CN1102045C - 新的含类脂和稳定剂的组合物 - Google Patents
新的含类脂和稳定剂的组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1102045C CN1102045C CN96193069A CN96193069A CN1102045C CN 1102045 C CN1102045 C CN 1102045C CN 96193069 A CN96193069 A CN 96193069A CN 96193069 A CN96193069 A CN 96193069A CN 1102045 C CN1102045 C CN 1102045C
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- lipoid
- vesicle
- compositions
- stabilizing agent
- composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- A61K41/0028—Disruption, e.g. by heat or ultrasounds, sonophysical or sonochemical activation, e.g. thermosensitive or heat-sensitive liposomes, disruption of calculi with a medicinal preparation and ultrasounds
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- A61K41/0052—Thermotherapy; Hyperthermia; Magnetic induction; Induction heating therapy
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- A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
- A61K47/6905—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a colloid or an emulsion
- A61K47/6907—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a colloid or an emulsion the form being a microemulsion, nanoemulsion or micelle
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Abstract
组合物,在含水载体中含有类脂和能够稳定所述组合物的物质。所述稳定剂与所述类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被所述类脂但不足以增加所述组合物粘度的量存在。所述组合物特别适用于诊断应用,包括超声。所述组合物可以采用泡囊组合物的形式,如胶束和脂质体。
Description
相关申请的交叉文献
本申请是1994年9月16日递交的未决美国申请序号为307305的部分接续申请,而该申请又是1993年11月30日递交的美国申请序号为159687的部分接续申请,159687又是1993年6月11日递交的美国申请序号为076239的部分接续申请,076239又是美国申请序号为717084(现为美国专利5228446,1993年7月20日授权)和美国申请序号为716899(现已放弃)(两者均是1991年6月18日递交的)的部分接续申请,而它们又都是美国申请序号为569828(1990年8月20日递交,现为美国专利5088499,1992年2月18日授权)的部分接续申请,而569828又是美国申请序号为455707(1989年12月22日申请,现已放弃)的部分接续申请。
该申请还是未决美国申请序号为160232(1993年11月30日申请)的部分接续申请,160232又是美国申请序号为076250(1993年6月11日申请)的部分接续申请,076250又是美国申请序号为717084(现为美国专利5228446,1993年7月20日授权)和美国申请序号为716899(现已放弃)(两者均是1991年6月18日申请的)的部分接续申请,而它们又都是美国申请序号为569828(1990年8月20日申请,现为美国专利5088499,1992年2月18日授权)的部分接续申请,而569828又是美国申请序号为455707(1989年12月22日申请,现已放弃)的部分接续申请。
上述申请的公开内容全文引入本文作为参考。
发明领域
本发明涉及新的含类脂和稳定剂的组合物和其用途。更具体地说,本发明涉及新的含类脂和稳定剂的组合物和其在施用生物活性剂方面的用途。
发明背景
超声是研究身体不同区域如脉管系统(包括组织微脉管系统)的有价值的诊断成象技术。超声具有某些优于其它诊断技术的优点。例如,涉及核医学和X-射线的诊断技术通常会导致患者接触电离电子辐射。所述辐射可能会引起亚细胞物质,包括脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)、核糖核酸(RNA)和蛋白质的损伤。超声与所述的潜在损伤性辐射无关。另外,与其它诊断技术,包括需要精密和昂贵仪器的计算机化断层扫描摄影术(CT)和磁共振成像(MRI)相比,超声相对较便宜。
超声涉及使患者暴露于声波中。通常,由于身体组织的吸收引起声波分散,使其穿透组织或从组织反射回来。声波从组织的反射通常称为反散射或反射性,它构成了发展超声成像的基础。就此而论,声波从不同的身体组织差异性地反射。所述差异性反射归因于各种因素,包括被观察的特定组织的组成和密度。超声包括检测差异性反射波,通常是用可以检测频率为1兆赫兹(MHz)到10MHz声波的振子。可以将被检测的声波整合成定量的影像,然后将定量的声波转变成待研究组织的影像。
超声成像技术通常还涉及造影剂的使用。使用造影剂是用来提高经超声得到的影像的质量和实用性。举证性的造影剂包括,例如固体颗粒的悬浮液、乳化的液体微滴和气体填充的气囊。参见Hilmann等人,美国专利4466442和公开的国际专利申请WO 92/17212和WO92/21382。
已显著改善了从超声产生的影像的质量。当然,还需进一步的改善,特别是对于涉及组织中的脉管系统的影像,所述组织充满了脉管血。因此,还需要改进超声技术,包括改进能够提供脉管系统和脉管相关器官的有医学用途的影像的造影剂。
声波从液体-气体界面的反射是极为有效的。因此,可以将气囊,包括气体填充的气囊用作造影剂。本文所用的术语“气囊”指泡囊,通常其特征在于由一层或多层膜或壁包围着的由气体或前体填充于其中的中空腔。举证性气囊包括,例如脂质体、胶束等。如下文更详细讨论的,气囊作为造影剂的有效性取决于各种因素,包括(例如)气囊的大小和/或弹性。
就气囊大小的影响而言,将提供下列讨论。如本领域专业人员已知的,气囊的反射信号是气囊半径(r6)的函数(瑞利散射)。因此,直径为4微米(μm)的气囊具有64倍于直径为2μm的气囊的散射能力。因此,总的来说,气囊越大,反射信号越强。
然而,气囊大小受气囊必须通过的毛细管直径的限制。通常,由于会堵塞微管,所以含有直径大于10μm气囊的造影剂就有危险。因此,要求造影剂中约99%的气囊的直径小于10μm。气囊的平均直径也很重要,而且应大于1μm,优选大于2μm。气囊体积的加权平均直径应为约7-10微米。
如上所述,气囊的弹性也很重要。这是因为高弹性气囊可以按需要变形以“挤”过毛细管。这样降低了堵塞的可能性。含气囊造影剂的有效性还取决于气囊的浓度。通常,气囊浓度越高,造影剂的反射性越强。
与作为造影剂的气囊的有效性有关的另一重要特征是气囊的稳定性。如本文所用的,特别是就气体填充的气囊而言,“气囊稳定性”指在暴露于高于大气压的压力后,气囊将气体保留在其中的能力。作为有效的造影剂,通常需要在暴露于300毫米(mm)汞柱(Hg)约1分钟后,气囊能够保留50%以上的气体。特别有效的气囊在暴露于300mm Hg 1分钟后,可以保留75%的被包裹气体,能够保留90%被包裹气体的气囊是特别有效的造影剂。还非常需要在释放了压力后,气囊能够恢复到其原来的大小。这通常称为“气囊恢复力”。
没有所需稳定性的气囊不是好的造影剂。例如,如果气囊在体内释放了截留在其中的气体,就会削弱其反射能力。同样,恢复力不好的气囊的体积,在体内会减小,也会导致反射能力降低。
