CN109169178B

CN109169178B - Special matrix added with shell powder and gravel for greening sea-filled land and preparation method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN109169178B
Application number: CN201811070411.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 樊小林; 李志安; 刘芳; 邹碧; 孙少龙; 王维; 张立丹
Original assignee: South China Agricultural University
Current assignee: South China Agricultural University
Priority date: 2018-09-13
Filing date: 2018-09-13
Publication date: 2021-02-19
Anticipated expiration: 2038-09-13
Also published as: CN109169178A

Abstract

The invention discloses a special matrix for greening land filled with shell powder and gravel and a preparation method thereof. The special matrix comprises a mixture consisting of peat, coconut coir and organic fertilizer, a double-control plant oil-coated controlled-release fertilizer and a water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent, wherein the proportion of the peat, the coconut coir and the organic fertilizer is 1000 liters: 1-50 kg: 1-6 kg. The special substrate has scientific formula and stable physicochemical properties, can well adapt to the high-temperature, rainy and suddenly rainy environments of the shell powder and the sandy soil, has good controlled release effect, meets the plant growth requirement in the high-temperature environment in the nutrient release characteristic and supply mode, can also adapt to the nutritional characteristic of plants, and has strong water retention; meanwhile, the loss-prevention growth-promotion microecological cultivation ring is constructed around and at the bottom of the planting hole, so that the green seedlings completely survive and grow fast, and the effects of building green islands and planting vegetables in the fields without soil sea reclamation are achieved. And the substrate formula and the process are simple, convenient and safe, can be produced industrially, and are worthy of large-area popularization and application.

Description

Special matrix added with shell powder and gravel for greening sea-filled land and preparation method thereof

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of fertilizers. More particularly, relates to a special matrix for greening land reclamation by adding shell powder and gravel and surrounding sea and a preparation method thereof.

Background

Sea reclamation is also called sea reclamation and sea reclamation, or sea reclamation, sea reclamation and field reclamation, and means that shells, earth stones, construction wastes, engineering components and the like are used for burying lands, islands, even island reefs into new lands along the edges. Therefore, the original sea area, lake area or river bank is changed into land, and more or less of the commonly used filling materials contain soil, namely, the land constructed by filling the sea along the coastline is generally easy to plant trees and make forests or cultivate because the soil in the filling materials contains nutrients and has the capability of inoculating plants. However, when the materials for sea reclamation do not contain soil, the fields built by the surrounding sea have few nutrients and no vitality; when the materials for sea reclamation are all the seabed shell powder and gravel fragments, the soil is not only lack of nutrient substances necessary for plant growth, but also the constructed soil has poor permeability, extremely low fertility and high soil pH value and is not suitable for plant growth.

Under legal conditions, China already fills the sea to build land with tens of thousands of square kilometers in order to improve the living conditions of officers and soldiers in the islands of the Nanhai Islands. Different from the common method for filling the land along the coastline, the method for adding the land on the sea is a blowing filling mode, the land is constructed by collecting sea bottom shells by using a professional ship and a pump, the texture of the land is mainly made of shell powder and gravel with high salt content, the shell powder and gravel are crushed and then stacked, the texture of the land is sticky and heavy, the soil is hard, the permeability is extremely poor, and the fertility of the soil is almost zero. Except calcium, magnesium, silicon and a small amount of trace elements, the fertilizer does not basically contain nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like which are necessary for the growth and development of plants. However, in order to create an excellent living environment and to provide foods such as vegetables necessary for survival, a problem to be solved is how to coordinate water, fertilizer, gas, heat and organisms of plants on soils with such low fertility.

