CN109321726A - 具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层特性的晶粒取向电工钢 - Google Patents
具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层特性的晶粒取向电工钢 Download PDFInfo
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- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 229910001224 Grain-oriented electrical steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 13
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 73
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
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- C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
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- C21D8/1222—Hot rolling
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- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
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Abstract
将电工钢基底的铬含量增加到大于或等于约0.45重量百分比(重量%)的水平产生了具有更优且更均匀的着色、厚度及粘附的极大改善的镁橄榄石涂层。而且,这样形成的镁橄榄石涂层提供了更大的张力,潜在地减少了任何二次涂层的相对重要性。
Description
本案是本申请人于2014年8月26日提交的申请号为201480047190.0、题为“具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层特性的晶粒取向电工钢”的专利申请的分案申请,该母案的全部内容通过引用并入本分案。
优先权
本申请要求2013年8月27日提交的题为“Method of Producing a HighPermeability Grain Oriented Silicon Steel Sheet With Improved ForsteriteCoating Characteristics”的美国临时专利申请序列号61/870,332的优先权,其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
背景技术
在制造晶粒取向的硅-铁电工钢(electrical steels)的过程中,镁橄榄石涂层在高温退火工艺期间形成。这种镁橄榄石涂层广为人知并广泛用于生产晶粒取向电工钢的现有技术方法。这种涂层在本领域中各异地被称为“玻璃膜”、“轧机玻璃(mill glass)”、“轧机退火(mill anneal)”涂层或其他类似术语,并由ASTM规范A976定义为C-2型绝缘涂层。
镁橄榄石涂层由在电工钢带上形成的氧化物层与退火隔离涂层(annealingseparator coating)的化学反应形成,所述退火隔离涂层在高温退火之前被施加到所述带上。退火隔离涂层也是本领域中所公知的,并且通常包含含有其他物质的水基氧化镁浆料,以增强其功能。
在退火隔离涂层已干燥之后,所述带通常缠成线圈并在其中经历高温退火工艺的间歇式装箱退火工艺中退火。在该高温退火工艺期间,除形成镁橄榄石涂层外,还在钢带中生长出(develop)边缘立方(cube-on-edge)晶粒取向并且所述钢被纯化。该工艺步骤有着在本领域中已经确立的广泛多样的程序。在该高温退火工艺结束后,将钢冷却,并通过除去任何未反应的或过量的退火隔离涂层的公知方法来清洁所述带的表面。
