常延伸而垂直于面板并被固定在那里,从而形成钢和粘结材料的双层复合壳板,该壳板的特点在于,每一块面板的厚度是在2mm和32mm之间;相邻横构件之间的间距是在面积厚度的15和50倍之间,并且面板之间的间隔是在100mm和800mm之间。
在一个优选的结构中,这些横构件各连至两块面板上。这些横构件可以采取杆、管、腹板或诸如此类的形式。
最好,壳板的宽度是在1米和3.5米之间,而壳板的长度是2米和18米之间。
每块面板的厚度可以在3mm和20mm之间。或者,这个厚度可以在6mm和20mm之间。或者,该间隔可以在150mm和800mm之间。
在某一种布置中,相邻横构件之间的间距是在面板厚度的10倍和40倍之间。双层复合结构是由许多单独的壳板组合而成的,每个壳板是焊接到它相邻的一个壳板或几个壳板上的。
最好,每个横构件的端部焊接到面板上。或者,一些或所有横构件中的接头可以采取销钉和承窝连接的形式,在这种连接中,在某种布置中这些横构件的端部各做成带有销钉或可变形的承窝,相应的承窝或销钉(视具体情况)则固定到壳板的金属板的内表面上。
该承窝可以由在面板中形成的适当尺寸的孔或凹槽构成。销钉最好是渐缩的横断面的,并在孔洞或凹槽内部形成摩擦配合。
或者,每个横构件可以在其两端之一焊接到一块面板的内表面上并且在其另一端可以做成带有一个销钉或承窝,该销钉或承窝分别与固定到该结构另一块金属板的内表面上的承窝或销钉相配合。
为了组合的目的,每块面板可以将一块做成带有一个通常平的或成型的部分和一个倾斜的端部的板子固定到其内表面上,该倾斜的端部在将该壳板对正到它要与之焊接的相邻双层复合壳板上时起到引导的作用。
在一个优选的布置中,该板子采用衬板的形式,该衬板沿着每个壳板的每个内表面的一侧固定并从这一侧伸出,这些板子固定到各自壳板的内表面上并且各包括长度搭接相邻壳板之间的间隔的第一部分和向着各自壳板的中间往里倾斜的端部。
另一方面,因此,就提供了将一个预制的双层复合壳板,它包括两块钢面板,在粘结材料夹层的每侧设置一块并用多个横构件连接在一起,每块面板将一块做成带有一个通常平的或成型的部分和一个倾斜的端部衬板固定到其内表面上,该倾斜的端部在将壳板对正到它要与之焊接的相邻双层复合板上时起到引导的作用。
在焊接邻接的壳板时,每块衬板可以与在相邻壳板外面的邻接边上方的活动的极靴相配合,以便与该衬板一起形成一个档住焊接操作时产生的液态金属的模具。
在更远的方面,提供一块包括一个通常平的或成型的部分和一个倾斜的端部的衬板,该通常平的或成型的部分在使用时能够形成焊接金属槽的一个壁,而该倾斜的端部起到将双层复合结构的相邻壳板带到一起的引导作用。
横构件可以是沿其全长横断面基本上一致的钢杆。或者,这些杆可以是“I”或“T”型断面的。
面板通常可以是平的或曲线的。
本发明现在要用举例的方法仅参考附有的概略的图样加以说明,其中:
图1是根据本发明的双层复合壳板的透视图;
图2是图1中所示的壳板的放大了尺寸的侧视图;
图3和4是用于图1和2中所示的壳板的可供选择的横构件的侧视图;
图5概略地表示了由如图1至4中所示的许多双层复合壳板组合一个双层复合结构;
图6是从准备焊接在一起的两个相邻的双层复合壳板的上面看的平面图;
图7是相邻壳板在焊接时的局部图;
图8示出了与所示的装置一起使用的一个隔离件;以及
图9至12是根据本发明的壳板的可供选择的横构件的侧视图。
图1和2中所示的双层复合壳板包括多个间隔配置的钢的横构件1,各在其每一端焊到钢面板2,3的内表面上。横构件1的定位垂直于面板并且可以由杆,管,或腹板构成。为了简便起见,这些横构件在下文将看作是杆。为了完成该结构,面板之间的空隙用粘结材料充填,例如一般的或轻质的混凝土5。在这样做的时候,杆1就被埋置在混凝土中。
如所示,杆1被焊接在两块平板之间。但是,有时必须将杆焊接在具有单独曲率的板之间。
在使用中,根据本发明的壳板要经受各种力和应力,除非加以调节,这些力和应力能够导致壳板在使用中损坏。中请人已经确定,通过保证面板的厚度,面板之间的间隔和杆的间距落在下面规定的范围内,在壳板尺寸的宽广范围内能够防止损坏,或者至少能够使损坏减至最小。
因此申请人已经证实,对于尺寸从1m×2m到3.5m×18m的壳板,钢面板的厚度必须落在2mm到32mm范围内。还有,面板2,3之间的间隔必须是在30mm和800mm之间,并且每根杆的中心必须与相邻杆的中心间隔等于面板厚度的15和50倍之间的距离推荐的间距范围是在面板厚度的10和50倍或者20和40倍之间,如图所示,横构件1被焊接到中间形成一个预定模型的板2,3上。但是,横构件不需要形成任何特定的模型。
图1和图2中所示的杆1通常是圆柱形的。但是,可能有时“I”或“T”型的杆更可取。这样的杆示于图3。
图3中所示的“I”形断面连接构件包括垂直的腹板6和端部法兰7(仅示出其中之一)。该构件用焊缝9固定到每块钢面板2,3上,而每个腹板和法兰的接口处设有圆角10。
两块面板之间和连接构件周围所灌注的混凝土产生挤压的力,该力通常朝箭头C的方向作用于连接构件间的夹角。如图3中所示的这些压力垂直分量的主要部分直接进入法兰7,从而推动法兰7与面板产生它们所希望的接触。
在腹板6和法兰7的交会处还产生弯曲和拉伸的力,但是这些力并不作用在相应的腹板6的部位。圆角10大大地减小了应力集中系数。
