CN110291677A - 含有用固定化阴离子接枝的电解质的锂金属电池 - Google Patents
含有用固定化阴离子接枝的电解质的锂金属电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110291677A CN110291677A CN201780086293.1A CN201780086293A CN110291677A CN 110291677 A CN110291677 A CN 110291677A CN 201780086293 A CN201780086293 A CN 201780086293A CN 110291677 A CN110291677 A CN 110291677A
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- electrolyte
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 title description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anisole Chemical class COC1=CC=CC=C1 RDOXTESZEPMUJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001914 chlorine tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 polyoxybutylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017048 AsF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910016855 F9SO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical group [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006091 1,3-dioxolane group Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M Butyrate Chemical compound CCCC([O-])=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010903 Li2B12Cl12 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003253 LiB10Cl10 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.OC(O)=O SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910015044 LiB Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 26
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013047 polymeric layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001046 Nanocellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002320 enamel (paints) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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Abstract
公开了一种锂金属电池。锂电池包括Li金属阳极、阴极和Li金属阳极和阴极之间的电解质,其中电解质包括至少在Li金属阳极和电解质之间的界面处的固定化阴离子,以在整个充放电循环期间将界面处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上,从而防止Li金属阳极和电解质界面处的表面电位不稳定。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及锂金属电池,更具体地涉及抑制锂金属电极的表面上枝晶的形成和生长的锂金属电池构造。
背景技术
使用锂金属作为负极的锂电池具有优异的能量密度。然而,随着重复的循环,当对电池充电时由于锂离子不均匀地重新镀在锂金属电极的表面上时,这种电池可能在锂金属电极的表面上发生枝晶的生长。为了最小化锂金属阳极的表面的形态演变(包括枝晶生长)的影响,锂金属电池通常使用机械系统,其将压力施加在电化学电池的多个叠层上,电化学电池的每个叠层包括固态聚合物电解质,如美国专利第6,007,935号所述,其具有足够的机械强度以承受所施加的压力,通过引用将美国专利第6,007,935号并入到本文中。固态聚合物电解质的机械强度和剪切模量与施加到锂金属电极上的机械压力相结合被认为抑制了锂金属电极的表面上的枝晶的生长或者至少在数百次的充放电循环中显著降低枝晶生长速度,使得使用锂金属阳极的锂电池可以具有长的使用寿命。然而,枝晶最终可以在锂金属阳极的表面上形成并且仍然可以生长到穿过电解质,即使电解质是固体并且被证明是防止枝晶的穿孔的有效屏障。枝晶的生长可能最终导致负电极和正电极之间的“软”短路,导致电池的性能下降或不良。枝晶的生长仍然可能限制固态聚合物电解质电池的循环特性,因此仍然构成了具有金属锂阳极的锂电池的性能优化的重要障碍。