在现有技术中公开的气囊的稳定性通常不适于用作造影剂。例如,现有技术公开了包括气体填充的脂质体在内的气囊,它们含有类脂壁或膜。参见例如Ryan等人,美国专利4900540和4544545;Tickner等人,美国专利4276855;Klaveness等人,WO 93/13809和Schneider等人,EPO 0554213和WO 91/15244。在前述文献中公开的气囊的稳定性不好,即,作为气囊悬浮于其中的溶液,例如在体内稀释时,气囊的壁或膜会变薄。这更有可能导致破裂。
为了努力改善气囊的稳定性,已经进行了各种研究。所述研究包括(例如)制各其膜或壁含有经交联明显增加了强度的物质的气囊。参见,例如Klaveness等,WO 92/17212,其中公开了含有与可生物降解交联剂交联的蛋白质的气囊。另外,气囊膜可含有与生物相容性化合物交联的非蛋白质化合物。参见,例如Klaveness等,WO 92/17436,WO 92/17718和WO 92/21382。
稳定气囊的现有技术(包括交联)有不同的缺点。例如上述交联通常涉及使用新物质,包括交联的蛋白质或其它代谢最终结果未知的化合物。另外,交联需要其它化学加工步骤,包括交联化合物的分离和纯化。此外,交联使气囊的膜或壁具有了脆性。这导致气囊的弹性降低,从而降低了变形和通过毛细管的能力。因此用现有技术中经交联而稳定的造影剂很有可能造成血管堵塞。
因此,为了同样的目的,需要新的和/或更好的稳定的造影剂。本发明涉及这和其它方面的最终目的。
发明概述
本发明涉及稳定的类脂组合物。具体地说,在一方面,本发明涉及类脂组合物,所述组合物在含水载体中含有类脂和能够稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂)。所述稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。所述类脂组合物还可以根据需要含有气体和/或气体前体。另外,如果需要,所述类脂组合物还可含有生物活性剂。
本发明的另一方面涉及泡囊组合物,所述组合物在含水载体中含有泡囊,所述泡囊含有类脂和能够稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂)。所述稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。所述泡囊组合物还可以根据需要含有气体和/或气体前体。另外,如果需要,所述泡囊组合物还可含有生物活性剂。
本发明的另一方面涉及用于诊断或治疗应用的制剂。所述制剂含有生物活性剂、类脂和能够稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂)。所述稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。所述制剂还可以根据需要含有气体和/或气体前体。
本发明的再一方面涉及制备稳定的类脂组合物的方法。所述方法包括使类脂和能够与类脂非共价结合的稳定剂结合。所述稳定剂以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量与所述类脂结合。
本发明的另一方面涉及制备诊断或治疗应用制剂的方法。所述方法包括将生物活性剂和组合物结合在一起,所述组合物含有类脂和与类脂非共价相连的稳定剂。所述稳定剂与类脂以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。
本发明的另一方面涉及稳定的类脂组合物,所述组合物是通过将类脂和能够与所述类脂非共价相连的稳定剂结合在一起而制备的。所述稳定剂以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量与类脂结合。
本发明的另一方面涉及用于诊断或治疗应用的稳定制剂。所述制剂是通过将生物活性剂和组合物结合在一起而制备的,所述组合物含有类脂和能够稳定所述制剂的物质(稳定剂)。所述稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。
本发明的另一方面涉及提供患者体内区域影像的方法。所述方法包括(i)给患者施用类脂组合物,所述组合物在含水载体中含有类脂、气体或气体的前体以及能够稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂),其中所述的稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中;和(ii)用超声扫描患者以得到所述区域的可见影像。
本发明的另一方面还涉及提供患者体内区域影像的方法。所述方法包括(i)给患者施用泡囊组合物,所述泡囊组合物在水载体中的含有泡囊,该泡囊含有类脂、气体或气体前体以及能够稳定所述组合物的物质(急定剂),其中所述的稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中;和(ii)用超声扫描患者以得到所述区域的可见影像。
本发明的另一方面涉及诊断患者体内是否存在疾病组织的方法。所述方法包括(i)给患者施用类脂组合物,所述组合物在水载体中含有类脂、气体或气体前体以及能够稳定所述组合物的物质,其中所述的稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中;和(ii)用超声扫描患者以得到患者体内任何疾病组织的可见影像。
本发明的另一方面还涉及诊断患者体内是否存在疾病组织的方法。所述方法包括(i)给患者施用泡囊组合物,所述泡囊组合物在含水载体中含有泡囊,该泡囊含有类脂、气体或气体前体以及能够稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂),其中所述的稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中;和(ii)用超声扫描患者以得到患者体内任何疾病组织的可见影像。
本发明还包括在体内治疗传送生物活性剂的方法。所述方法包括给患者施用治疗有效量的制剂,所述制剂含有生物活性剂、类脂组合物,所述类脂组合物含有类脂和稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂)。所述的稳定剂与类脂非共价相连,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。
本发明的这些和其它方面将从本发明的说明书和权利要求中变得显而易见。
本发明详述
如上文和说明书全文中所用的下列术语,除非另外说明,均应理解为具有下列含义。
“类脂”指合成或天然的含有亲水组分和疏水组分的亲水亲油化合物。类脂包括,例如,脂肪酸、中性脂肪、磷脂、糖脂、脂肪醇和蜡、萜烯和甾族化合物。
“类脂组合物”指含有类脂化合物的组合物。举证性的类脂组合物包括悬浮液、乳液和泡囊组合物。
“类脂制剂”指含有类脂化合物和生物活性剂的组合物。
“泡囊”指特征在于内部是空腔的球体。优选的泡囊是由包括本文所述的各种类脂在内的脂类配制的。在任何所给的泡囊中,所述类脂可以是单层或双层的形式,而且可以用单-或双层类脂形成一个或多个单-或双层。在多于一个单-或双层的情况下,所述单-或双层通常是同心的。本文所述的类脂泡囊包括通常称为脂质体、胶束、气囊、微气囊、微球体等的实体。因此,可以用类脂形成单层泡囊(由一个单层或双层组成)、寡层泡囊(由约2个或约3个单层或双层组成)或多层泡囊(由约3个以上的单层或双层组成)。可以用类脂(包括,例如,含水类脂)、气体、气体前体和/或固体或溶质物质(包括,例如,所需的生物活性剂)填充泡囊的内部空腔。
“泡囊组合物”指从类脂配制的并含有泡囊的组合物。
“泡囊制剂”指含有泡囊和生物活性剂的组合物。
“脂质体”主要指亲水亲油化合物(包括类脂化合物)的球形簇或聚集物,通常以一个或多个同心层如双层的形式存在。本文还将其称为类脂泡囊。
“患者”指动物,包括哺乳动物,优选人。
“生物活性剂”指在治疗或诊断应用中使用的物质,所述应用是例如用于诊断患者是否患有疾病的方法和/或治疗患者疾病的方法。本文所用的“生物活性剂”还可以指在体外和/或体内产生生物学效应的物质。所述生物活性剂可以是中性或带正电荷或带负电荷的。适宜的生物活性剂的实例包括诊断试剂、药品、药物、合成的有机分子、蛋白质、肽、维生素、甾类化合物和遗传物质(包括核苷、核苷酸和多核苷酸)。
“诊断试剂”指在诊断患者是否患有某种疾病时所用的任何试剂。举证性诊断试剂包括(例如)用于对患者超声、磁共振成像或计算机断层造影的造影剂。
“遗传物质”主要指核苷酸和多核苷酸,包括脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)。用本领域普通专业人员已知的化学合成方法,或利用重组技术或将两者结合起来可以制备遗传物质。DNA和RNA可选择性地含有非天然核苷酸,而且可以是单链或双链的。“遗传物质”还指有义和反义DNA和RNA,即,与DNA和/或RNA中特定的核苷酸序列互补的核苷酸序列。