在所示的布置中,焊缝9主要承担剪切负荷加上有限量的直接拉力。因此,就可以采用数量大为减少和/或质量较低的焊缝。同样地,对于杆来说,焊缝的长度显著增加,由此进一步减小焊缝的应力。
在图4所示的布置中,每一个法兰7做成带有跨步边部分12和一个中央凹口11,它与邻接的面板的接触限于跨步边部分12。连接构件的这样一种结构可以有效地用于构件采取杆的形式而用接触焊或摩擦焊技术将杆焊到邻接面板上的场合。
现在翻到附图的图5,如所示,如上参考图1和2所述的壳板,使用例如一台吊车14组合在一起,以生产双层复合结构。当一个壳板用吊车14放置就位,它就被焊接到它相邻的一个壳板或几个壳板上,从而生产出所需形状和尺寸的双层复合结构。
如将从图6看到的,固定于两块面板2,3的每个内表面的是一块衬板15。衬板15可以用例如焊接或者用粘合剂固定。衬板15用例如碳钢制造。每块衬板15包括一个通常平的或适当成型的部分16,该部分搭接相邻壳板之间要求的间隔17。衬板15还包括往里倾斜的部分18,该部分在组合这种结构时起到帮助相邻的壳板找正的作用。因此,往里倾斜的部分18就参与和提供了引导,使得一个壳板的衬板15能够适当地进入相邻壳板的邻接侧,从而使壳板互相对正。
倾斜部分18可以做成带有孔洞,以使水泥在浇灌操作期间能从衬板条的一侧流到另一侧。
如将从图7看到的,在焊接期间,每块衬板通常平的部分16形成用来档住焊接熔化极电阻加热产生的熔化焊接金属的熔槽的一侧。相应的熔槽的另一侧由水冷极靴19形成,极靴19在壳板两侧的外表面上用常规的方法向上移动。典型的焊接是用电渣技术实现的。
如图8中所示,隔离件20最初可以设置在相邻壳板之间的间隙内以便找正,并用来保证焊接的最小宽度。这些隔离件20可以在焊接过程中去掉或烧毁。
横构件的可供选择的形式示于图9至12。
图9中所示的横构件采取钢拉杆21的形式,该拉杆21在一端被焊接到面板2上,而在其另一端做成带有承窝22。钢销23焊接于面板3并加工成一定的尺寸,以便确保在承窝22内部的摩擦配合。如将从这张图中看到的,该销子从其根部往里拔梢,以便承窝在销子上的最初定位,一个达到销子压缩强度的力然后被施加到一块或者两块钢板上,以促使承窝上的销子在两者之间形成机械摩擦连接。因此,当销子进入承窝时,后者幅向膨胀,从而产生大的幅向力并形成摩阻。一般来说,销子和承窝是用机加工或冷锻工艺生产的。
现在转到图10所示的布置,这个实施例中的接头包括一个形式为管状(或部分管状)拉杆24的横构件,其开口端伸向固定于每块面板2,3上的销子25并且销子25使开口端变形。
在图11中,所示的横构件包括一根拉杆26,其端部形成销子27,伸入到固定于每块面板上的承窝28中并使承窝28变形。仅只拉杆26的一端可以形成销子,另一端由一个承窝构成或者简单地焊接到另一块面板上。
在图12中,钢销29加工成所需的尺寸以便确保在承窝30内部的摩擦配合。在这个实施例中承窝由在面板2中加工成某种形状的孔洞构成。销子29的横断面渐缩,以帮助销子在孔洞内的定位并且保证销子和面板2之间的良好的摩擦配合。钢销29可以做成带有内卡圈31(用虚线示出),该卡圈顶靠在钢板2的内表面上。销子可以伸到板子2的外面或者可以从表面沉陷以构成接受焊帽的凹口。在另一种布置中,销子延伸穿过孔洞并带有外螺纹,以便接纳带内螺纹的螺母,这实际上代替了前述的承窝。
销子和承窝之间的锁紧力可以利用象慢凝环氧树脂这样的粘合剂来增强,粘合剂在组合期间还具有起润滑剂作用的优点。采用的粘合剂不一定需要立即快速凝固,因为销子和承窝之间存在足够的机械互锁使壳板能够立即被吊运。
要不然或者另外地,可以采用加有很硬物质例如碳化硅或碳化铝的极细(例如亚微米尺寸的)颗粒的环氧树脂。如上所述,在组合时环氧树脂起到润滑剂的作用,过量的环氧树脂被组合时产生的大的径向力从接头处挤走。在环氧树脂凝固之前,当传递径向力通过这些微粒进行时,分散的微粒就埋置在销子和承窝接头的钢接合面中。接着施加的在某种意义上起到将销子从承窝中拉出作用的拉力负荷,当接合面的剪切力从一个埋置的微粒传往另一个时,调动起“土壤状”的相互制约作用。另外地,或要不然,加有软焊或铜焊粉末的混合物可以应用于销子的外表面和/或承窝的内表面。这样的混合物在组合时起到润滑剂的作用,并且当经受加热时,软焊或铜焊金属熔化,而接着冷却固化,从而形成高承载力的软焊或铜焊接头。
另外地,或要不然,可以将一种起到去掉表面金属氧化层作用的非润滑剂涂敷于销子或承窝的表面。把配合表面结合在一起然后导致紧密的金属对金属的接触,结果形成一系列冷压焊接和机械互锁,使连接部位具有接近母材的强度。
大家知道,上述内容只不过是示范地说明根据本发明的装置,并且又能够容易地进行改型而无需离开如附加的权利要求中所陈述的本发明的真实范围。
Claims (19)
1.一种预制的双层壳板,其包括两块钢面板(2,3),在该壳板的使用中,钢面板在粘结材料夹层的每一侧设置一块并用横向跨接构件(1)连接之,横向跨接构件(1)通常延伸而垂直于面板并固定在该面板上,从而形成一个钢和粘结材料的双层复合壳板,其特征在于,每块面板(2,3)的厚度是在2mm和32mm之间;相邻的横向跨接构件(1)之间的间距是在面板厚度的15和50倍之间;并且面板(2,3)之间的间隔是在100mm和800mm之间。
2.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,每个横构件(1)以其端部连接到两块面板(2,3)上。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的壳板,其特征在于,横构件(1)是由钢制造的。
