CN109804513A - 波导结构 - Google Patents

波导结构 Download PDF

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CN109804513A
CN109804513A CN201780060157.5A CN201780060157A CN109804513A CN 109804513 A CN109804513 A CN 109804513A CN 201780060157 A CN201780060157 A CN 201780060157A CN 109804513 A CN109804513 A CN 109804513A
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waveguide
waveguide core
waveguiding structure
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CN109804513B (zh
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S·戴维斯
M·科尔立
S·法维尔
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Lumentum Technology UK Ltd
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Abstract

一种波导结构,包括具有热可控部分的波导,以及制造该结构的方法。所述波导结构包括多个层。这些层依次包括:衬底(306)、牺牲层(305)、下包层(303)、波导芯层(302)和上包层(301)。下包层、波导芯层和上包层形成波导,波导具有波导芯。波导结构具有连续的通孔(307),该通孔穿过上包层、波导芯层和下包层,并且沿着热可控部分的基本上整个长度平行于波导脊(304)延伸。波导结构还在牺牲层中具有绝热区域(308),该绝热区域沿着热可控部分的整个长度至少从通孔延伸到波导脊之外。牺牲层包括在绝热区域外部的牺牲材料,以及在绝热区域内分隔下包层和衬底的绝热间隙(308)或绝热材料。通过经由通孔向牺牲层提供湿蚀刻以从至少绝热区域移除材料来制造该结构。

Description

波导结构
技术领域
本发明涉及一种波导结构。特别地,本发明涉及一种改进的波导结构,包括具有热可控部分的波导,以及制造它的方法。
背景技术
在使用术语“光”的情况下,这通常指的是电磁辐射,而不是特别指的是可见光。在使用术语“激光器”的情况下,除非另有说明,否则这指的是半导体激光器。
与已知的电子调谐激光器相比,正在开发热调谐半导体激光器(例如分布式布拉格反射器,DBR,激光器)以改善线宽性能。每种类型的调谐通过修改激光器(例如,反射器)的一个或多个部件的折射率,使得该部件选择不同的波长而起作用。
电子调谐激光器提供高水平的光学损耗,这增加了激光器阈值电流并降低了线宽。此外,由于电子调谐具有非常快的响应(大约纳秒),因此电子噪声很容易耦合到激光器输出。
相比之下,热调谐不会显著增加光学损耗,因此线宽的降低可以忽略不计。此外,由于热调谐的响应要慢得多(大约几十微秒),因此激光器输出与高频噪声源分离。通过在波导脊顶部或与波导脊紧密平行设置的电阻加热器条带将热量施加到波导光学芯。条带通过钝化电介质与脊电隔离。
典型的电子调谐激光器具有如图1A所示的横截面。激光器包括p包层101、波导芯层102、n包层103和衬底104。蚀刻p包层101以形成波导脊105,波导脊105上连接有用于改变折射率的电气装置(未显示)。波导脊下方的波导芯层的区域形成波导芯。
图1B显示了“掩埋异质结构”激光器。激光器包括p包层111、波导芯层112、n包层113和衬底114。代替波导脊115,波导由上包层和波导芯层中的结构115形成,该结构由隔离区域116隔离。掩埋异质结构激光器的波导芯由结构115内的波导芯层的部分形成。