“药品”或“药物”指在治疗(包括预防、诊断、缓解或治愈)患者疾病、病痛或损伤中所用的任何治疗或预防性药物。在药品或药物的术语含义中,包括治疗上有用的肽、多肽和多核苷酸。
“稳定剂”指生物相容性的、并能够在类脂组合物中促进泡囊形成的物质。如本文所用的“稳定剂”还指生物相容性的并能够提高泡囊稳定性的物质。在特定优选的实施方案中,稳定剂含有聚合物。如本文所用的“聚合物”指通过两个或多个重复单元的化学连接而形成的分子。因此,术语“聚合物”包括(例如)二聚体、三聚体和寡聚体。在特定的其它优选实施方案中,稳定剂含有非聚合材料,包括(例如)单体分子。在“稳定剂”的定义中当然还包括本发明的生物活性剂。所述稳定剂可以是中性的或带正电荷或带负电荷的。在中性稳定剂中优选的是极性物质。
“泡囊稳定性”指在暴露于约300mm Hg的压力下约1分钟后,气体填充的泡囊将截留的气体保留在其中的能力。用百分比(%)衡量泡囊稳定性,它是原来在泡囊中截留的气体量和释放压力后被保留的气体量的函数。泡囊稳定性还指“泡囊恢复能力”,是在释放压力后,泡囊恢复到其原大小的能力。
“粘度”指用标准粘度测量装置,如粘度计可测量的液体的内摩擦。
“增加粘度”指粘度增加约20%以上。
“非共价结合”指在两个或多个不同分子间的分子间相互作用,所述相互作用与共价键无关。分子间的相互作用取决于许多因素,包括(例如)有关分子的极性、有关分子的电荷(正或负)(如果有的话)等。非共价结合优选选自离子相互作用、偶极-偶极相互作用和范德华力及其组合。
“离子相互作用”指两个或多个分子间的分子间相互作用,所述分子带有正电荷或负电荷。因此,例如,“离子相互作用”指第一个带正电荷的分子和第二个带负电荷的分子间的吸引。举证性的离子相互作用包括,例如,带负电荷的稳定剂(例如遗传物质)和带正电荷的类脂(例如阳离子类脂,如月桂基三甲基溴化铵)之间的吸引。
“偶极-偶极相互作用”通常指在两个或多个极性分子间发生的吸引。因此“偶极-偶极相互作用”指第一个极性分子的正末端与第二个极性分子的负末端之间的吸引。偶极-偶极相互作用的举例,例如,为电正性的头部基团如卵磷脂的胆碱末端和电负性原子如在稳定剂(如多糖)中存在的杂原子(如氧、氮或硫)之间的吸引。“偶极-偶极相互作用”还指分子间氢键作用,其中氢原子作为不同分子电负性原子之间的桥,而且其中氢原子通过共价键与第一个分子相连,通过静电力与第二个分子相连。
“范德华力”指因量子力学而导致的非极性分子间的吸引力。范德华力通常与因相邻分子诱导并涉及电荷分布改变的瞬时偶极运动有关。
“结合”指将生物活性剂掺入到本发明的类脂组合物中。所述生物活性剂可以以任何方式与类脂组合物结合。例如,当类脂组合物是泡囊组合物时,可以将所述的生物活性剂包裹在泡囊的内空腔中。还可以将生物活性剂整合在泡囊的层或壁中,例如将其分散在泡囊层或壁所含的类脂中。另外,设想将生物活性剂放在泡囊的表面上。在这种情况下,所述的生物活性剂可以与泡囊表面进行化学相互作用并基本上保持粘附于其上。所述相互作用可以采取(例如)非共价结合的形式。在特定的实施方案中,所述相互作用可以稳定泡囊。
“包被”或“包裹”指稳定剂与类脂和/或泡囊的相互作用,包括非共价相互作用。
本发明的一部分涉及稳定的类脂组合物。所述类脂组合物在含水载体中含有类脂和能够稳定所述组合物的物质(稳定剂)。所述稳定剂与类脂非共价结合,并以足以包被类脂但不足以增加所述组合物粘度的量存在于组合物中。
令人惊奇并意想不到地发现,当与类脂化合物结合时,本发明的稳定剂能够促进泡囊的形成。另外,稳定剂令人惊奇并意想不到地能够提高已形成的泡囊的稳定性。与现有技术中稳定类脂组合物的技术相反,本发明方法和组合物提供了与类脂非共价结合的稳定剂。因此,本发明提供了简单有效地稳定类脂组合物、特别是泡囊组合物的方法。
在本发明组合物中可以使用许多类脂化合物。当与本发明的稳定剂结合时,优选的类脂化合物是可以形成泡囊的类脂。适宜的类脂包括,例如,磷脂,如带有饱和和不饱和脂肪酸的磷脂酰胆碱,包括二油酰基磷脂酰胆碱、二肉豆蔻酰基磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱、二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱;磷脂酰乙醇胺,例如二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、N-琥珀酰二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺和1-十六烷基-2-棕榈酰甘油磷酸乙醇胺;磷脂酰丝氨酸;磷脂酰甘油;鞘磷脂;糖脂,如神经节苷脂GM1;糖脂;硫苷脂;糖鞘磷脂;磷脂酸,如二棕榈酰磷脂酸;棕榈酸;硬脂酸;花生四烯酸;油酸;带有类脂的聚合物如聚乙二醇或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;胆固醇和胆固醇半琥珀酸酯;12-(((7′-二乙氨基香豆素-3-基)羰基)甲氨基)硬脂酸;N-[12-(((7′-二乙氨基香豆素-3-基)羰基)甲氨基)硬脂酰基]-2-氨基棕榈酸;(4′-三甲氨基)丁酸胆固醇酯;1,2-二油酰基-sn-甘油;1,2-二棕榈酰基-sn-3-琥珀酰基甘油;1,3-二棕榈酰基-2-琥珀酰甘油;和棕榈酰高半胱氨酸。
适宜的类脂化合物还包括用于制备混合胶束系统的类脂,例如月桂基三甲基溴化铵;鲸蜡基三甲基溴化铵;肉豆蔻基三甲基溴化铵;烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(其中烷基是,例如C12,C14或C15);苄基二甲基十二烷基溴化/氯化铵;苄基二甲基十六烷基溴化/氯化铵;苄基二甲基十四烷基溴化/氯化铵;鲸蜡基二甲基乙基溴化/氯化铵;和鲸蜡基吡啶氢溴酸/盐酸盐。
适用于本发明组合物中的类脂还包括携带净电荷如阴离子和/或阳离子的类脂。举证性的阳离子类脂包括,如N-[-(2,3-二油酰基氧)丙基]-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵(DOTMA)、二油酰基氧-3-(三甲基胺)丙烷(DOTPA)和1,2-二油酰基氧-e-(4′-三甲基胺)丁酰基-sn-甘油。
除上述类脂化合物外,本发明的类脂组合物还可以含有脂族羧酸,例如脂肪酸。优选的脂肪酸包括在脂族基团中含有约5-约20个碳原子的脂肪酸。脂族基团可以是线性或支链的。举证性的饱和脂肪酸包括(例如)(异)月桂酸、(异)肉豆蔻酸、(异)棕榈酸和(异)硬脂酸。举证性的不饱和脂肪酸包括(例如)月桂烯酸、抹香鲸酸、肉豆蔻脑酸、棕榈油酸、岩芹酸和油酸。适宜的脂肪酸还包括(例如)其中脂族基团是类异戊二烯和含异戊(间)二烯基的脂脂酸。另外,在本发明组合物中可以使用携带聚合物的碳水化合物。在美国专利4310505中描述了携带类脂的碳水化合物,该文献全文引入本文作为参考。
除上述举证的那些外,在本发明类脂组合物中可用的其它类脂化合物,在本发明公开中是显而易见的。优选对用于制备类脂组合物的类脂加以选择,以优化所述组合物的特定所需特性,包括血清稳定性和血浆半衰期。除上述举证的外,以本发明公开为基础,在类脂组合物的制备中选择适宜的类脂,对于本领域专业人员是显而易见的,不必进行过分的实验即可完成。
在本发明类脂组合物中类脂的浓度是可以改变的,而且取决于各种因素,包括(例如)在所述组合物中所用的具体类脂和稳定剂。意想不到并令人惊奇地发现,由于掺入了本文所述的稳定剂,用相当低浓度的类脂就可形成泡囊。它的益处在于,给患者施用的类脂化合物量减少。另外,与制备本发明类脂组合物有关的成本显然因需要较低数量的原料成分如类脂而得以降低。因此,在泡囊组合物如脂质体和胶束的情况下,已经发现,提供了只有一个双层或单层的稳定泡囊。通常,在本发明类脂组合物中类脂的浓度为约0.001mg/ml-约200mg/ml,而约0.01mg/ml-约20mg/ml的浓度是优选的。更优选的是,类脂化合物的浓度为约0.05mg/ml-约10mg/ml,甚为优选的是约0.1mg/ml-约5mg/ml的浓度。
根据本发明,类脂组合物还含有稳定剂。已经意想不到地发现,本文所定义的稳定剂能够在类脂组合物中促进泡囊的形成。因此,当按照本文所述方法,将稳定剂与类脂化合物结合时,类脂化合物将理想地聚集形成泡囊。如上所述,就泡囊而言,泡囊浓度对于造影剂的效力是很重要的。当与类脂化合物结合时,本发明的稳定剂能够以可提供有效造影剂的浓度促进泡囊的形成。优选的,本发明的稳定剂提供了泡囊浓度大于约1×108个泡囊/mL的类脂组合物。更优选的,本发明的稳定剂提供了泡囊浓度大于约1×109个泡囊/mL的类脂组合物。
稳定剂还可改善已形成的泡囊的稳定性。优选的,本发明稳定剂提供了稳定性大于约50%的泡囊。更优选的,本发明稳定剂提供了稳定性大于约75%的泡囊,最优选的,稳定性至少为90%。