It is known that 17 kinds of nutrient elements are necessary for plants, wherein nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are three elements of the plants. Therefore, no NPK plants almost stop growing. Then, in order to solve the problem of cultivating plants by using shell powder and gravel fragments as main media through fertilization, the following three problems need to be solved firstly: 1) how to improve the fertilizer retention capability of the shell powder and the gravel, the shell powder and the gravel fragments have no fertilizer retention capability, after nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied to the medium, chemical adsorption cannot be generated, and the physical adsorption quantity is small, so that the loss of the nutrients is serious. 2) How to solve the problem that the ground surface high temperature causes the fertilizer nutrient loss, the heat capacity of the shell powder and the gravel is small, the soil temperature changes violently, in tropical zone and south sea area with sufficient illumination, the ground surface temperature can reach more than 50 ℃, even higher, so that the nutrient of the conventional fertilizer is volatilized and lost rapidly at high temperature, and the common coated controlled release fertilizer also loses the controlled release performance, thus easily causing the volatilization loss of the nitrogen element of the fertilizer and the volatilization of the released nutrient. 3) How to solve shell powder and gravel and not water-retaining waterproof problem shell powder and gravel not only do not keep water, but also waterproof, it is a trough to rain, it is firm like a sword after rain. Even if the two problems are solved, the plants cannot survive as they are if the medium is deficient in water. It is seen that the conventional cultivation techniques and methods and agricultural production data, i.e., the conventional fertilizer and water and fertilizer management techniques, are not suitable for the cultivation environment, and thus the above problems cannot be solved.

In addition, the coated controlled release fertilizer product is a fertilizer suitable for application in sandy land, heavy rain, and the like. The coated controlled release fertilizer is the first choice fertilizer for soilless culture plants, but the common coated controlled release fertilizer is designed and manufactured under normal temperature and conventional management measures, can be used for soilless culture and similar land for sea reclamation, but is not suitable for the south sea land reclamation with shell powder and gravel and the high-temperature and frequent-raining growing environment. On one hand, nutrients in the coating film of the common coated controlled-release fertilizer can be quickly released at high temperature of a sandy medium to cause the lack of fertilizer for plants; on the other hand, the conventional coated controlled release fertilizer generally only contains a large amount of elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and rarely contains medium and trace elements; thirdly, in the application method, the growth medium of the plant is soil, and the coated fertilizer is not affected by the sudden temperature change after being applied to the soil. Therefore, the conventional fertilizing method is not suitable for the south sea to add the shell powder and the gravel to make the field. Although there are many patent products and technologies of soilless culture substrates, most of the patent products and technologies are culture substrates and methods aiming at mainland climate and crops, and the soilless culture substrates are inevitably not suitable for ecological environment of south sea reclamation.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to solve the technical problems of overcoming the defects and shortcomings of the prior art on the market and providing a special matrix and a controlled release fertilizer for greening and cultivating leaf vegetables in a coastal reclamation land by adding shell powder and gravel in south sea and a preparation method thereof.

The invention aims to provide a special matrix for greening land filled with shell powder and gravel.

Another object of the invention is to provide a planting device suitable for being attached to a sea land filled with shell powder and gravel.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a planting method suitable for sea land filled with shell powder and gravel.

The above purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

the matrix special for greening land reclamation by adding shell powder and gravel and surrounding sea comprises a mixture, a double-control vegetable oil coated controlled-release fertilizer and a water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent, wherein the proportion of the mixture to the double-control vegetable oil coated controlled-release fertilizer to the water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent is 1000 liters: 1-50 kg: 1-6 kg; the mixture is a mixture of peat, coconut chaff and plant source organic fertilizer. The mixture (volume) is mixed with the special fertilizer (mass) and the water-retaining polymer cross-linking agent (mass) uniformly in a mixer according to the mixture ratio to obtain the special matrix.

Preferably, the mixture, the double-control plant oil coating controlled-release fertilizer and the water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent are mixed in a proportion of 1000 liters: 5-15 kg: 1-6 kg.

Preferably, the mixture is prepared by mixing the following components in a volume ratio of 0.1-1: 0.5-3: 0.1-1 of sterile disease-free peat, coconut coir and a plant source organic fertilizer.