每个激光器都是散热良好的材料的平面结构,旨在提取二极管产生的热量。然而,这意味着当采用这种激光设计进行热调谐时,引起必要温度变化所需的功率非常大(例如,对于50-70℃的温度变化,需要1W)。为了提高热调谐的效率,期望将波导与支撑结构热隔离。然而,未经热调谐的激光器的部分应与支撑结构热接触,以使它们的温度能够保持恒定。
针对脊形波导激光器,在图2A和2B中示出了用于实现此目的的示例性已知结构,其中图2A是沿着图2B中的线IIA-IIA的结构的截面图,图2B是平面图。激光器具有上部p包层201、波导芯202和下部n包层203。蚀刻上部p包层以形成波导脊204。牺牲材料层205位于下包层和衬底206之间,并且通过湿蚀刻工艺蚀刻掉该牺牲材料,以在包含波导脊的部分下面留下气隙208。通孔207设置在上包层、波导芯和下包层中,以允许湿蚀刻到达牺牲材料。显然,如果通孔完全包围波导,则波导将不再被支撑,因此在通孔中提供支撑结构209以将波导连接到衬底的其余部分。
然而,这些支撑结构导致波导具有不均匀的热特性-即,支撑结构附近的波导部分将比远离支撑结构的部分更容易冷却。这种不均匀的加热影响沿部件的折射率均匀控制并降低激光器的性能。
发明内容
根据第一方面,提供了一种波导结构,包括具有热可控部分的波导。波导结构包括多个层。这些层依次包括:衬底、牺牲层、下包层、波导芯层和上包层。下包层、波导芯层和上包层形成波导,波导具有波导芯。波导结构具有连续的通孔,该通孔穿过上包层、波导芯层和下包层,并且沿着热可控部分的基本上整个长度平行于波导脊延伸。波导结构还在牺牲层中具有绝热区域,该绝热区域沿着热可控部分的整个长度至少从通孔延伸到超出波导脊。牺牲层包括在绝热区域外部的牺牲材料,以及在绝热区域内分隔下包层和衬底的绝热间隙或绝热材料。
根据另一方面,提供了一种可调谐激光器,包括第一方面的波导结构。
根据又一方面,提供了一种制造热控波导的方法。提供了一种波导结构。波导结构依次包括:衬底、牺牲层、下包层、波导芯层和上包层。下包层、波导芯层和上包层形成波导,波导具有波导芯。波导结构具有连续的通孔,该通孔穿过上包层、波导芯层和下包层,并且沿着热可控部分的整个长度平行于波导脊延伸。通过通孔向牺牲层提供湿蚀刻,以便从牺牲层中的至少一个绝热区域移除材料,该绝热区域沿着热可控部分的整个长度至少从通孔延伸到超出波导脊,从而在绝热区域中产生将下包层和衬底分开的间隙。湿蚀刻蚀刻牺牲层的材料并且不蚀刻衬底和下包层的材料。
本发明的其他实施方式在权利要求2等中列出。
附图说明
图1示出了典型的电子调谐激光器的波导结构的横截面;
图2A和2B示出了用于热调谐激光器的已知波导结构的横截面和平面图;
图3示出了用于热调谐激光器的示例性波导结构的横截面和平面图;
图4显示了图3结构的制造阶段;
图5示出了加热期间示例性波导结构的典型温度分布;
图6示出了示例性热调谐激光器的横截面。
具体实施方式
另一种底切结构如下所示。该结构克服了现有技术的限制,因为它提供了更均匀的热量分布。此外,该结构高度容忍制造工艺的变化,并且在某些实施方式中,允许波导结构比现有的底切更有效地接地。
图3A和3B示出了示例性结构,其中图3A是沿图3B中的线IIIA-IIIA的结构的横截面视图,图3B是平面图。类似于图2的现有技术结构,该结构具有夹在波导芯302上的上部p包层301和下部n包层303。蚀刻上部p包层以提供波导脊304。牺牲层305设置在下部n包层和衬底306之间。不像在已知结构中那样在波导的任一侧提供一系列通孔,而是在波导的一侧提供单个通孔307。没有任何支撑结构穿过该通孔,并且该通孔延伸穿过上包层301、波导芯层302和下包层303,直到牺牲层305。通孔沿着热可控部分的整个长度平行于波导脊延伸。将蚀刻流体提供到通孔中以蚀刻牺牲层,这导致包含波导脊的部分以悬臂状布置悬突在气隙308上。只要牺牲材料被蚀刻至少超出波导,就可以获得足够的热性能,因为这将导致波导与衬底热绝缘。任何小的过度蚀刻沿着通孔的长度都将是均匀的,并且对结构的热性能几乎没有影响。
图4示出了用于制造图3的结构的制造工艺。制造了分层结构400,其依次包括衬底层406、牺牲层405、下包层403、波导芯层402和上包层401。上包层包括上包层材料,例如,p包层材料。波导芯层包括波导芯材料。下包层包括下包层材料,例如,n包层材料。牺牲层包括牺牲材料。衬底包括衬底材料。
