CN109392581B - Three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method, which is characterized in that dwarf stocks are planted from root seedling seedlings or interstock seedlings, management is carried out according to three-stage ten-promotion, when the seedlings are planted in the first year, no organic or inorganic fertilizer is added into soil, direct hole opening or ditching is carried out for planting, and fertilizer is supplemented after the seedlings survive; in the second year, branch pulling is performed in advance, and the main branch angle is increased by a three-stage opening angle method: after the branches drop, performing tip twisting treatment on the branches on the back before wheat harvest to form fruiting parts; 3-5 competitive branches with vigorous growth vigor are reserved at the upper end of the middle trunk and are cut short in years to keep the vigorous growth capacity of the middle trunk; and (5) after the third year, lifting and retreating, and carrying out later-stage maintenance: the invention simplifies the management, has strong formatting and is beneficial to popularization; the labor consumption is less, the production cost is reduced, and the benefit is improved; the utilization rate of light energy is high, the inside and the outside are transparent, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, and the fruit quality is good.

Description

Three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method

The technical field is as follows:

the invention relates to a three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method, and belongs to the field of fruit tree cultivation.

Background art:

the close planting of the apple dwarf stocks not only can realize early flowering and early fruiting and improve the quality, but also can ensure good ventilation and light transmission, maximize the utilization of land resources and improve the yield per unit area, and has become the mainstream form of the current cultivation, however, the close planting of the apple dwarf stocks has a plurality of irregular places in the cultivation technology, such as crooked trunks, unsuitable tree shapes, unmatched shaping and trimming technology, lack of operation specifications, low fertilizer and water regulation and control management level of an orchard and the like, and further popularization and benefit improvement of the technology are influenced.

The invention content is as follows:

in order to solve the problems, the invention provides a three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method.

A three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method is characterized in that dwarf stock self-rooted seedling seedlings or interstock seedlings are planted according to the row spacing of 1-2 m and the row spacing of 3.5-5 m (low density is selected if the conditions of flat ground, thick soil layer, fertile and water irrigation are good, otherwise, the planting density is improved), and management is carried out according to a three-stage ten-promotion cultivation mode, and the method comprises the following steps:

in the first year:

1. promoting activity by using plain soil: when the seedlings are planted, no organic or inorganic fertilizer is added into the soil, holes are directly opened or ditches are directly dug for planting, and the seedlings are fertilized additionally after surviving.

2. Shortening by exposing the anvil: in order to ensure the dwarfing stock control effect, when the seedlings are planted, the stock sections of the seedlings are exposed to the ground by 10 cm, the tree vigor is not vigorous, the tree vigor is too little, the varieties are easy to root, and the dwarfing stock effect is lost.

3. Straightening a vertical rod: immediately setting up a bracket after planting, setting up a longitudinal bracket along a planting row by using cement or steel, and setting the height of a vertical bracket to be more than 3 m; according to the height of the nursery stock, setting a first iron wire on the vertical frame at a distance of 1.2-1.3 meters from the ground, and setting one iron wire every 50 centimeters above the first iron wire; inserting a bamboo pole with the diameter not more than 2 cm close to each tree trunk, wherein the height is more than 2 m; the bamboo pole is fixed on the iron wire, and the nursery stock is fixed on the bamboo pole, so as to ensure the vertical growth of the sapling and be beneficial to later-stage shaping.

4. Topdressing and promoting growth: two months after planting the seedlings, ditching and applying organic fertilizer (10 kg per plant) and quick-acting compound fertilizer (50 g per plant) to the soil; continuously applying the quick-acting compound fertilizer within 3 months after the application of the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting compound fertilizer, wherein the application is once every month, the application amount of the quick-acting compound fertilizer is increased to 100 g per plant on the basis of 50 g per time, and the foliage dressing is enhanced.

5. And (3) removing photo promotion: after the first winter of the planted nursery stock, all lateral branches are uniformly removed from the base part except the trunk of the tree body. The head of the stem is selected from the bud of 1/2 to keep vigorous growth. In order to reduce the branch diseases, trimming is carried out after the Yuan Dan is passed; after pruning, 5 Baume degree lime sulphur mixture is sprayed all over the garden immediately to eliminate pathogen and disinfect the cut.