在大多数情况下,然后将额外的涂层施加到镁橄榄石涂层上。这种额外的涂层在ASTM规范A976中描述为C-5型涂层,并通常描述为“C-5覆盖C-2”涂层。除其他外,C-5涂层(a)在磁芯内的个体钢板之间提供超高压电设备所需的额外电绝缘,其防止循环电流和由此产生的较高磁芯损耗;(b)使钢带置于机械张力状态,这减少钢板的磁芯损耗并改善钢板的磁致伸缩特性,其减少成品电设备中的振动和噪音。C-5型绝缘涂层在本领域中各异地被称为“高应力”、“张力效应(tension effect)”、或“二次”涂层。由于它们通常是透明或半透明的,在晶粒取向电工钢板上使用的这些公知的C-5覆盖C-2涂层需要C-2涂层的高度表面均匀性(cosmetic uniformity)和高度物理粘附。C-5和C-2涂层的组合为成品钢带产物提供高度的张力,改善钢带的磁性质。因此,镁橄榄石涂层和所施加的二次涂层二者的改善在本领域中有着很高的兴趣。
发明内容
将钢基底的铬含量增加到大于或等于约0.45重量百分比(重量%)的水平产生了具有更佳且更均匀的着色、厚度及粘附的极大改善的镁橄榄石涂层。而且,这样形成的镁橄榄石涂层提供了更大的张力,因此减少了C-5二次涂层的相对重要性。
本发明还包括下列项目:
1.一种具有至少一个表面的电工钢板,其中如在脱碳退火之后和高温退火之前所测量的,所述电工钢板在由距离所述至少一个表面约0.5-2.5μm的深度限定的区域中的至少一个位置点处包含浓度为约0.7重量%或更高的铬。
2.项目1所述的电工钢板,其还包含在所述至少一个表面上的镁橄榄石涂层,其中所述镁橄榄石涂层在由距离所述至少一个表面约2-3μm的深度限定的区域中的至少一个位置点处包含浓度大于或等于约7.0重量%的氧。
3.一种电工钢板,其包含在至少一个表面上的镁橄榄石涂层和二次涂层,所述电工钢板包含浓度为约0.45重量%或更高的铬,其中所述镁橄榄石涂层和所述二次涂层在涂层粘附测试后表现出基本上没有分层缺陷。
4.根据项目3所述的电工钢板,其中所述铬的含量为约0.45重量%至约2.0重量%。
5.根据项目3所述的电工钢板,其中所述铬的含量为大于或等于约0.7重量%。
6.根据项目5所述的电工钢板,其中所述铬的含量为约0.7重量%至约2.0重量%。
7.根据项目3所述的电工钢板,其中所述铬的含量为大于或等于约1.2重量%。
8.根据项目7所述的电工钢板,其中所述铬的含量为约1.2重量%至约2.0重量%。
9.一种包含至少一个表面的电工钢板,所述电工钢板包含由距离所述至少一个表面小于或等于2.5μm的深度限定的表面区域和由距离所述至少一个表面大于2.5μm的深度限定的体区域,其中在脱碳退火之后和高温退火之前测量时,所述表面区域的铬浓度大于所述体区域中的铬浓度。
附图说明
图1描述了在高温退火以形成镁橄榄石涂层之前,实验室生产电工钢组合物的表面氧化物显微图像和氧含量。
图2描述了在高温退火之前,图1的电工钢中的氧分布的辉光放电光谱(GDS)分析图。
图3描述了在高温退火之前,图1的电工钢中的铬分布的GDS分析图。
图4描述了在高温退火之前,图1的电工钢中的硅分布的GDS分析图。
图5描述了在高温退火之后,实验室生产电工钢组合物上形成的镁橄榄石涂层的显微图像。
图6描述了在高温退火之后,图5的电工钢中的氧分布的GDS分析图。
图7描述了在高温退火之后,图5的电工钢中的铬分布的GDS分析图。
图8描述了具有C-5覆盖C-2涂层的实验室生产电工钢组合物的涂层粘附测试样品的图像。
图9描述了在1.7T下测量的具有C-5覆盖C-2涂层的电工钢组合物的相对磁芯损耗的图。
图10描述了在1.8T下测量的具有C-5覆盖C-2涂层的电工钢组合物的相对磁芯损耗的图。
图11描述了在1.7T下测量的具有C-5覆盖C-2涂层的电工钢组合物的磁芯损耗相对改善的图。
图12描述了在1.8T下测量的具有C-5覆盖C-2涂层的电工钢组合物的磁芯损耗相对改善的图。
图13描述了在高温退火之前,图12的轧机生产电工钢中的氧分布的GDS分析。
图14描述了在高温退火之前,图12的轧机生产电工钢中的铬分布的GDS分析图。
图15描述了在高温退火之后,图12的轧机生产电工钢中的氧分布的GDS分析。
图16描述了在高温退火之后,图12的电工钢中的铬分布的GDS分析图。
具体实施方式