然后对分层结构400进行蚀刻4000、4001(例如,使用干法蚀刻或干法蚀刻和湿法蚀刻的组合)以产生中间结构410。第一蚀刻4000蚀刻上包层401以形成波导脊404和蚀刻的上包层411。中间结构还具有穿过波导芯层402和下包层403蚀刻的通孔407,以留下蚀刻的波导芯层412和蚀刻的下包层413。通孔穿过上包层、波导芯层和下包层,直到牺牲层。上包层401可以在蚀刻步骤4000期间从通孔的位置蚀刻(如图所示),或者可以在蚀刻步骤4001期间与波导芯层402和下包层403一起蚀刻。如果上包层仅在步骤4000期间蚀刻,则蚀刻的上包层411的侧面可以不在通孔的边缘处(如图中所示)。
然后通过使用引入到通孔407的化学选择性湿法蚀刻来蚀刻4002中间结构,以产生波导结构420。湿法蚀刻优先蚀刻牺牲材料以形成蚀刻的牺牲层415,使得牺牲材料从区域中移除,该区域至少从通孔407延伸到超出波导脊404,在该区域中在下包层413和衬底406之间留下气隙408。气隙导致该区域是绝热的。应注意,波导结构420等同于图3中所示的波导结构。
蚀刻工艺4001和4002可以分开执行,或者中间结构410可以通过其他手段制成并且提供给湿法蚀刻工艺4002。
图5示出了图3中所示结构的热模型。热量被施加到波导脊304,并且衬底306保持在恒定温度。在图3中,高密度的点表示高温,低密度的点表示低温。可以清楚地看到通过保留的牺牲层的热流。热性能将取决于悬突的宽度和厚度,牺牲材料的选择以及牺牲材料的厚度。
典型的悬突宽度为20至50微米。典型的牺牲材料厚度为0.25至2微米。上包层、下包层和波导芯层中的每一个的典型厚度为1-3微米。牺牲材料通常在光学芯下方1-2微米。绝热区域通常延伸超过波导脊10-40微米,例如超过波导脊30微米。为了避免悬突端部的热效应,悬突可以在波导的轴线方向上从激光器的关键特征(例如光栅)延伸至少20微米,从这些特征延伸至少50微米,或者从这些特征延伸至少100微米。
应该选择用于牺牲层、蚀刻流体和包层的材料的组合,使得蚀刻流体具有在包层上蚀刻牺牲材料的良好流动性(preference)。在波导芯易受蚀刻流体影响的情况下,可以将钝化电介质施加到通孔内的波导芯的暴露表面,以防止蚀刻波导芯。
作为示例,牺牲层中使用的牺牲材料可以包括InGaAs、AlInAs和AlGaInAs中的一种或多种,并且包层可以包括InP。可能的会蚀刻牺牲层但不会显著蚀刻包层的蚀刻流体包括:
·H3PO4-H2O2
·H2SO4-H2O2
·柠檬酸-H2O2
·HNO3
·酒石酸-HNO3
·酒石酸-H2O2
·HF-H2O2
牺牲层中的牺牲材料保持在波导结构的侧面的适当位置,并且可以在器件的区域中保持就位,而不是那些可热控制的区域。这确保了那些区域与衬底热接触,这有助于这些区域的温度控制。代替在蚀刻区域中留下气隙,可以用绝热材料填充或部分填充气隙,即所述绝热材料是比牺牲材料更绝热的材料。
牺牲层中使用的牺牲材料也可以形成为不止一个的离散层,尽管在这种情况下,所有这些离散层仍然共同形成牺牲材料。在一种布置中,牺牲材料可以包括具有InGaAs顶层的AlInAs下层。这种特殊的布置具有许多优点。与AlInAs相比,在InGaAs上可以实现后续层的更好的生长形态,并且可以有利地采用包括湿法蚀刻和干法蚀刻程序的组合的处理方案。材料的组合允许优化保留在增加部分下面的层中的导热率。InGaAs引起的光吸收有助于控制杂散(非制导)光。作为替代方案,可以仅使用InGaAs作为牺牲层。
图6示出了具有其他组件的示例性结构。上包层601和下包层603、波导芯层602、波导脊604、牺牲层605、通孔607和衬底606等同于图3中的那些结构。该结构还包括钝化电介质609、加热电阻器610和接地触点611,612。钝化电介质609屏蔽波导芯免受湿蚀刻,并使脊形波导与加热电阻器610电隔离。钝化电介质可以布置成执行这些功能中的一个或两个。返回参考图4,可以在引入湿法蚀刻4002之前将钝化电介质施加到中间结构410。加热电阻器610根据激光器的热调谐需要向脊形波导提供加热。接地触点611,612导致波导芯中载流子密度振荡的减小和费米能级的钳位,这导致抑制散粒噪声并改善性能,特别是在10MHz-100MHz范围内。因为p接地触点611比现有技术的底切设计更好地连接到波导脊,所以与基于图2所示的等效结构相比,所示结构的散粒噪声显著减小。接地触点的其他配置和加热器是可能的。例如,在波导脊的顶部可能存在接地触点,在脊的任一侧上具有加热器,或者在靠近脊的上包层中的一个或两个间隙内存在接地触点。加热器可以与脊的顶部,脊的侧面或两者接触。