In the second year:

6. bud carving and branch promoting: one week before germination, the part of the trunk, which is more than 100 cm away from the ground and needs to be branched, is carved and injured to reach the xylem, the distance between the two carved injuries is 20 cm, and the branching direction of the carved injuries is taken care of, so that the sent branches uniformly extend to four directions, and crowding and crown deflection are avoided.

7. Early pulling and promoting opening: the main branch angle is increased by adopting a method of pulling branches in advance and opening angles in three stages: the first time, when the sprouted young shoots grow to 15-20 cm, the base angle (the angle between the young shoot branches and the trunk) is opened by using toothpicks with sharp ends; and when the young shoots grow to 30-40 cm, drawing branches for the second time, drawing branches by using an angle opener to enable the young shoot branches to droop, and drawing the branch angle between the branches and the trunk to reach 120 degrees. If the growth vigor is too vigorous in the later period and the young sprout is raised, carrying out third branch drawing in the middle ten days of 8 months, and further fixing the branch drawing angle by using a pull line to draw downwards;

applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer 3-5 times every year in the next year (the application amount is determined according to the existing fruit tree management technology), promoting the growth of fruit trees, ensuring the middle-dry height to reach 2.5-3 m, and ensuring the formation of later-period yield.

8. Fruit retention and drooping promotion: and (3) carrying out girdling on the base of the grown main branch, keeping the fruit at the tip of the branch as much as possible after the main branch grows into flowers, and utilizing the self weight of the fruit to droop the branch.

9. Twisting and flower promoting: after the branch drops, a new shoot easily grows on the back of the branch, and before wheat harvest, the branch on the back is subjected to tip twisting treatment to fully utilize the nutrition of the tree body to form a fruiting part.

10. Cutting stems and promoting nutrition: 3-5 competitive branches with vigorous growth vigor are reserved at the upper end of the middle trunk and are cut short in parallel to maintain the vigorous growth capacity, and through exchange of two poles of the tree body, the tree body is provided with root nutrition to prevent premature senility of the tree body.

After the third year: and (4) performing later maintenance: carrying out downward extraction and outward withdrawal, fully illuminating, coupling fertilizer and water, and realizing high yield in successive years.

Through the management of the first two years, a large number of flower buds are formed on the tree body, the tree body begins to bear fruits, the yield load is strictly controlled, and the tree body is prevented from senilism. Meanwhile, for the branches which have fruit bearing, the branches at the lower part of the trunk are gradually thinned from bottom to top, and the trunk is left about 1 meter (called as "lifting down"); the bearing branches are retracted from the periphery to the inside in a flush manner, the length of each bearing branch is not more than 1/2 of the plant spacing, the tree body is ensured to be ventilated and exposed to light, and the fruit is well developed (called as outward recession); and the field grass generation and the coupling management of fertilizer and water are noticed, and the high yield in successive years is kept.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. the management is simplified, the formatting is strong, and the popularization is facilitated;

2. the labor consumption is less, the production cost is reduced, and the benefit is improved;

3. the utilization rate of light energy is high, the inside and the outside are transparent, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, and the fruit quality is good.

Description of the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a photograph of open-stock shortening of apple trees.

Fig. 2 is a photograph of an apple tree with upright post straightening.

Fig. 3 is a photograph of apple trees showing winter delustering and promotion.

FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the growth of branches of apple trees after the apple trees are subjected to light-induced deformatting.

FIG. 5 is a photograph showing bud carving and branch promotion of apple trees.

Fig. 6 is a photograph of an apple tree pulling early promoting first branch pulling.

Fig. 7 is a photograph of an apple tree pulling early to open a second branch.

Fig. 8 is a photograph of apple tree twisted tip flower promotion.

Fig. 9 is a photograph of apple trees with fruit left and drooping promoting effects.

FIG. 10 is a photograph of a competitive branch of apple trees with vigorous apical growth.