多年来,为了揭示枝晶形成和生长过程的机理,努力寻找抑制或防止枝晶形成的方法,已经广泛研究了Li沉积过程期间的Li枝晶生长或者在对电化学电池充电时在Li金属阳极的表面上重新镀覆。发现在充电期间在不同的电流密度下形成不同的枝晶形态。在低电流密度下,观察到针状和颗粒状枝晶,而在较高电流密度下,观察到树状或灌木状枝晶。树状和针状枝晶的演变更成问题,因为树状枝晶的树枝或针状枝晶的针更可能在其生长时穿过固态聚合物电解质,最终接触相对的正极电,由此引起短路。
其它研究表明,在重复的Li沉积(充电)和Li剥离(放电)过程中Li膜的表面的膨胀和收缩导致沿着Li膜结构的晶界的裂缝,裂缝成为表面上的针对Li沉积的优先位置,因此枝晶形成和生长。另一项研究表明,在枝晶演变的早期阶段,枝晶结构的大部分位于Li电极内,在聚合物电解质/Li电极界面下面,并且Li电极中的结晶杂质在表面下的枝晶结构的底部被发现,这说明了锂金属电极的纯度的重要性。
还发现,温度和电解质组成强烈影响Li沉积形态,导致枝晶的形成和生长。
此外,已经表明,当电解质在高电流密度下极化时,电极的表面附近的Li+阳离子被还原成Li金属,使得Li+阳离子浓度降低,导致阴离子向正电极迁移,直到达到新的平衡为止,由此消耗Li金属的表面上的特定位置的阴离子的Li金属电极的表面,其中阴离子浓度降至零,导致由于表面电位的不规则和不一致分布Li电极和电解质的界面处不稳定,由于Li沉积的优先路径,这产生了导致枝晶形成和生长的局部电场。
设想了几种模型来解释在Li金属的电极表面上的枝晶形成和生长过程的机理;然而,迄今为止还没有提供真正的解决方案来抑制或防止枝晶形成。因此,需要一种包括Li金属电极的电化学电池构造,其特别适于在整个重复的充电和放电周期期间抑制、防止或强烈禁止Li金属电极表面上的枝晶形成和生长。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面是提供一种锂电池,其包括Li金属阳极、阴极和Li金属阳极和阴极之间的电解质,其中电解质包括至少在Li金属阳极之间的界面处的固定化阴离子,以在整个充放电循环中将界面处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上,从而防止Li金属阳极和电解质的界面处的表面电位不稳定。
在另一方面,电解质包括接枝有固定化阴离子的聚合物层,其位于Li金属阳极和电解质之间的界面处。
在另一方面,电解质包括接枝有固定化阴离子的陶瓷层,其位于Li金属阳极和电解质之间的界面处。
在另一方面,电解质包括接枝有固定化阴离子的纳米纤维素材料层,其位于Li金属阳极和电解质之间的界面处。
本发明的另一方面是提供一种锂电池,其包含Li金属阳极、阴极和位于Li金属阳极和阴极之间的电解质,其中整个电解质包括固定化阴离子以在整个充放电循环期间将界面处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上,从而防止Li金属阳极和电解质的界面处的表面电位不稳定。
在另一方面,电解质包括接枝在电解质的组分上的固定化阴离子,以在整个充放电循环期间将界面处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上。接枝的固定化阴离子可以接枝在电解质的聚合物组分上、电解质的陶瓷组分上、电解质的纳米纤维素组分上或电解质的膜组分上。
本发明的实施方式各自具有至少一个上述目的和/或方面,但不一定具有所有这些目的和/或方面。应当理解,由于试图获得上述目的而导致的本发明的某些方面可能不满足这些目的和/或可能满足这里未具体叙述的其它目的。
根据以下描述、附图和所附权利要求,本发明实施方式的附加和/或替代特征、方面和优点将变得显而易见。
附图说明
为了更好地理解本发明以及其它方面和其进一步的特征,参考以下结合附图的描述,其中:
图1是形成锂金属聚合物电池的多个电化学电池的示意性表示;
图2是示出Li金属阳极与包括固定化阴离子的电解质之间的界面的示意性表示;以及
图3是示出含有固定化阴离子的层的示意性表示,该固定化阴离子位于Li金属阳极和电解质之间的界面处。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地示出了具有多个电化学电池12的锂金属电池10,每个电化学电池12包括由金属锂片制成的Li金属阳极或负电极14、电解质16和层叠在集流电极20上的阴极或正电极膜18。电解质16通常包括锂盐以在阳极14和阴极18之间提供离子传导。锂金属片通常具有范围在20微米至100微米的厚度;电解质16的厚度范围为10微米至50微米,正电极膜18的厚度范围通常为20微米至100微米。
根据本发明的一个实施方式的电解质16包括至少一种聚合物和锂盐。该聚合物具有溶解锂盐以形成用于锂离子在阳极14和阴极18之间迁移的导电介质的能力,例如聚醚家族的聚合物,其包括聚环氧乙烷(PEO)、聚环氧丙烷(PPO)、聚环氧丁烷(PBO)等,以及包括或包含这些聚合物之一的共聚物。聚合物优选是基于聚环氧乙烷(PEO)的聚合物或共聚物。聚合物在电解质中可以是固态或凝胶态。