图7显示了另一种示例性结构。上包层701和下包层703、波导芯层702、波导脊704、牺牲层705、通孔707和衬底706等同于图3中的那些结构。该结构还包括加热电阻器709,710、接地触点711,712和和支撑脊713。接地触点711位于波导脊704的顶部,并且加热器709,710等距离位于脊的两侧。提供钝化电介质714以防止加热器和半导体之间的电接触。钝化电介质714具有间隙以允许接地触点711和波导脊704之间的接触。相对于图6的布置,这种布置提供了改善的相位噪声。支撑脊713以类似于机械领域中使用的“C形梁”或“平行法兰通道”的方式改善了悬突的机械强度。支撑脊713的上包层701可以加厚以提高机械完整性。
图6和图7的附加特征可以以任何合适的布置方式组合,或者与公开中提到的但在附图中未示出的其他特征组合。例如,结构可以设置有具有接地触点611,612和支撑脊713的布置,或者具有加热电阻器709,710和接地触点712,而没有支撑脊713的布置。
类似的热隔离结构可以应用于掩埋异质结构激光器,如图8所示。图8示出了包括上包层801和下包层803、波导芯层802、波导804、隔离区域808、牺牲层805、通孔807和衬底806的波导结构。衬底806、通孔807和牺牲层805等同于图6和7的那些。波导804和隔离区域808等同于图1B的结构115和隔离区域116。接地触点811,812以与图6相对应的布置示出,但也可以是与图7相同的布置。加热器可以应用于波导结构804周围的任何合适位置,例如波导结构的任一侧,如加热器809、810所示。应用钝化电介质以防止加热器814和下面的部件之间的电接触。为了提供足够的热隔离,底切应至少延伸超出波导芯,即超出波导结构804。
上面公开的波导结构可以用于具有热可控部分的任何波导。例如,在分布式布拉格反射器(DBR)激光器中,波导结构可用于后DBR部分和/或相位控制部分,以提供对这些部分的改进的热控制。

Claims (27)

1.一种波导结构,包括具有热可控部分的波导,所述波导结构包括多个层,所述层依次包括:
衬底,
牺牲层,
下包层,
波导芯层,和
上包层;
其中:
所述下包层、波导芯层和上包层形成所述波导,所述波导具有波导芯;
所述波导结构具有连续的通孔,所述通孔穿过所述上包层、波导芯层和下包层,并且沿着所述热可控部分的基本上整个长度平行于所述波导芯延伸;并且
所述牺牲层包括沿所述热可控部分的整个长度至少从所述通孔延伸超出所述波导芯的绝热区域,其中所述牺牲层包括位于所述绝热区域外部的牺牲材料以及在所述绝热区域内分隔所述下包层和衬底的绝热间隙或绝热材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的波导结构,其中所述绝热区域从所述通孔延伸到超出所述波导芯至少5微米。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,包括施用到所述波导芯层的暴露表面的钝化电介质。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,包括接地触点,所述接地触点在所述波导芯的与所述通孔相对的一侧上与所述上包层电接触。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,包括接地触点,所述接地触点邻近所述波导芯与所述上包层电接触。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,包括加热器,所述加热器邻近所述波导芯与所述上包层热接触。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,包括定位于所述波导芯两侧的两个加热器。
8.根据权利要求6或7所述的波导结构,包括施用在所述上包层和所述加热器之间的钝化电介质,其中所述钝化电介质被配置为使所述波导脊与所述加热器电绝缘。