在晶粒取向电工钢(electrical steels)的典型工业制造方法中,钢被熔化成特定的且通常具有专利的组合物。在大多数情况下,钢熔化物包含C、Mn、S、Se、Al、B和N的少量合金添加物,以及主要成分Fe与Si。钢熔化物通常铸成板坯(slab)。铸板坯可以在被轧成1-4mm(通常1.5-3mm)带以进行进一步加工之前,在一个或两个步骤中经历板坯再加热和热轧。热轧的带可以在冷轧至0.15-0.50mm(通常0.18-0.30mm)范围的最终厚度之前被热条退火(hot band anneal)。冷轧工艺通常在一个或多个步骤中进行。如果使用超过两个或更多个冷轧步骤,则在各个冷轧步骤之间通常有退火步骤。在冷轧结束后,钢被脱碳退火以(a)提供足够低的碳水平以阻止成品中的磁老化;和(b)以足以促进镁橄榄石涂层形成的程度来氧化钢板的表面。
脱碳退火的带被氧化镁或氧化镁与其他添加物的混合物涂布,其涂层在该带缠成线圈状之前干燥。氧化镁涂布的线圈然后在H2-N2或H2气氛中在高温下(1100℃-1200℃)退火,持续延长的时间。在该高温退火步骤期间,晶粒取向电工钢的性质得到生长。边缘立方或(110)[001]晶粒取向得到生长,随着元素如S、Se和N被除去,钢被纯化,并形成镁橄榄石涂层。在高温退火完成后,冷却并解开、清洁线圈以从氧化镁隔离涂层除去任何残留物,并且通常在镁橄榄石涂层上施加C-5隔离涂层。
铬添加对于晶粒取向电工钢的生产的用途被教导于1995年6月6日发布的题为“Regular Grain Oriented Electrical Steel Production Process”的美国专利第5,421,911号、1997年12月30日发布的题为“Method for Producing Silicon-ChromiumGrain Oriented Electrical Steel”的美国专利第5,702,539号、和2011年2月15日发布的题为“High Permeability Grain Oriented Electrical Steel”的美国专利第7,887,645号中。这些专利的每一篇的教导通过引用并入本文。铬添加被用于在晶粒取向电工钢的制造中提供更高的体积电阻率、增强奥氏体的形成和提供其他有益特性。在商业实践中,铬已经在0.10重量%至0.41重量%,最通常在0.20重量%至0.35重量%的范围内使用。在这个商业范围内,铬对镁橄榄石涂层的有益作用不明显。事实上,其他现有技术已经报告了铬减少镁橄榄石涂层在晶粒取向电工钢上形成。例如,2013年4月25日公布的题为“GrainOriented Electrical Steel Sheet and Method for Manufacturing Same”的美国专利申请序列号20130098508教导了由形成的镁橄榄石涂层提供的最佳张力需要不超过0.1重量%的铬含量。
在某些实施方式中,发现在钢熔化物中含有大于或等于约0.45重量%铬的电工钢组合物在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在又一些实施方式中,发现在钢熔化物中含有约0.45重量%至约2.0重量%铬的电工钢组合物在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在其他实施方式中,发现在钢熔化物中含有大于或等于约0.7重量%铬的电工钢组合物在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在又一些实施方式中,发现在钢熔化物中含有约0.7重量%至约2.0重量%铬的电工钢组合物在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在其他实施方式中,发现在钢熔化物中含有大于或等于约1.2重量%铬的电工钢组合物在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在又一些实施方式中,发现在钢熔化物中含有约1.2重量%至约2.0重量%铬的电工钢组合物在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在各种情况下,除增加的铬含量以外,电工钢组合物是通常工业中使用的那些。
在某些实施方式中,在高温退火之前在距离脱碳退火钢板表面0.5-2.5μm的深度处具有大于或等于约0.7重量%的铬浓度的电工钢在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在某些实施方式中,在距离脱碳退火钢板表面0.5-2.5μm的深度处具有大于或等于约0.7重量%的铬浓度和在距离高温退火钢板表面2-3μm的深度处具有大于或等于约7.0重量%的镁橄榄石涂布电工钢板中的氧浓度的电工钢在高温退火之后在成品电工钢产品中具有改善的镁橄榄石涂层粘附和较低的磁芯损耗。在各种情况下,除增加的铬含量以外,电工钢组合物是通常工业中使用的那些。