Preferably, the peat, the coconut chaff and the organic fertilizer are sieved by a sieve with the size of 5 mm-15 mm.

Preferably, the coconut coir is salt-free coconut coir, and the organic fertilizer is a plant source organic fertilizer.

Peat and coconut husk are subjected to disease-free, sterile, salt-free and harmless treatment, so that germs and insect pests are prevented from being brought into the island.

The organic fertilizer is formed by high-temperature composting by using non-animal excrement plant source organic materials such as crop straws, urban greening trimmings and the like as raw materials, and must be disease-free, sterile, salt-free and harmless.

Specifically, the water-retaining polymer cross-linking agent is a copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate, and the water-retaining agent of france eason AQUASORB is selected in the embodiment of the invention.

Preferably, the double-control plant oil-coated controlled-release fertilizer has the characteristic of slow control combination, and is a coated controlled-release fertilizer designed according to the characteristics of alkalinity, no fertilizer and the like of shell powder and gravel media; specific properties are as follows:

(1) the core fertilizer is a slow-release nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer containing slow-release nitrogen and having a nutrient analysis formula of 15-15-15-TE;

(2) the core fertilizer is coated in a compound way to prepare the vegetable oil coated controlled release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 8-10 m;

(3) the core fertilizer contains nutrients such as nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and urea nitrogen), phosphorus (orthophosphate), potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron and the like, and is slightly acidic to neutral;

(4) the nutrient release characteristic curve is S-shaped for perennial green plants and inverted L-shaped or linear-like for leaf vegetables.

The nutrient release or fertilizer supply characteristics (the mode of a fertilizer supply curve) of the coated controlled-release fertilizer are that the nutrient release of the fertilizer is controlled by the thickness of the coating layer, the number of the coating layers and the number and the size of nutrient release channels on the coating layer. The thickness of the coating layer determines the length of nutrient release channels on the coating layer, the number of the coating layers determines the bending degree of the channels, the number of the channels on the coating layer determines the number of nutrient access roads, and the size of the channels determines the difficulty of nutrient access. In a word, the thickness of the coating layer, the number of the coating layers and the number of nutrient release channels on the coating layerThe small, large and tortuous degrees determine the fertilizer supply rate, the fertilizer efficiency and the fertilizer supply characteristics (the mode of a fertilizer supply curve) of the coated controlled-release fertilizer. The fertilizer supply characteristic of the controlled release fertilizer with the S-shaped nutrient release curve meets the requirements of most of the plants in the growth period, and the fertilizer supply characteristic of the controlled release fertilizer with the inverted S-shaped or linear-like nutrient release curve meets the requirements of most of the plants in the growth period. The thickness of the coating layer of the coated controlled-release fertilizer used in the invention is 3-55 um, the number of the coating layers is 1-3, the release curve of the single-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer is parabolic, the double-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer is linear-like, and the three-layer coated controlled-release fertilizer is S-shaped; the density of nutrient channels on the coating layer is 0-10/100 um²The diameter of the channel is 300 nm-5 um; the channels of a single layer are relatively straight and short, and the channels of multiple layers are relatively tortuous and long.

As an optional preferred scheme, the preparation method of the double-control plant oil-coated controlled-release fertilizer comprises the following steps:

(1) mixing a urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen fertilizer with the slow-release nitrogen accounting for 30-70% of the total nitrogen by mass in the raw materials of the coated controlled-release fertilizer to prepare a core fertilizer of the controlled-release fertilizer, namely a slow-release nitrogen type core fertilizer;

(2) the controlled-release nitrogen core fertilizer is prepared by the method of patent 201410760543.3, and the double-control plant oil-coated controlled-release fertilizer is obtained.