The specific implementation mode is as follows:

example (b):

the following examples facilitate a better understanding of the invention, but do not limit the invention. The experimental procedures in the following examples are conventional unless otherwise specified. The test materials used in the following examples were purchased from a conventional biochemical reagent store unless otherwise specified. The quantitative tests in the following examples, all set up three replicates and the results averaged. The angle opener used in the present invention is commercially available.

1 materials and methods

1.1 design of the experiment

The method is carried out in the Mazhuang test base in Dayue area of Taian city in Shandong province in 2018, a garden is built in 3 months in 2016, A, B gardens are divided into two gardens, the plant spacing and the row spacing are both 1.5 multiplied by 4M, the size of a cave or ditch is 60 cm square, test materials are 3-year-old Fuji and Gala apple, stocks are both M9T337 dwarfed stocks, the garden A is managed by the three-stage 'ten promotion' method, the garden B is used as a contrast and is managed in a conventional way, other conditions are guaranteed to be consistent, and the plant growth amount and physiological indexes are measured in 6 months in 2018. Hereinafter, FS and GL are used for Fuji and GalA of apple varieties respectively in survey datA, and FS-A is obtained in the cultivation of areA A and FS-B is obtained in the cultivation of areA B.

1.2 test methods

The biomass measurement adopts a direct measurement conventional method, the plant height is measured by a tape measure, the plant diameter is measured by an electronic vernier caliper, and the chlorophyll content is measured by a SPAD-502 portable chlorophyll meter.

1.3 test sample Collection

Data were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2003, SPSS17 software.

2 results and analysis

2.1 influence of the Ten-promotion technique on Fuji and Gala apple tree vigor

TABLE 1 Fushi and Gala apple growth

As shown in Table 1, the effect of "Ten-Tech" on Fuji and Gala apple tree vigor is obvious. The ground diameter, the rice diameter and the 2-meter diameter of FS-A, GL-A are all higher than those of a control and are respectively 1.02, 1.04 and 1.10 times and 1.33, 1.28 and 1.40 times of the same variety in the area B; the main branch thickness of FS-A is obviously lower than that of FS-B, and is only 61.00 percent of the areA B, and the main branch thickness of GL-A is 91.06 percent of the areA B. It can be seen that after the 'ten-promotion technology' treatment, the advantages of the Fuji apple and the Gala apple are obvious, the ratio of the main branch thickness to the rice diameter is less than 1/3, and the shaft difference is obvious. The plant height of FS-A, GL-A is 95.74% and 94.57% of the B region respectively. The dwarf anvil tree shape emphasizes the advantages of the middle trunk on the main branch, the thickness of the base of the main branch is required to be not more than 1/2 of the thickness of the middle trunk at the position of the plant, otherwise, the apple tree is difficult to flower and is easy to cause premature senility of the tree body. The ten-promotion technology is beneficial to balancing the longitudinal growth and the transverse growth of Fuji apples and Gala apples, maintains the advantages of the central trunk and effectively prevents the premature senility of trees. Meanwhile, FS-A, GL-A also has a main branch opening angle significantly higher than that of the control, which is 1.40 times and 1.54 times that of the B zone, respectively. The ten-step promoting technology can reduce the top advantages of apple trees by increasing the opening angle of apple branches through three-level opening angles so as to achieve the purpose of relieving tree vigor.

2.2 Effect of the Ten-promotion technique on Fuji and Gala apple twig compositions

TABLE 2 Fuji and Gala apple branch compositions

As can be seen from Table 2, the "Ten-promotion technique" can significantly improve the branch composition of Fuji and Gala apples. The main branch amount and the short branch amount of FS-A, GL-A are obviously higher than those of the B area, and are respectively 1.61 times and 2.00 times and 1.72 times of the B area. The middle branch amount and the long branch amount of FS-A are obviously lower than those of the B areA and are only 83.50 percent and 12.36 percent of the B areA, the middle branch amount of GL-A is 2.00 times of that of the control, and the long branch amount of GL-A is only 33.50 percent of that of the B areA. The measures of removing light and promoting shape, pulling branches twice, retaining fruits and promoting drooping and the like increase the opening angle of apple branches, thereby increasing the short branch proportion of Fuji and Gala apples and reducing the proportion of medium and long branches. On the other hand, bud carving and branch promoting also effectively ensure the branch growing amount of Fuji and Gala apple trees. The ten promotion technology can increase the number of short branches of the apples, is favorable for controlling the vigorous growth of the apples and promotes the formation of bearing branches.