在某些实施方式中,如在脱碳退火之后和高温退火之前测量的,发现铬浓度在由距离板表面小于或等于2.5μm的深度限定的表面区域中大于在由距离表面大于2.5μm的深度限定的板的体区域中。令人惊奇的是,确定了这种铬富集(其是在高温退火之前铬在加工期间的分配)在高温退火之后不再存在。虽然不受限于任何理论,但据信这种较接近表面处的铬浓度降低是与镁橄榄石涂层的相互作用的结果,因为它在改善的镁橄榄石涂层性质中形成并起作用。
含有在0.7重量%至2.0重量%范围内的铬组成的电工钢通过本领域已知的方法制备。这些组成被评估以测定铬浓度对脱碳退火、脱碳退火中的氧化层(“铁橄榄石”)形成、高温退火之后的轧机玻璃形成以及二次涂层粘附的影响。脱碳板涂布氧化镁、在高温下退火,并评估镁橄榄石涂层。含有0.70%或更多铬的钢显示出随熔化物铬水平上升的改善的二次涂层粘附。
进行了一系列测试。首先,检查了脱碳(as-decarburized)氧化物层。金相分析显示出氧化物层在整个铬范围内厚度相似,而化学分析显示出脱碳退火之后的总氧水平相同或略微更高。氧化物层的GDS分析显示,在板表面的近表面(0.5-2.5μm)层生长出富铬峰,其随熔化物铬水平上升而增加。其次,检查了镁橄榄石涂层。金相分析显示,随着钢板的铬含量增加,钢表面上形成的镁橄榄石涂层更厚、更连续、染色更均匀、并生长出更广泛的表面下的“根(root)”结构。已知改善的“根”结构提供改善的涂层粘附。第三也是最后,样品用3涂层(AK Steel Corporation,West Chester,Ohio的商用高张力C-5二次涂层)涂布并测试粘附。结果显示出随着铬水平增加,涂层粘附明显改善。
实施例
实施例1
使用现有技术的示例性组成(热测试A和B)与本实施方式的组成(热测试C到I)进行实验室规模热测试(heat)。
表I
在MgO涂布之前、在熔化后和在脱碳退火后的热测试组成的总结
将钢铸成铸块,加热到1050℃,提供25%热减少并进一步加热至1260℃,并且进行热轧以产生厚度为2.3mm的热轧带。热轧带随后在1150℃温度下退火,空气中冷却至950℃,之后以大于50℃/秒的速率快速冷却至低于300℃的温度。然后热轧且退火的带冷轧至0.23mm或0.30mm的最终厚度。然后冷轧带通过以超过500℃/秒的速率快速加热至740℃、接着在标称为0.40-0.45的H2O/H2比率的湿润氢-氮气氛中加热至815℃温度来进行脱碳退火,以降低钢中的碳水平。815℃下允许的浸泡时间对于冷轧至0.23mm厚度的材料为90秒,对冷轧至0.30mm厚度的材料为170秒。在脱碳退火步骤完成后,使用辉光放电光谱(GDS)对样品进行碳和表面氧的化学测试和表面组成分析,以测量组成和氧化物层深度。然后所述带用由含有4%氧化钛的氧化镁组成的退火隔离涂层涂布。涂布的带然后通过在75%N2、25%H2的气氛下加热至1200℃的浸泡温度来高温退火,之后所述带在100%干燥的H2中保持至少15小时的时间。冷却后,清洁所述带并除去任何未反应的退火隔离涂层。取样检测镁橄榄石涂层的均匀性、厚度及组成。样品随后用张力效应C-5型二次涂层涂布,并利用使用19mm(0.75英寸)成形辊的单程三辊弯曲试验(single pass three-roll bend testing)程序测试粘附。涂层的粘附使用受压侧(compression-side)带表面进行评估。
图1示出了进行高温退火之前,根据铬含量的氧化物层的显微照片。图2、3和4分别显示出退火的表面氧化物层中发现的氧、铬和硅的量(按重量%)。图2和3显示出在板表面之下0.5和2.5μm之间的深度处的氧化物层中的氧与铬含量增加。图5显示出通过氧化物层与退火隔离涂层的反应在高温退火期间形成的镁橄榄石涂层的显微照片。随着钢的铬含量增加,增强的表面下镁橄榄石涂层根结构是明显的。图6显示出镁橄榄石涂层的氧分布的GDS分析,其被用于测量镁橄榄石涂层的厚度和密度。该数据表明镁橄榄石涂层厚度和密度通过添加大于0.7重量%的铬到基体金属而得到提高。图7显示出镁橄榄石涂层的铬分布的GDS分析。
图8显示出在二次涂层和涂层粘附测试之后的样品照片,其表明粘附随铬含量增加而显著地改善。如涂层剥落处的线所证实的,现有技术的钢(热测试A和B)显示出涂层分层。相比之下,(热测试C至F)的钢显示出涂层的实质性减少的剥落以及一些斑点(spotflecking)。热测试H和I显示出基本上没有涂层的剥落或斑点。
实施例2