9.根据权利要求6至8中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述加热器是加热电阻器。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述牺牲层的厚度在0.5微米和2微米之间。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述绝热区域的宽度为20微米至40微米,所述宽度在垂直于所述波导芯的方向上和在所述牺牲层的平面中测量。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述牺牲材料包括以下中的任何一种或多种:
铟镓砷InGaAs,
铝铟砷AlInAs,和
铝镓铟砷AlGaInAs。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述牺牲材料包括AlInAs下层和InGaAs顶层。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述上包层包括定位为与所述波导芯相邻的波导脊。
15.根据权利要求14所述的波导结构,包括定位于所述波导脊和所述通孔之间的支撑脊,所述支撑脊沿着所述热可控部分的基本整个长度平行于所述波导脊延伸。
16.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的波导结构,其中所述上包层和波导芯层包括波导,并且所述波导结构还包括所述波导的任一侧的隔离区域,所述隔离区域使所述波导与所述上包层和波导芯层的其他部分绝缘。
17.一种可调谐激光器,所述可调谐激光器包括前述权利要求中任一项所述的波导结构。
18.根据权利要求17所述的激光器,其中所述波导的所述热可控部分形成分布式布拉格反射器的一部分。
19.根据权利要求17所述的激光器,其中所述波导的所述热可控部分在激光器腔中形成相位控制器的一部分。
20.一种制造热控波导的方法,所述方法包括:
提供波导结构,所述波导结构依次包括:
衬底,
牺牲层,
下包层,
波导芯层,和
上包层;
所述下包层、波导芯层和上包层形成所述波导,所述波导具有波导芯;
所述波导结构具有连续的通孔,所述通孔穿过所述上包层、波导芯层和下包层,并且沿着所述热可控部分的整个长度平行于所述波导脊延伸;
通过所述通孔向所述牺牲层提供湿蚀刻,以便至少从所述牺牲层中的沿着所述热可控部分的整个长度至少从所述通孔延伸到超出所述波导脊的绝热区域移除材料,从而在所述绝热区域中产生将所述下包层和衬底分开的间隙,其中所述湿蚀刻蚀刻所述牺牲层的材料并且不蚀刻所述衬底和下包层的材料。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述波导结构还包括施用到所述波导芯层的暴露表面的钝化电介质。
22.根据权利要求20或21所述的方法,其中所述蚀刻流体是以下任何一种:
H3PO4-H2O2
H2SO4-H2O2
柠檬酸-H2O2
HNO3
酒石酸-HNO3
酒石酸-H2O2 and
HF-H2O2.
23.根据权利要求20至22中任一项所述的方法,其中所述牺牲层包括以下中的任何一种或多种:
铟镓砷InGaAs,
铝铟砷AlInAs,和
铝镓铟砷AlGaInAs。
24.根据权利要求20至23中任一项所述的方法,其中所述牺牲层包括AlInAs层和InGaAs层。
25.根据权利要求20至24中任一项所述的方法,其中提供所述波导结构的步骤包括:
蚀刻所述上包层以形成波导脊;
蚀刻所述上包层、波导芯层和下包层以形成所述通孔。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述蚀刻所述上包层和蚀刻所述上包层、波导芯层和下包层的步骤包括干法蚀刻或干法蚀刻和湿法蚀刻的组合。
27.根据权利要求25或26所述的方法,在蚀刻所述上包层和蚀刻所述上包层、波导芯层和下包层的步骤之前,所述方法包括:
制造分层结构,所述分层结构依次包括:
所述衬底,
所述牺牲层,
所述下包层,
所述波导芯层,和
所述上包层。
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