在特定的实施方案中,稳定剂含有聚合物。优选的聚合物包括其中的重复单元含一个或多个羟基的聚合物(多羟基聚合物);其中重复单元含一个或多个氨基的聚合物(多胺聚合物);其中重复单元含一个或多个羧基的聚合物(多羧基聚合物);其中重复单元含一个或多个糖部分的聚合物(多糖)。聚合物的分子量可以改变,通常为约50-约5000000,而分子量为约100-约50000的聚合物是优选的。更优选的聚合物的分子量为约150-约10000,最佳的分子量为800-约8000。
稳定剂包括中性或带正电荷或带负电荷的物质。优选的中性稳定剂包括类脂和/或油物质、多醇聚合物、糖氨基葡聚糖、碳水化合物(包括单糖、二糖和多糖)、树胶和纤维素质。举证性中性稳定剂包括(例如)油,如花生油、canola oil、橄榄油、红花油和玉米油;卵磷脂;鞘磷脂;胆固醇及其衍生物;角鲨烯;萜烯和类萜化合物;甘油三酯;树胶,如西黄蓍胶、黄蓍胶、刺槐豆胶、瓜耳胶和角叉胶;甲氧基化果胶;淀粉;琼脂糖;纤维素和半合成的纤维素,例如甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲氧基纤维素和羟丙基纤维素;阿拉伯胶;琼脂;膨润土,包括纯化的膨润土;糖糊;聚羧乙烯934P;右旋糖;明胶;二-和三羟基取代的烷烃和其聚合物,包括聚乙烯醇;单、二和三甘油酯;氨基醇;单糖或糖醇,如赤藓糖、苏糖、核糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、来苏糖、果糖、山梨醇、甘露醇和景天庚酮糖(优选的单糖是果糖、甘露糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露醇和山梨醇);和二糖,如乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和纤维素二糖。
适宜的带正电荷的稳定剂包括含(例如)质子化氨基或季铵的化合物,包括其中重复单元含一个或多个氨基的聚合物,如肽、多肽、蛋白质和脂蛋白如白蛋白和天然脂蛋白。举证性的带正电荷的稳定剂包括,例如,几丁质;链烷醇胺如单乙醇胺、二乙醇胺和三乙醇胺,和其混合物,包括(例如)三乙醇胺;聚赖氨酸;聚精氨酸;聚乙烯亚胺;脱乙酰几丁质和肽,包括黑素浓缩激素和强啡肽。适宜的带负电荷的物质是含例如羧基(CO2)的化合物,包括多羧基聚合物。举证性的带负电荷的稳定剂,包括(例如)羧甲基纤维素;藻酸盐,如藻酸钠和钙;糖氨基葡聚糖盐,包括透明质酸的盐;碳水化合物的磷酸化和磺化衍生物;遗传物质,如白细胞介素-2和干扰素;硫代磷酸酯寡聚物;和带负电荷的肽,如deltorpin。
除上述举证的外,以本发明公开为基础,其它稳定剂对于本领域专业人员来说是显而易见的。
本发明的一个重要方面是稳定剂与类脂非共价结合。因此,按照本文所述的方法,通过将类脂和稳定剂结合在一起可以达到稳定类脂组合物的目的,所述方法通常包括将类脂和稳定剂混合。通过将类脂用稳定剂包被达到稳定的目的。因此,本发明的方法和组合物避免了通过不可缺少的复杂化学反应,如现有技术用于稳定组合物的共价结合反应而将类脂和稳定剂共价结合在一起的需要。参见,例如,Klaveness等,WO 92/17212。所述稳定剂优选经一种或多种下列作用方式与类脂结合:离子作用、偶极-偶极作用和范德华力和其组合。
尽管本发明人不希望被任何理论所束缚,但确信稳定剂促进了泡囊的形成并以下列方式稳定了已形成的泡囊。不论是中性的或带正电荷或带负电荷的,本文所用的稳定剂均含有疏水和亲水结构域。据信,在本发明的类脂组合物中,稳定剂与类脂结合从而使稳定剂的疏水结构域与类脂的疏水结构域相互作用,稳定剂的亲水结构域与类脂的亲水结构域相互作用。认为相似的作用发生于,例如多胺稳定剂的正电荷区和脂肪酸的负电荷区如羧基之间。这种相互作用有利于泡囊的形成。在泡囊形成后,认为稳定剂包被泡囊,从而使稳定剂的疏水结构域与泡囊的主要疏水表面或其它疏水区相互作用,而稳定剂的亲水结构域向外指向含水环境。因此将泡囊保护在,如“稳定的茧”中,这样将泡囊与可能引起其破裂的物质隔离开。
如上所述,稳定剂在促进由低浓度的类脂化合物形成泡囊方面是非常有效的。因此,本发明方法和组合物的另一益处是提供了具有所需弹性和变形性的稳定的、薄壁泡囊。因此,本发明组合物提供了可以很容易变形以挤过血管的泡囊;血管堵塞的危险由此得以降低。
本发明类脂组合物中的稳定剂的浓度可以改变,而且取决于所用的特定类脂和/或稳定剂。稳定剂的优选浓度至少足以包被类脂,但不足以增加类脂组合物的粘度。在优选的实施方案中,稳定剂的浓度为约0.01mg/ml-约200mg/ml。更优选的,稳定剂的浓度为约0.05mg/ml-约5mg/ml,约15mg/ml-约2.5mg/ml的浓度为最佳。
令人意想不到的是,本发明稳定剂所提供的稳定性作用基本上与粘度无关。在本文中,已经发现,在将本发明稳定剂加到只含类脂(没有稳定剂)的组合物中形成了本发明的组合物后,粘度没有增加(即,增加不到约20%)。这令人惊奇是因为现有技术的稳定剂通常使类脂组合物的粘度有显著的改变,通常是增加粘度的倾向。优选的,粘度的增加不大于约15%,粘度的增加不大于约10%是更优选的。甚为优选粘度增加不大于约5%,而粘度没有增加(0%)是最好的。
在本发明特定的实施方案中,发现在将本发明稳定剂加到只含类脂(没有稳定剂)的组合物中形成了本发明的组合物后,粘度降低。如上所述,这是完全是意想不到的,因为将现有技术的稳定剂加入到只含类脂(不含稳定剂)的组合物中通常会使粘度增加。优选的,粘度降低约5%或更多,或更优选的为粘度降低约10%或更多。最好是粘度降低约15%或更多的,更优选降低约20%或更多。
在本发明特定的实施方案中,类脂组合物含有泡囊组合物。泡囊组合物可以含有胶束和/或脂质体。有许多制备泡囊组合物的方法,包括(例如)振荡、干燥、气体注入、喷雾干燥等。制备泡囊组合物的适宜方法记载于,例如美国申请序号为307,305(1994年9月16日申请)的申请中,该文献引入本文作为参考。优选从保持凝胶状态的类脂制备泡囊。下表列出了一些代表性类脂和其相变温度。
表I
饱和的二酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱:主链熔化转变温度
酰基链中的碳数 | 主相变温度 |
1,2-(12∶0) | -1.0 |
1,2-(13∶0) | 13.7 |
1,2-(14∶0) | 23.5 |
1,2-(15∶0) | 34.5 |
1,2-(16∶0) | 41.4 |
1,2-(17∶0) | 48.2 |
1,2-(18∶0) | 55.1 |
1,2-(19∶0) | 61.8 |
1,2-(20∶0) | 64.5 |
1,2-(21∶0) | 71.1 |
1,2-(22∶0) | 74.0 |
1,2-(23∶0) | 79.5 |
1,2-(24∶0) | 80.1 |
参见例如Derek Marsh,类脂双层CRC手册,139页(CRC出版,Boca Raton,FL 1990)。
就制备具体的胶束组合物而言,提供下列讨论。用对于本领域专业人员显而易见的任何一种常规胶束制备方法,均可制备胶束。这些方法一般包括将类脂化合物悬浮在有机溶剂中,蒸发溶剂,重悬在含水介质中,声处理和离心。在Canfield等,酶学方法,189卷,418-422页(1990);El-Gorab等,生物化学和生物物理学报,306卷,58-66页(1973);胶体表面活性剂,Shinoda,K.,Nkagana,Tamamushi和Isejura,Academic Press,NY(1963)(特别是“胶束的形成”,Shinoda,第1章,1-88页);胶束和巨分子系统的催化(Catalysis in Micellar andMacromolecular Systems),Fendler and Fendler,Academic Press,NY(1975)中讨论了前述以及其它方法。所有上述文献全文引入本文作为参考。
如上所述,泡囊组合物可含有脂质体。在任何给定的脂质体中,类脂化合物可以是单层或双层的形式,而可以用单或双层类脂形成一个或多个双层。在多于一个单或双层的情况下,单-或双层通常是同心的。因此,可以用类脂形成单层脂质体(含有一个单层或双层)、寡层脂质体(含有两个或三个单层或双层)或多层脂质体(含有三个以上单层或双层)。
有许多制备脂质体组合物的方法。因此可以用对于本领域专业人员显而易见的各种常规脂质体制备技术中的任何一种,制备脂质体。这些技术包括溶剂透析、French press、挤压(用或不用冻融)、反相蒸发、微乳化和简单冻融。可以用包括振荡或涡旋在内的各种方法制备脂质体。例如,可利用机械振荡装置如Wig-L-BugTM(CrescentDental,Lyons,IL)达到该目的。也可以使用常规的微乳化装置如MicrofluidizerTM(Microfluidics,Woburn,MA)。