锂盐可以选自LiCF3SO3、LiB(C2O4)2、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(CH3)(CF3SO2)2、LiCH(CF3SO2)2、LiCH2(CF3SO2)、LiC2F5SO3、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)、LiB(CF3SO2)2、LiPF6、LiSbF6、LiClO4、LiSCN、LiAsF6、LiBOB、LiBF4和LiClO4。
根据本发明的另一实施方式的电解质16由隔离物膜和包括有机溶剂和溶解在其中的锂盐的电解液组成。隔离物膜可以是多孔聚合物片、多孔纤维素片或通常用于锂离子电池的片状形式的其他类型的多孔材料。有机溶剂可包括通常用于锂离子电池的任何合适类型。这种有机溶剂的示例包括碳酸丙烯酯(PC,propylene carbonate)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC,ethylene carbonate)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC,diethyl carbonate)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC,dimethylcarbonate)、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、γ-丁内酯、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二氧戊环、乙醚、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、乙腈、丙腈、苯甲醚、乙酸盐、丁酸盐、丙酸盐等。通常用作电解液中的溶质的锂盐包括LiPF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3、LiAsF6、LiC1O4、LiB10Cl10、Li2B12Cl12、LiB(C2O4)2、LiB(C2O4)F2、LiCl、LiBr等。
参照图2,显示Li金属阳极14和电解质16之间的界面17包括由(-)表示的固定化阴离子。这些固定化阴离子在界面17处或界面17附近保持固定,以确保在锂金属电池10的整个充放电循环期间,在Li金属阳极14的表面处或附近阴离子浓度不会降至零。如上所述,当电解质在高电流密度下极化,阴离子向正电极18迁移,从而消耗Li金属阳极14表面上特定位置的阴离子的Li金属阳极14的表面,导致界面17处的表面电位不稳定,由于在充电期间Li沉积的优先路径,这产生了导致枝晶形成和生长的局部电场。因此,固定化阴离子在界面17处永久地固定在Li金属阳极14的表面处和Li金属阳极14的附近,以在整个充放电循环期间将界面17处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上,以防止在界面17处的Li金属阳极14的表面电位的不稳定,从而防止在Li金属阳极14的表面处产生导致在锂金属电池10的充电循环中的Li沉积期间的枝晶形成和生长的局部电场。
通过与界面17处的Li金属阳极14的表面直接接触地将阴离子接枝到电解质16的表面上,可以将固定化阴离子添加并固定在界面17处的Li金属阳极14的表面上。也可以在整个电解质16中接枝固定化阴离子,确保固定化阴离子存在于界面17处并与Li金属阳极14的表面接触。
对于聚合物电解质,接枝阴离子优选但不一定是前述锂盐的阴离子,其分别为CF3SO3、B(C2O4)2、N(CF3SO2)2、C(CF3SO2)3、C(CH3)(CF3SO2)2、CH(CF3SO2)2、CH2(CF3SO2)、C2F5SO3、N(C2F5SO2)2、N(CF3SO2)、B(CF3SO2)2、PF6、SbF6、ClO4、SCN、AsF6、BOB、BF4和ClO4。对于由分隔离物膜和电解质溶液组成的电解质,将阴离子接枝或固定在膜本身的聚合物、纤维素或多孔组分上或其中。接枝的阴离子优选但不一定是前述锂盐的阴离子,它们分别是PF6、BF4、CF3SO3、N(CF3SO2)2、N(C2F5SO2)2、N(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、C(CF3SO2)3、C(C2F5SO2)3、AsF6、ClO4、B10Cl10、B12Cl12、B(C2O4)2、B(C2O4)F2、Cl、Br等。在两种类型的电解质中,在不脱离本发明的构思的情况下,也可以将与锂盐无关的其它种类的阴离子接枝到电解质的组分上。
通过避免在各种位置的Li金属阳极14的表面上的阴离子的消耗,位于界面17处的这些锂盐(或其它种类)的固定化阴离子确保界面17处的阴离子浓度在整个充电循环中保持在零以上,这有效防止了Li金属阳极14的表面处的表面电位的不稳定,从而防止了在锂金属电池10的充电循环中的Li沉积期间的枝晶形成和生长。位于界面17处的固定化接枝阴离子显著减少了充电期间锂的多相电沉积(包括树枝状晶体形成)的形成。
位于界面17处的接枝阴离子不妨碍阳极14和阴极18之间的离子传导,并且优选的锂盐的接枝阴离子为Li离子从Li金属阳极14迁移到电解质16提供了附加离子路径。接枝阴离子通过增加Li离子传输的数量来改善电化学性能。
参照图3,包括固定化阴离子的附加材料层22位于Li金属阳极14和电解质16之间,其通过将固定化阴离子(-)固定在Li金属阳极14的表面上以及Li金属阳极14的附近,用作为防止枝晶在Li金属阳极14的表面上形成和生长的保护屏障,使得Li金属阳极14的表面处的阴离子浓度从不降至零并且在锂金属电池10的整个充放电循环期间保持阴离子。如前所述,位于电解质16和Li金属阳极14之间的界面处的固定化的阴离子的存在确保了Li金属阳极14的表面在各种位置永远不会耗尽阴离子,因此防止了Li金属演技14的表面上的表面电位的不稳定,从而防止Li金属电池10的充电循环中的Li沉积期间的枝晶形成和生长。