2.3 Effect of "Ten promotion techniques" on Fuji and Gala apple yield

TABLE 3 Fushi and Gala apple yield index

As can be seen from Table 3, the "Ten-tech" significantly increased the number of fruit bearing in Fuji and Gala apples. The result quantity of FS-A, GL-A is 1.17 and 1.07 times of the B area respectively, the number of the minor tips of the fruit bolt is more than that of the B area, the length of the minor tips is less than that of the B area, the result quantity is 83.77 percent and 70.37 percent of the B area respectively, but the number of the minor tips of the fruit bolt is obviously higher than that of the control and is 1.32 and 1.42 times of that of the control. The auxiliary tip of the fruit bolt is the material basis for continuous flowering, and the auxiliary tip of the fruit bolt with sufficient quantity and moderate growth vigor is the main part for continuous flowering and fruiting. The ten-promotion technology is proved to enlarge the opening angle of Fuji apple branches and Gala apple branches by measures of pulling branches twice, keeping fruits and promoting drooping, etc., limit the outward expansion of the branches, reduce the vegetative growth (vegetative growth), ensure the differentiation position and number of flower buds in the next year, and promote the flowering and fruiting of apples. On the other hand, the nutrient backflow of the apple trees is effectively guaranteed by the stem cutting and the cultivation promotion, the accumulation of the nutrition at the roots of the trees is facilitated, the nutrients of the overground and underground parts are recycled, the fruiting amount is increased, and the fruiting life is prolonged.

The tests show that after the three-stage 'ten promotion' method is adopted for management, Fuji apples and Gala apples are obviously superior to a control in tree vigor and yield. Measures such as stem cutting and fostering can increase root nutrition, maintain the balance of nutrients above and below the ground, prevent premature senility of tree bodies and effectively ensure the obvious advantages of the stem; measures such as early pulling promoting, removing light promoting, fruit remaining promoting and drooping promoting and the like are adopted, so that the ratio of the main branch thickness to the meter diameter is smaller than 1/3, the axial difference is obvious, and the branch group ratio is more reasonable; the plant heights of Fuji and Gala apples after the rootstock dwarfing treatment are respectively 95.74 percent and 94.57 percent of the minor tips of the fruit bolts, and the dwarfing effect is obvious; after three-stage angular branch opening and branch pulling, the main branch opening angles of Fuji apples and the Gala apples are respectively improved by 39.91 percent and 53.56 percent, the large opening angle effectively prevents the main branch from over-fast thickening growth, simultaneously limits outward expansion of the branch, reduces vegetative growth and promotes the apples to flower and bear fruit. In addition, through a series of measures of bud carving, branch promotion, tip twisting, flower promotion and the like, the auxiliary tips of the apple bolts are obviously increased, the continuous fruiting is easier, the fruiting quantity of Fuji and Gala apples is obviously improved, and the yield is increased. The method is a set of simplified, labor-saving and efficient apple dwarfing and close planting method, and can be popularized.

Claims (2)

1. A three-stage ten-promotion apple dwarf stock close planting method is characterized in that dwarf stock self-rooted seedling seedlings or interstock seedlings are planted according to the plant spacing of 1-2 meters and the row spacing of 3.5-5 meters; the method is characterized in that: the management is carried out by adopting a three-stage 'ten promotion' mode, and the steps are as follows:

in the first year:

1) promoting activity by using plain soil: when the nursery stock is planted, no organic or inorganic fertilizer is added into the soil, the hole is directly opened or the ditching is carried out for planting, and the fertilizer is supplemented after the nursery stock survives;

2) shortening by exposing the anvil: when the seedlings are planted, the stock section of the seedling dwarfing stock is exposed out of the ground by 10 cm;