制备脂质体组合物的其它方法包括,例如,声处理、螯合透析、匀浆、溶剂灌输、自发形成、溶剂蒸发、控制的洗涤剂透析等,它们均涉及以各种方式制备脂质体。就制备脂质体而言,涉及冻融技术的方法是优选的。适宜的冻融技术记载于例如,未决美国申请序号为07/838,504(1992年2月19日申请)的申请中,该文献全文引入本文作为参考。可以在溶液如含水盐溶液、含水磷酸盐缓冲液或无菌水中完成脂质体的制备。
如果需要,可以用各种技术,包括挤压、过滤、声处理和匀浆调整脂质体的大小。另外,可以通过将液体核的层束导入到液体不可溶的鞘中来调整脂质体的大小。以本发明公开为基础,调整脂质体大小和调节所得脂质体的生物分布和清除脂质体的其它方法对于本领域专业人员来说是显而易见的。优选在压力下,使脂质体经挤压通过确定大小的孔隙,调整脂质体的大小。尽管本发明所用的脂质体可以是任何大小的,但优选小的脂质体,即外径小于约100nm。
在美国专利4728578;英国专利申请GB2193095A;美国专利4728575;美国专利4737323;国际申请PCT/US85/01161;Mayer等,生物化学和生物物理学报,858卷,161-168页(1986);Hope等,生物化学和生物物理学报,812卷55-65页(1985);美国专利4533254;Mayhew等,酶学方法,149卷,64-77页(1987);Mayhew等,生物化学和生物物理学报,755卷,169-74页(1984);Cheng等,放射学研究,22卷,47-55页(1987);国际申请PCT/US89/05040;美国专利4162282;美国专利4310505;美国专利4921706和脂质体技术,Gregoriadis,G.等编辑,I卷,29-31、51-67和79-108页(CRC Press Inc.,Boca Raton,FL1984)中讨论了许多前述脂质体制备技术以及其它技术(所有文献均全文引入本文作为参考)。
尽管可以使用许多改进的技术,但优选用振荡技术制备本发明的泡囊组合物。优选的,振荡技术包括用机械振荡装置,如Wig-L-BugTM(Crescent Dental,Lyons,IL),如在未决美国申请No.160232(1993年11月30日申请)公开的那些(该文献全文引入本文作为参考)进行搅拌。
本领域专业人员将会认识到,可以将类脂组合物和/或类脂制剂冻干进行贮存,然后通过(例如)剧烈搅拌用含水介质(如无菌水或磷酸盐缓冲液或含水盐溶液)重建。为了防止因冻干而引起的类脂聚集或融合,可以使用添加剂以防止所述融合或聚集的发生。可以使用的添加剂包括山梨醇、甘露醇、氯化钠、葡萄糖、海藻糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和聚乙二醇如PEG 400。在如美国药典,USP XXII,NF XVII,The UntiedStates Pharmacopeia,The National Formulary,United States PharmacopeialConvention Inc.,12601 Twinbrook Parkway,Rockville,MD 20852中描述了这些和其它添加剂(所述文献全文引入本文作为参考)。冻干制剂的贮存期限通常较长。
在本发明优选的实施方案中,将气体(如惰性气体)掺入到类脂组合物中。所述气体使类脂组合物的反射性增强,特别是将气体包裹在泡囊中的泡囊组合物。这样提高了其作为造影剂的效用。
优选的气体是惰性且生物相容性气体,即对生物功能没有损伤的气体。优选的气体包括选自空气、稀有气体如氦、氖、氩和氙、二氧化碳、氮气、氟、氧气、六氟化硫、碳氟化物、全氟化碳和其混合物的那些气体。以本发明公开为基础,其它气体(包括上述举证的气体)对于本领域专业人员来说是显而易见的。在优选的实施方案中,气体含有全氟化碳。优选的全氟化碳选自全氟甲烷、全氟乙烷、全氟丙烷、全氟丁烷、全氟环丁烷和其混合物。更优选的全氟化碳气体是全氟丙烷或全氟丁烷,而全氟丙烷是特别优选的。另一优选气体是四氟化硫。
在特定优选的实施方案中,将气体如空气或全氟化碳气体与液体全氟化碳如全氟己烷、全氟庚烷、全氟辛基溴(PFOB)、全氟萘烷、全氟十二灵(perfluorododecalin)、全氟辛基碘、全氟三丙基胺和全氟三丁基胺混合。
也可以在类脂组合物中掺入气体物质的前体。所述前体包括在体内能够转变成气体的物质。所述气体前体优选是生物相容的,而且在体内生成的气体也是生物相容的。
适用于本发明组合物的气体前体是pH敏感剂。这些试剂包括那些在暴露于中性或酸性pH后能够释放气体的物质。所述pH敏感剂的实例包括无机酸的盐、有机酸的盐和其混合物。碳酸(H2CO3)是适宜无机酸的实例,氨基丙二酸是适宜有机酸的实例。以本发明公开为基础,包括无机和有机酸在内的其它酸对于本领域专业人员来说是显而易见的。
气体前体优选选自碱金属盐、铵盐和其混合物。更优选的是,所述盐选自碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、倍半碳酸盐、氨基丙二酸盐和其混合物。
用于本发明类脂组合物的气体前体的实例包括碳酸锂、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢锂、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸氢镁、碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、倍半碳酸铵、倍半碳酸钠、氨基丙二酸钠和氨基丙二酸铵。氨基丙二酸盐是本领域熟知的,而且其制备(例如)被描述于Thanassi,生物化学,9卷,(3),525-532页(1970);Fitzpatrick等,无机化学,13卷,(3)568-574页(1974);和Stelmashok等,Koordinatsionnaya Khimiya,3卷(4),524-527页(1977)中,所有文献均引入本文作为参考。
除对pH变化敏感外,气体前体物质还可以含有对温度敏感的化合物。所述温度敏感剂包括沸点高于约37℃的物质。举证性的温度敏感剂是乳酸甲酯、全氟戊烷和全氟己烷。气体前体还可以是光激活的物质,如重氮离子和氨基丙二酸盐。如下文详细讨论的,可以设计出特定的类脂组合物、特别是泡囊组合物,以便在靶组织处或通过声对粒子的作用形成气体。气体前体的实例被描述于(例如)美国专利5088499和5149319中。这些专利全文引入本文作为参考。除上述举证的外,以本发明公开为基础,其它气体前体对于本领域专业人员来说是显而易见的。
优选将气体物质和/或气体前体掺入到本发明的类脂组合物中而不用考虑所述组合物的物理性质。因此,将气体物质和/或其前体掺入到其中的类脂基本上是随机聚集的组合物中,以及其中的类脂形成泡囊(包括胶束和脂质体)的组合物中。可以用许多方法将气体物质和/或其前体掺入到类脂组合物中。例如,通过振荡或振摇含气体或气体前体和本发明类脂的含水混合物可以形成气体填充的泡囊。这有利于形成气体或气体前体包被在其中的稳定的泡囊。
另外,可以将气体直接鼓泡到本发明类脂化合物的含水混合物中。此外,可以使用(例如)美国专利5352435和5228446(所述文献全文引入本文作为参考)中公开的气体注入法。在阳离子类脂组合物中掺入气体或气体前体的适宜方法还公开在美国专利4865836(该文献引入本文作为参考)中。以本发明公开为基础,其它方法对于本领域专业人员是显而易见的。优选在加入稳定剂后或过程中和/或形成泡囊的过程中,在类脂组合物中注入气体。
在优选的实施方案中,将气体物质和/或气体前体物质掺入到泡囊组合中,含有胶束和脂质体的是优选的。如下文将详细讨论的,包被了气体或气体前体或两者的泡囊的优点在于,它们在体内的反射性得到改善。
在本发明特定的实施方案中,所述组合物还含有生物活性剂。本文将这些组合物称为“类脂制剂”,可以用所述组合物在体内治疗性地传递生物活性剂。优选类脂制剂含有泡囊制剂。在泡囊制剂中,经非侵染性方法,可以观察泡囊循环并传递到靶组织。就气体前体或气体填充的泡囊而言,如果需要,可以使用高能超声波、放射频率、光能,例如激光和/或热以产生高热区,从而使泡囊在体内破裂,由此促进被包裹气体(或其前体)和生物活性剂的释放。因此,泡囊制剂可以在体内有控制地释放生物活性剂。
已经发现,就诊断、治疗和/或预防疾病而言,需要给患者施用的特定的生物活性剂也可以稳定类脂组合物。在这些实施方案中,生物活性剂同时作为稳定剂和诊断或治疗物质而起作用。这些生物活性剂通常能够与类脂化合物非共价结合,所述非共价相互作用包括,例如,离子相互作用、偶极-偶极作用和范德华力及其组合。特别适用于本发明类脂制剂并也可作为稳定剂的生物活性剂包括,例如,遗传物质如DNA和RNA、肽和物品或药物如萘啶酸和长春新碱。