附加材料层22可以是接枝有固定化阴离子的聚合物层、接枝有固定化阴离子的陶瓷层、接枝有固定化锂盐阴离子的纳米纤维素层或能够保持固定化阴离子或可以被接枝到阴离子的任何其他分子的层。
在本发明的另一实施方式中,整个电解质16可以包括接枝阴离子的形式的固定化阴离子,优选为锂盐的阴离子,以保持界面处的阴离子浓度在零以上。包括固定化接枝阴离子的整个电解质16还通过防止Li金属阳极14的表面上的阴离子的消耗以及在整个充放电循环中保持界面17,来确保界面17处和Li金属阳极14的表面处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上并且保持是阴离子型,以防止在Li金属阳极14和电解质16的界面处的表面电位不稳定,以使得消除或显著减少在充电循环中Li沉积期间的枝晶形成和生长。
对本领域的技术人员来说,对本发明的上述实施方式的修改和改进可以变得显而易见。前面的描述旨在示例而不是限制。此外,可能出现在附图上的各种部件的特征的尺寸并不意味着限制,并且其中的部件的尺寸可以与本文附图中可能描绘的尺寸不同。因此,本发明的范围意在仅受所附权利要求的范围限制。
Claims (12)
1.一种锂电池,其包括Li金属阳极、阴极和所述Li金属阳极和所述阴极之间的电解质,其中所述电解质包括至少在所述Li金属阳极之间的界面处的固定化阴离子,以在整个充放电循环期间将所述界面处的阴离子浓度保持在零以上,从而防止所述Li金属阳极和电解质的所述界面处的表面电位不稳定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中所述电解质包括接枝有固定化阴离子的聚合物层,其位于所述Li金属阳极和所述电解质之间的所述界面处。
3.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中所述电解质包括接枝有固定化阴离子的陶瓷层,其位于所述Li金属阳极和所述电解质之间的所述界面处。
4.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中所述电解质包括接枝有固定化阴离子的纳米纤维素材料层,其位于所述Li金属阳极和所述电解质之间的所述界面处。
5.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中整个所述电解质包括固定化阴离子。
6.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中所述电解质是聚合物电解质,并且所述固定化阴离子是选自由CF3SO3、B(C2O4)2、N(CF3SO2)2、C(CF3SO2)3、C(CH3)(CF3SO2)2、CH(CF3SO2)2、CH2(CF3SO2)、C2F5SO3、N(C2F5SO2)2、N(CF3SO2)、B(CF3SO2)2、PF6、SbF6、ClO4、SCN、AsF6、BOB、BF4和ClO4构成的组的锂盐的阴离子。
7.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中所述电解质包括至少一种聚合物和溶解在其中的锂盐,所述至少一种聚合物选自由聚环氧乙烷(PEO)、聚环氧丙烷(PPO)、聚氧化丁烯(PBO)和包含这些聚合物之一的共聚物构成的组。
8.根据权利要求1所述的锂电池,其中所述电解质包括隔离物膜和包括有机溶剂和溶解在其中的锂盐的电解液。
9.根据权利要求8所述的锂电池,其中所述隔离物膜是片状形式的多孔材料。
10.根据权利要求9所述的锂电池,其中片状形式的所述多孔材料选自由多孔聚合物片和多孔纤维素片构成的组。
11.根据权利要求8所述的锂电池,其中所述有机溶剂选自由碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、γ-丁内酯、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二氧戊环、乙醚、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、乙腈、丙腈、苯甲醚、醋酸盐、丁酸盐和丙酸盐构成的组。
12.根据权利要求8所述的锂电池,其中在所述电解液中用作溶质的所述锂盐选由LiPF6、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3、LiAsF6、LiClO4、LiB10Cl10、Li2B12Cl12、LiB(C2O4)2、LiB(C2O4)F2、LiCl和LiBr构成的组。
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CN113036077A (zh) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-06-25 | 中山大学 | 一种人工固相电解质界面膜修饰的锂电池负极及其制备方法和应用 |
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US11158882B2 (en) | 2021-10-26 |
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