4.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,每块面板(2,3)的厚度是在3mm和20mm之间。
5.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,每块面板(2,3)的厚度是在6mm和20mm之间。
6.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,面板(2,3)之间的间隔是在150mm和800mm之间。
7.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,宽度为1米至3.5米之间,而长度为2米至18米之间。
8.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,相邻的横构件(1)之间的间距是在面板(2,3)厚度的20和40倍之间。
9.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,横构件(1)是焊接到面板(2,3)上的。
10.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,每个横构件(1)是用销子和承窝接头(22,23)连接到一块或两块面板(2,3)上的。
11.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,每块面板(2,3)在一个或更多的边缘处将衬板(15)固定到它的内表面上,衬板(15)做成带有一个通常平的或成型的部分(16)和一个倾斜的端部(18),该倾斜的端部(18)在该壳板与邻接的壳板组合时能够起到引导的作用。
12.如权利要求11所述的壳板,其特征在于,衬板(15)沿每个壳板的每个内表面的一侧固定并从这一侧伸出,衬板(15)被固定到各自壳板的内表面上并且各包括一个长度延伸超出壳板端部的第一部分和一个往里向壳板中间倾斜的端部(18)。
13.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,每个横构件(1)由一根钢杆构成。
14.如权利要求13所述的壳板,其特征在于,每根钢杆的横断面沿其整个长度是基本一致的。
15.如权利要求13所述的壳板,其特征在于,每根钢杆是“I”或“T”型断面的。
16.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,预制的双层复合壳板的横构件(1)用连接机构连接到面板上,连接机构包括焊接到一块或两块面板(2,3)的内表面上的销子或承窝(23,22)以及横构件(1)的一端或两端所带的相配的承窝或销子(22,23)并被加工成所需的尺寸,以接纳邻接面板的销子或插入到邻接面板的承窝中去。
17.如权利要求16所述的壳板,其特征在于,销子(23)和/或承窝(22)在进行组合时是可变形的。
18.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,面板(2,3)通常是平的。
19.如权利要求1所述的壳板,其特征在于,面板(2,3)通常是曲线的。
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GB9406443A GB9406443D0 (en) | 1994-03-31 | 1994-03-31 | Improvements in and relating to double skin composite structures |
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GB9406545A GB9406545D0 (en) | 1994-03-31 | 1994-03-31 | Improvements in and relating to double skin composite structures |
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- 1995-03-31 CZ CZ19962855A patent/CZ290540B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-31 EP EP95913281A patent/EP0752037B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-03-31 NZ NZ282881A patent/NZ282881A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-03-31 US US08/718,345 patent/US5741571A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1996
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