3) straightening a vertical rod: immediately setting up a bracket after planting, and setting up a longitudinal vertical frame along a planting row; a transverse iron wire is arranged on the vertical frame; inserting a bamboo pole close to each tree trunk; fixing the bamboo pole on the iron wire, and fixing the nursery stock on the bamboo pole to ensure the vertical growth of the sapling, thereby being beneficial to later-stage shaping;

4) topdressing and promoting growth: after two months of planting, ditching soil and applying organic fertilizer and quick-acting compound fertilizer; continuously applying the quick-acting compound fertilizer within 3 months after the application of the organic fertilizer and the quick-acting compound fertilizer, and applying the quick-acting compound fertilizer once every month to strengthen foliage dressing;

5) and (3) removing photo promotion: after the first winter of the planted nursery stock, all lateral branches on both sides are removed from the base part uniformly except the middle trunk and the original head of the tree body, the upright leader branch which occurs at the upper end of the middle trunk in the current year is the original head, and a short section above a strong bud is selected and kept at 1/2 of the growth length of the original head in the current year to keep vigorous growth; immediately spraying 5 Baume lime sulfur mixture on the whole garden after pruning, eliminating pathogen, and disinfecting the cut, wherein in the next year:

bud carving and branch promoting: one week before germination, carving the part of the trunk, which is more than 100 cm away from the ground and needs to be branched, to reach the xylem, wherein the distance between the two carving wounds is 20 cm, and the branching direction of the carving wounds is taken care of, so that the sent branches uniformly extend to four directions, and crowding and crown deflection are avoided;

early pulling and promoting opening: the main branch angle is increased by adopting a method of pulling branches in advance and opening angles in three stages: when the new sprout grows to 15-20 cm, the base angle is spread by toothpicks with two sharp ends, and the branch is pulled for the first time; when the young shoots grow to 30-40 cm, drawing branches by using an angle opener to enable the young shoot branches to droop, and drawing the branches at an angle of 120 degrees between the branches and the trunk for the second time; if the growth vigor is too vigorous in the later period and the young sprout is raised, carrying out third branch drawing in the middle ten days of 8 months, and further fixing the branch drawing angle by using a pull line to draw downwards;

applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer 3-5 times a year in the next year to promote the growth of fruit trees, so that the height of the medium-dry tree reaches 2.5-3 m, and the later-period yield is ensured to be formed;

fruit retention and drooping promotion: performing girdling on the base of the grown main branch, keeping the fruit at the tip of the branch as much as possible after the main branch is flowering, and utilizing the self weight of the fruit to droop the branch;

twisting and flower promoting: after the branches drop, new shoots are easy to grow vertically on the back of the branches, and before wheat harvest, the branches on the back are subjected to tip twisting treatment so as to fully utilize the nutrition of the trees and form fruiting parts;

cutting stems and promoting nutrition: 3-5 competitive branches with vigorous growth vigor are reserved at the upper end of the middle trunk and are cut short in a year to keep the vigorous growth capacity of the middle trunk, so that root nutrition is provided for the middle trunk, and premature senility of a tree body is prevented;

after the third year: lifting and retreating:

1) carrying out the following steps: through the management of the previous two years, a large number of flower buds are formed on the tree body, the tree starts to fruit, the yield load is strictly controlled, and the tree body is prevented from senilism; meanwhile, gradually removing the lower branches of the trunks from bottom to top of the branches which have been subjected to fruiting, and reserving the trunks for about 1 meter;

2) outward retreating: the bearing branches are retracted from the periphery to the inside in a flush manner, the length of each bearing branch does not exceed 1/2 of the plant spacing, and the trees are guaranteed to be ventilated and have good fruit development.

2. The three-stage "ten-short" apple dwarf anvil close planting method of claim 1, wherein: the height of the vertical frame is more than 3 meters; according to the height of the nursery stock, setting a first iron wire on the vertical frame at a distance of 1.2-1.3 meters from the ground, and setting one iron wire every 50 centimeters above the first iron wire; the diameter of the bamboo pole is not more than 2 cm, and the height of the bamboo pole is more than 2 m.

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