在泡囊组合物(包括胶束和脂质体)的情况下,设想将生物活性剂截留在脂质体或胶束的泡囊中。在特定的情况下,还可以将生物活性剂掺入到泡囊的膜壁中。在其中的类脂基本上是随机聚集或基本上不聚集的类脂组合物的情况下,通常将生物活性剂完全均匀地分散在组合物中。
在特定的实施方案中,需要在类脂组合物中掺入含有稳定剂,例如聚合物如藻酸聚合物的物质,所述稳定剂与生物活性剂共价相连。所述稳定剂的实例是萘啶酸藻酸盐,其中稳定剂(藻酸聚合物)与生物活性物质(萘啶酸)共价相连。所述稳定剂是非常需要的,因它们能够稳定类脂组合物并提供生物活性剂源。就此而言,如上所讨论的,通过所述稳定剂可以达到稳定类脂组合物的目的。还可在给药后,在体内将稳定剂水解成生物活性剂(萘啶酸)和稳定剂(藻酸)。
在特定的环境中,需要将一种或多种带电荷的物质掺入到类脂组合物中。如下所讨论的,所述带电荷的物质有助于由本发明稳定剂提供的稳定性作用。举证性的适宜电荷种类包括,例如,阳离子(如金属离子)或阴离子。举证性的阳离子包括,例如,钙、锰、镁、铜、钆或镝阳离子,或其它任何与药物应用相容的阳离子。适宜的阴离子包括,例如,硫、过氧化物或超氧化物。阴离子物质可与螯合剂如乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)螯合。
尽管本发明人不希望被任何理论所束缚,但仍认为所述带电荷的物质能够在类脂和稳定剂之间形成键桥,例如离子键。因此,例如阴离子,如硫可以与带正电荷的类脂(如DOTMA)和带正电荷的稳定剂(如聚赖氨酸)非共价结合。
除上述讨论的与类脂非共价结合的稳定剂外,在特定的实施方案中,需要包括与类脂共价结合的稳定剂。所述共价结合的稳定剂可以采用(例如)带聚合物的稳定剂的形式,包括带聚合物的类脂、蛋白质和/或糖。举证性的聚合物包括亲水聚合物,如聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、polyoxomer和聚氧乙基醚和聚乙烯醇。在PEG聚合物中优选的是PEG 2000、PEG 5000和PEG 8000,其分子量分别为2000、5000和8000。以本发明公开为基础,其它适宜的聚合物对于本领域专业人员是显而易见的。可以通过与类脂的烷基化或酰基化反应而掺入的聚合物对于提高类脂组合物的稳定性是特别有用的。举证性的带亲水聚合物的类脂包括,例如,二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-PEG、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-PEG和二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-PEG。
除上述举证的那些外,以本发明公开为基础,在制备稳定的类脂组合物中可以使用的其它物质对于本领域专业人员是显而易见的。例如可以在类脂组合物中包含抗菌剂和/或防腐剂。这些物质的实例包括苯甲酸钠、季铵盐、叠氮化钠、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、山梨酸、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(ascorbyl palmitate)、丁基化羟基茴香醚、丁基化羟基甲苯、氯丁醇、脱氢乙酸、乙二胺、硫代甘油、苯甲酸钾、偏亚硫酸氢钾、山梨酸钾、亚硫酸氢钠、二氧化硫和有机汞盐。
还需要包括有助于类脂组合物稳定性和/或泡囊组合物形成的物质。所述物质的实例是非离子物质,包括(例如)聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇醚、聚氧乙烯化的山梨醇脂肪酸酯、甘油聚乙二醇氧硬脂酸酯、甘油聚乙二醇蓖麻醇酸酯、乙氧基化的大豆甾醇、乙氧基化的蓖麻油、聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯聚合物和聚氧乙烯脂肪酸硬脂酸酯。
如上所述,存在各种制备本发明类脂组合物的技术。相似地,有许多用于制备类脂制剂的技术。例如,可以从类脂化合物、生物活性剂和气体或气体前体的混合物制备类脂制剂。在这种情况下,如上所述制备的类脂组合物含有生物活性剂。因此,例如,可以在存在生物活性剂的情况下制备胶束。就含有气体的类脂组合物而言,制备可包括(例如)将气体直接鼓泡到类脂化合物和稳定剂的的混合物中。另外,可以从类脂化合物和气体或气体前体制备类脂组合物。在后种情况下,在使用前,将生物活性剂加到类脂组合物中。例如,可以制备脂质体和气体的含水混合物,向其中加入生物活性剂,然后搅动该混合物以提供脂质体制剂。也很容易分离该脂质体制剂,因为气体和/或生物活性剂填充的脂质体泡囊通常会浮到含水溶液的上面。从剩下的含水溶液中可以回收过量的生物活性剂。
可以将本发明制剂在体外或体内应用。在体外应用(包括细胞培应用)的情况下,可以将类脂制剂加到培养的细胞中,然后进行培养。如果需要,当使用脂质体时,可以将能量如声能应用到培养基中以使脂质体破裂,然后释放任何治疗药物。
就体内应用而言,可以将本发明制剂以适合于所选给药途径,即胃肠道外、口服或腹膜内的各种形式施用于患者。胃肠道外给药是优选的,包括下列途径:静脉内;肌肉内;间质;动脉内;皮下;眼内;滑膜腔内;经上皮,包括经皮;经吸入到肺;眼;舌下和颊;局部给药,包括眼;皮;眼;直肠;和经鼻吸入。在胃肠道外给药中,静脉内给药是优选的。
在诊断应用如超声的情况下,将还可以含有气体或气体前体的类脂组合物施用给患者。将能量(优选以超声能的形式)应用于患者身体的至少一部分以使靶组织成像。然后得到患者体内区域的可见图象,从而可以确定是否存在患病组织。
超声成像技术(包括二次谐波成像)是本领域熟知的,而且记载于,例如,Uhlendorf“超声造影成象物理学:在线性范围内扫描”(“Physics of Ultrasound Contrast Imaging:Scattering in the LinearRange”),IEEE Transact ons on Ultrasonics,Ferroelectrics,and FrequencyControl,14(1),70-79页(1994)和Sutherland等,“彩色多普勒心肌成像:用于评估心肌功能的新技术”,美国超声心动描记法会志,7(5)卷,441-458页(1994)(所有文献均全文引入本文作为参考)。
超声可以用于诊断和治疗目的。总之,来自诊断超声的能量不足以引起泡囊的破裂,并有利于生物活性剂的释放和细胞吸收。此外,诊断超声包括应用一种或多种声脉冲。脉冲之间的间隔可以使反射的声信号被接收和分析。在诊断超声中所用的有限量的脉冲限制了传递到待研究组织中的有效能量。
另一方面,较高能量的超声如由治疗超声装置产生的超声通常能够使泡囊破裂。总而言之,根据待用超声治疗的组织的区域,治疗超声机械用约10-约100%的工作循环。肌肉较多的身体区域,如背和大腿以及高度维管化组织如心组织需要较大的工作循环,如最高达约100%。
在治疗超声中,用连续超声波传递较高的能量。为了使泡囊破裂,连续超声波是优选的,尽管也可以使用脉冲声能。如果使用脉冲声能,通常将声波以每次约8到约20个或更多脉冲的回波链长(echo trainlengths)传送。优选,回波链长为每次约20个脉冲。另外,所用的声频可以在约0.25到约100MHz的范围内变化。总之,治疗超声的频率在约0.75到约3MHz之间是优选的,在约1到约2之间是更优选的。另外,能量水平可以在约0.5瓦特(W)/cm2到约5.0W/cm2之间变化,能量水平在约0.5到约2.5W/cm2之间是优选的。与高热有关的治疗超声的能量水平通常为约5W/cm2到50W/cm2之间。对于很小的泡囊,例如泡囊直径小于0.5μm的泡囊,较高的声频通常是优选的。这是因为较小的泡囊能够更有效地吸收高频声波的声能。当使用甚高频时,例如,大于约10MHz,声能通常穿透液体和组织,只到达有限的深度。因此,声能的外用适用于皮肤或其它表皮组织。但是,对于深层结构,通常需要聚集超声能以便优先到达聚焦区内。另外,可以通过间质探针、维管内超声导管或内腔导管应用超声能。例如在用于诊断和/或治疗食管癌的食管中使用所述探针或导管。除上述讨论的治疗用途外,可以在食管癌或在治疗动脉粥样硬化的冠状动脉中使用本发明组合物,还包括例如在美国专利5149319(该文献全文引入本文作为参考)中所描述的治疗用途。
给药的有用剂量和给药的特定方式将根据如年龄、体重和具体的动物以及其待治疗区、所用的具体类脂化合物和稳定剂、是否存在生物活性剂、将要进行的诊断和治疗用途以及制剂形式(例如,胶束或脂质体)等因素而改变,这对于本领域专业人员来说是显而易见的。通常,以较低剂量给药,然后增加剂量直到达到所需的治疗效果。施用的类脂化合物量可以改变,而且通常取决于所施用的具体类脂化合物和稳定剂的量。