为证实对磁芯损耗的益处,进行具有如表II中所示的组成的工业规模热测试。热测试J和K是现有技术的示例,而热测试L和M是本实施方式的组成。
表II
热测试组成的总结
将钢连续地铸成厚度为200mm的板坯。将板坯加热到1200℃,提供25%热减少至150mm厚度,进一步加热至1400℃并进行轧制以产生厚度为2.0mm的热轧钢带。热轧钢带随后在1150℃的温度下退火,空气中冷却至950℃,之后以大于50℃/秒的速率快速冷却至低于300℃的温度。然后将钢带直接冷轧至0.27mm的最终厚度,通过以超过500℃/秒的速率快速加热至740℃,接着在标称为0.40-0.45的H2O/H2比率的湿润H2-N2气氛中加热至815℃温度来进行脱碳退火,以将钢中的碳水平降低至低于0.003%或更低。作为评估的一部分,获得样品以进行GDS分析,以与实施例1中的工作进行比较。
所述带用主要由含有4%氧化钛的氧化镁组成的退火隔离涂层涂布。在退火隔离涂层干燥后,将所述带缠成线圈,并通过在H2-N2气氛中加热至标称1200℃的浸泡温度来高温退火,之后将所述带在100%干燥的H2中浸泡至少15小时的时间。在高温退火完成后,冷却和清洁线圈以除去任何未反应的退火隔离涂层,并且获得测试材料以评估高温退火中形成的镁橄榄石涂层的磁性质和特征二者。然后向测试材料提供使用张力效应ASTM C-5型涂层的二次涂层。二次涂层的厚度在标称4gm/m2至标称16gm/m2范围内(施加于两个表面的总和),其基于样品在二次涂层完全干燥和灼烧之后的重量增加而测量。然后测量样品以测定磁性质的变化。
表III总结了在镁橄榄石涂层上施加二次涂层之前和之后的磁性质。改善在图9和10中清楚地展示,图9和10显示出在施加张力效应二次涂层之后,在1.7T和1.8T的磁感应强度下分别测量的60Hz磁芯损耗。现有技术的热测试J和K具有比本发明实施方式的热测试L和M明显更高的磁芯损耗。而且,这些实施方式的组成导致具有更佳技术特性的镁橄榄石涂层。如图11和12所示,这些实施方式在整个二次涂层重量的生产变化范围中产生了更佳的磁芯损耗和好得多的磁芯损耗一致性。而且,这种减少二次涂层重量的能力导致增加的占空系数,其已知是电机设计中的重要钢特性。
图13和14显示出在高温退火之前,在轧机加工过程中取的热测试L和M样品通过GDS测定的氧与铬的表面化学谱。该结果与在实施例1中讨论的那些结果相似,也就是在钢板表面之下的某个深度处观察到氧化物层的氧与铬含量增加。
表III
在施加二次涂层之前和之后的磁性质
Claims (6)
1.一种具有至少一个表面的电工钢板,
(a)其中所述电工钢板包含浓度为0.45重量%至2.0重量%的铬,并且
(b)在由距离所述至少一个表面0.5-2.5μm的深度限定的区域中的一个或多个位置点处,如
(i)在其中所述电工钢板被以超过500℃/秒的速率快速加热的脱碳退火之后,但
(ii)在高温退火之前
所测量的,所述电工钢板在所述一个或多个位置点处具有0.7重量%至2.0重量%的铬浓度。
2.一种电工钢板,其包含在其至少一个表面上的镁橄榄石涂层和二次涂层,所述电工钢板包含浓度为0.45重量%至2.0重量%的铬,其中所述镁橄榄石涂层在其中所述电工钢板被以超过500℃/秒的速率快速加热的脱碳退火之后形成于所述至少一个表面上,并且其中所述镁橄榄石涂层和所述二次涂层在基于使用19mm(0.75英寸)成形辊的单程三辊弯曲试验程序的涂层粘附测试后表现出没有分层缺陷,并且其中所述镁橄榄石涂层含有0.4重量%至2.0重量%的量的铬。
3.根据权利要求3所述的电工钢板,其中所述电工钢板的铬含量是7.0重量%至2.0重量%。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电工钢板,其中所述电工钢板的铬含量是1.2重量%至2.0重量%。
5.一种包含至少一个表面的电工钢板,所述电工钢板包含由距离所述至少一个表面小于或等于2.5μm的深度限定的表面区域和由距离所述至少一个表面大于2.5μm的深度限定的体区域,其中,当在其中所述电工钢板被以超过500℃/秒的速率快速加热的脱碳退火之后和高温退火之前测量时,所述表面区域的铬浓度大于所述体区域中的铬浓度,并且所述电工钢板包含浓度为0.45重量%至2.0重量%的铬。
6.一种电工钢板,其包含在其至少一个表面上的镁橄榄石涂层和二次涂层,所述电工钢板包含浓度为0.45重量%至2.0重量%的铬,并且其中所述镁橄榄石涂层含有0.4重量%至2.0重量%的量的铬。
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