用下列实施例来进一步描述本发明。在这些实施例中,实施例1和3是实际实施例,剩余的实施例(实施例2和4)是预示性实施例。这些实施例只是为了说明,而不构成对权利要求的限制。
实施例
在下列实施例中所用的各种材料均是市售的。聚赖氨酸、藻酸和脱乙酰几丁质是从Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO)购买的。聚乙烯亚胺是从Aldrich Chemical Co.(Milwaukee,WI)购买的。
在下列实施例中,“DPPE”指二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺;“DPPA”指二棕榈酰磷酸;而“DPPC”指二棕榈酰磷脂胆碱。“PEG 5000”指分子量为约5000的聚乙二醇聚合物。“DPPE-PEG-5000”指与PEG 5000共价结合的DPPE。
实施例1
本实施例描述了在本发明范围内的泡囊组合物的制备和分析。所述分析涉及确定组合物中泡囊的数量和大小。
制备了13种类脂组合物,每种均含有DPPE-PEG 5000(62mg)、DPPA(9.2mg)和DPPC(153.2mg)的混合物。由稳定剂(聚赖氨酸、聚乙烯亚胺、藻酸或脱乙酰几丁质)和去离子水配制储备溶液(10mg/ml)。将储备溶液加到12种类脂组合物中,以便将7.6mg(5wt.%)、15.4mg(10wt.%)和30.6mg(20wt%)的各稳定剂加到类脂样品中。剩下的类脂样品中不加稳定剂(对照)。将水加到各类脂样品中。将样品搅拌过夜,然后在约45℃加热1到2小时,然后再搅拌直到得到均匀混合物。然后将混合物冷却到4℃,然后冻干。将各冻干物(10-20mg)重悬在生理盐水∶丙二醇∶甘油(8∶1∶1,v∶v∶v)的混合物中,达到1mg/ml的浓度。将混合物加热到45℃,然后过滤(0.22μm)。将所得的混合物(1.5ml)放在2ml小瓶(1.1ml液面上气体)(VWR,Los Angeles,CA,IL)中。密封小瓶,然后以3300rpm的振荡速率,在Wig-L-BugTM(Crescent Dental Lyons,IL)上振荡1分钟以得到气体填充的泡囊,气体是空气。取各样品(20ul),在Accusizer 779型粒度测定仪(Particle Sizing Systems,Santa Barbara,CA)上测定泡囊大小。
在下列表中列出了分析结果。
表II
稳定剂 | 重量% | 泡囊总数量 | 泡囊浓度泡囊数/ml | 泡囊大小(直径)(μm) |
无(对照) | 0 | N/S | N/S | N/S |
聚赖氨酸 | 5 | 8.36×104 | 1.67×106 | 28.85 |
10 | 9.34×104 | 1.87×106 | 26.47 | |
20 | 8.47×104 | 1.69×106 | 30.17 | |
聚乙烯亚胺 | 5 | 1.02×105 | 2.03×106 | 31.10 |
10 | 8.14×104 | 1.63×106 | 30.29 | |
20 | 9.65×104 | 1.93×106 | 27.16 | |
藻酸 | 5 | 1.16×105 | 5.78×106 | 25.92 |
10 | 1.08×105 | 5.65×107 | 28.12 | |
20 | 8.85×104 | 4.40×107 | 25.48 | |
脱乙酰几丁质 | 5 | 6.31×104 | 1.26×106 | 41.06 |
10 | 6.95×104 | 1.39×106 | 32.19 | |
20 | 8.93×104 | 1.79×106 | 28.20 |
“N/S”指不显著。
前述结果表明,本发明的含类脂和稳定剂的组合物与没有稳定剂的组合物(对照)相比,有高浓度的泡囊。
实施例2(A)
本实施例说明生物活性剂(包括肽)可作为有效的稳定剂。制备实施例1中所述的类脂组合物,但用囊性纤维变性跨膜受体(CFTR)代替各稳定剂(聚赖氨酸、聚乙烯亚胺、藻酸和脱乙酰几丁质)。按照实施例1所述,形成气体填充的泡囊。这说明CFTR可作为稳定剂。
将含CFTR的制剂,静脉内注射(1ml)给患囊性纤维变性的患者。在治疗4星期后,患者的症状消除。
实施例2(B)
重复实施例2(A),但用长春新碱(5mg)代替实施例1中所述的稳定剂。可以形成气体填充的泡囊,说明长春新碱可以作为稳定剂。
用该组合物治疗伴有肝转移瘤的结肠癌结肠造口术后患者。肿瘤负荷减小,同时有害后遗症减至最小。
实施例3
用带CP42锭子的Brookfield Engineering Labs Viscometer测定实施例1中制备的组合物的粘度。锭子转速为1.1秒-1。结果示于下列表中。
稳定剂 稳定剂的重量% 粘度(mPas)
(以总类脂含量为基础)
对照 0 2.0
聚赖氨酸 20 1.1
聚乙烯亚胺 20 1.1
脱乙酰几丁质 20 2.4
藻酸 20 2.4
上表的粘度测量结果表明,由稳定剂提供的稳定性作用与粘度无关。这说明,例如在不含有稳定剂、而且其中基本上不形成气体填充的泡囊的对照组合物中,其粘度基本上与含藻酸或脱乙酰几丁质、而且其中提供了所需浓度的气体填充泡囊的组合物的粘度相似。另外,含多赖氨酸或聚乙烯亚胺作为稳定剂的组合物的粘度是对照组合物和含藻酸和脱乙酰几丁质的组合物的约一半。如上所述,含多赖氨酸和聚乙烯亚胺的组合物还提供了所需浓度的气体填充的泡囊。
实施例4
本实施例描述与生物活性剂共价相连的稳定剂的用途。
向250ml圆底烧瓶中加入萘叮酸(5g,20mmole)和平均分子量为240000的藻酸聚合物(4.5g,20mmole单体等同物)。将混合物溶解在二甲基甲酰胺(100ml)中,向该混合物中边搅拌边加入羰基二咪唑(3.2g,20mmole)。将所得的混合物搅拌1小时,然后真空浓缩。使所得的产物通过凝胶大小排阻柱以得到共价结合的萘叮酸藻酸酯。
制备实施例1中的类脂组合物,但用萘叮酸藻酸酯取代稳定剂(多赖氨酸、聚乙烯亚胺、藻酸和脱乙酰几丁质)。用实施例1中所述的方法,制备气体填充的泡囊。
将含作为稳定剂的萘叮酸藻酸酯的组合物静脉内注射给(50ml)带革兰氏阴性菌(铜绿假单胞菌)的患者。细菌被消除,可能是由于血液中非特异性酯酶的裂解而从萘叮酸藻酸酯中释放了萘叮酸的结果。
文中所述的各专利文献、专利申请和出版物均以全文引入本文作为参考。
根据前文描述,除本文描述的那些外,本发明的各种改变,对于本领域专业人员是显而易见的。所述改变也应在本发明权利要求的范围内。
Claims (32)
1.一种泡囊组合物,其含有在含水载体中的泡囊,该泡囊包含类脂、被包裹在所述泡囊中的气体或气体前体和能够稳定所述组合物的物质,其中所述的稳定剂与所述的类脂非共价结合,而且以足以包被类脂但不足以增加所述组合物粘度的量存在。
2.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述的类脂包括磷脂。
3.根据权利要求2的组合物,其中所述的磷脂选自磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺和磷脂酸。
4.根据权利要求3的组合物,其中所述的磷脂胆碱选自二油酰磷脂酰胆碱、二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱、二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱和二硬脂酰磷脂酰胆碱。
5.根据权利要求4的组合物,其中所述的磷脂酰胆碱包括二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱。
6.根据权利要求3的组合物,其中所述的磷脂酰乙醇胺选自二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺、N-琥珀酰二油酰基磷脂酰乙醇胺和1-十六烷基-2-棕榈酰甘油磷酸乙醇胺。
7.根据权利要求6的组合物,其中所述的磷脂酰乙醇胺是二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺。
8.根据权利要求3的组合物,其中所述的磷脂酸含有二棕榈酰磷脂酸。
9.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述的稳定剂包括聚合物。
10.根据权利要求9的组合物,其中所述的聚合物选自多羟基、多胺、多羧基和多糖聚合物。
11.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述泡囊选自胶束和脂质体。
12.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述的稳定剂以足以降低所述组合物粘度的量存在。
13.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述的非共价结合选自离子作用、偶极-偶极作用和范德华力。
14.根据权利要求1的组合物,还含有生物活性剂。
15.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述的稳定剂包括生物活性剂。
16.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中所述的气体或气体前体选自全氟甲烷、全氟乙烷、全氟丙烷、全氟丁烷、全氟环丁烷、全氟戊烷和六氟化硫。
17.根据权利要求1的泡囊组合物,还含有能够稳定所述组合物并与所述类脂共价结合的物质。
18.根据权利要求17的泡囊组合物,其中所述的能够稳定所述组合物并与所述类脂共价结合的物质包括聚合物。
19.根据权利要求18的泡囊组合物,其中所述的聚合物选自聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、多氧聚合物、聚山梨酯和聚乙烯醇。
20.根据权利要求19的泡囊组合物,其中所述的聚乙二醇选自PEG 2000、PEG 5000和PEG 8000。
21.根据权利要求20的泡囊组合物,其中所述的能够稳定所述组合物并与所述类脂共价结合的物质是二棕榈酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-PEG5000。
22.治疗或诊断用制剂,含有与生物活性剂组合在一起的泡囊,所述的泡囊包含类脂、被包裹在所述泡囊中的气体或气体前体和能够稳定所述制剂的物质,其中所述的稳定剂与所述的类脂非共价结合,并以足以包被所述类脂但不足以增加所述制剂粘度的量存在。
23.根据权利要求22的制剂,其中所述的泡囊选自胶束和脂质体。
24.根据权利要求23的制剂,其中所述的生物活性剂被包封在所述的胶束或脂质体中。
25.根据权利要求22的制剂,其中所述的气体或气体前体选自全氟甲烷、全氟乙烷、全氟丙烷、全氟丁烷、全氟环丁烷、全氟戊烷和六氟化硫。
26.制备稳定的泡囊组合物的方法,所述组合物含有泡囊,该泡囊包含类脂、被包裹在所述泡囊中的气体或气体前体和能够与所述类脂非共价结合的稳定剂,其中该方法包括将所述类脂、气体或气体前体以及稳定剂结合在一起,其中将所述的稳定剂以足以包被所述类脂但不足以增加所述组合物粘度的量与所述的类脂结合。
27.制备诊断或治疗用制剂的方法,所述制剂含有与生物活性剂组合在一起的泡囊组合物,该泡囊组合物包含类脂和被包裹在所述泡囊中的气体或气体前体和能够与所述的类脂非共价结合的稳定剂,其中该方法包括将所述生物活性剂和泡囊组合物结合在一起,其中所述的稳定剂以足以包被所述类脂但不足以增加所述组合物粘度的量存在于所述的组合物中。
28.一种稳定的泡囊组合物,其含有类脂、被包裹在所述泡囊中的气体或气体前体和能够与所述类脂非共价结合的稳定剂,其中该组合物是通过将所述类脂、气体或气体前体以及稳定剂结合在一起而制备的,其中所述的稳定剂以足以包被所述类脂但不足以增加所述制剂粘度的量与所述的类脂结合。
29.一种稳定的诊断或治疗用制剂,其含有生物活性剂和泡囊组合物,该泡囊组合物含有类脂、被包裹在所述泡囊中的气体或气体前体和能够稳定所述制剂并且与所述类脂非共价结合的物质,其中所述组合物是通过将所述类脂、气体或气体前体以及稳定剂组合在一起而制备的,其中所述的稳定剂以足以包被所述类脂但不足以增加所述组合物粘度的量与所述的类脂结合。
30.权利要求1的组合物的用途,用于制备用来对患者的体内区域提供影像的造影剂。
31.权利要求1的组合物的用途,用于制备用来诊断患者体内存在疾病组织的造影剂。
32.权利要求22的制剂的用途,用于制备用来在体内治疗性传递生物活性剂的药物。
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US08/417,238 US5705187A (en) | 1989-12-22 | 1995-04-05 | Compositions of lipids and stabilizing materials |
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- 1996-03-27 CN CN96193069A patent/CN1102045C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-03-27 PT PT96910602T patent/PT818989E/pt unknown
- 1996-03-27 MX MX9707633A patent/MX9707633A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-03-27 AU AU53755/96A patent/AU721923B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-03-27 AT AT96910602T patent/ATE270879T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-03-27 EP EP96910602A patent/EP0818989B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-03-27 CA CA002217494A patent/CA2217494C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-03-27 DE DE69632907T patent/DE69632907T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-03-27 RU RU97118412/14A patent/RU2181998C2/ru active
- 1996-03-27 ES ES96910602T patent/ES2225878T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-03-27 BR BR9604786A patent/BR9604786A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-03-27 JP JP8530371A patent/JPH11508871A/ja active Pending
- 1996-04-02 AR AR33601096A patent/AR001496A1/es unknown
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US5705187A (en) | 1998-01-06 |
CN1180310A (zh) | 1998-04-29 |
JPH11508871A (ja) | 1999-08-03 |
RU2181998C2 (ru) | 2002-05-10 |
WO1996031196A1 (en) | 1996-10-10 |
EP0818989A4 (en) | 2000-09-13 |
ATE270879T1 (de) | 2004-07-15 |
AU721923B2 (en) | 2000-07-20 |
CA2217494C (en) | 2008-08-05 |
PT818989E (pt) | 2004-10-29 |
EP0818989A1 (en) | 1998-01-21 |
BR9604786A (pt) | 1998-07-07 |
AR001496A1 (es) | 1997-10-22 |
DE69632907D1 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
AU5375596A (en) | 1996-10-23 |
MX9707633A (es) | 1997-12-31 |
EP0818989B1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
DE69632907T2 (de) | 2005-07-28 |
ES2225878T3 (es) | 2005-03-16 |
CA2217494A1 (en) | 1996-10-10 |
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