Preferably, aiming at the cultivation of nursery stocks such as casuarina equisetifolia and pittosporum tobira, the optimal mixture ratio of the special substrate is as follows: the mixture is a mixture of 0.5 part of peat, 1 part of coconut coir and 0.5 part (0.1-1: 0.5-1.5: 0.1-1) of garden matrix organic fertilizer, and the optimal particle size of the three raw materials is 5-15 mm; the optimal controlled release fertilizer is a coated controlled release fertilizer with a film layer of 3 layers, and the fertilizer effect period is 240-300 days; 8-15 kg of controlled release fertilizer and 3-5 kg of water retention type high molecular crosslinking agent are added to each cubic meter of mixture.

Most preferably, aiming at the cultivation of nursery stocks such as casuarina equisetifolia and erythrina indica, the optimal mixture ratio of the special substrate is as follows: the mixture is a mixture of 0.5 part of peat, 1 part of coconut coir and 0.5 part (0.5: 1: 0.5) of garden matrix organic fertilizer, and the optimal particle size of the three raw materials is 5-10 mm; the optimal controlled release fertilizer is a coated controlled release fertilizer with a film layer of 3 layers, and the fertilizer effect period is 300 days; each cubic meter of the mixture is matched with 10kg of controlled release fertilizer and 3kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent.

Preferably, aiming at the cultivation of leaf vegetables, the mixture ratio of the special substrate is as follows: the mixture is a mixture of 0.5-1 part of peat, 1-2 parts of coconut coir and 0.5-1 part (0.5-1: 1-2: 0.5-1) of garden matrix organic fertilizer, and the optimal particle size of the three raw materials is 5-10 mm; the best controlled release fertilizer is a coated controlled release fertilizer with a 2-layer film layer, and the fertilizer effect period is 30 days; 5-8 kg of controlled release fertilizer and 1-3 kg of water retention type macromolecular cross-linking agent are added to each cubic meter of mixture.

Most preferably, aiming at the cultivation of the leafy vegetables, the optimal mixture ratio of the special substrate is as follows: the mixture is a mixture of 1 part of peat, 1 part of coconut coir and 0.5 part of garden matrix organic fertilizer (1: 1: 0.5), and the optimal particle size of the three raw materials is 5 mm; the best controlled release fertilizer is a coated controlled release fertilizer with a 2-layer film layer, and the fertilizer effect period is 30 days; 5kg of controlled release fertilizer and 2kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent are added to each cubic meter of mixture.

In addition, based on the special substrate, the invention also provides a cultivation circle and a cultivation method suitable for filling sea land with shell powder and gravel, namely, the anti-loss growth-promoting microecological cultivation circle is constructed, and comprises an anti-loss growth-promoting green seedling microecological cultivation circle (for green seedlings) and an anti-loss growth-promoting leaf vegetable microecological cultivation groove (for leaf vegetable cultivation).

Specifically, the invention provides a cultivation device suitable for planting nursery stocks in sea lands added with shell powder and gravel, wherein the cultivation device is a cylindrical cultivation device (microecological cultivation ring) with a bottom, the middle lower part of the periphery of the cultivation device is provided with an opening, and the bottom surface of the cultivation device is provided with an opening.

Preferably, the structure of the bottomed cylindrical cultivation apparatus (micro-ecological cultivation circle) is as follows: the diameter is 0.4-0.8 m, the height is 35-45 cm, the thickness is 0.3-0.5 mm, holes are formed in the positions, more than 10cm away from the bottom surface, of the periphery of the bottom surface, the diameter of each hole is 1.5-2.5 cm, the distance between the centers of the holes is 10-20 cm, the bottom surface is provided with holes from the center point to the outside, the radius of each hole is 15-25 cm, the diameter of each hole is 1.5-2.5 cm, and the distance between the centers of the holes is 10-20 cm.

More preferably, the structure of the bottomed cylindrical cultivation apparatus (micro-ecological cultivation circle) is as follows: the diameter is 0.4-0.8 m, the height is 40cm, and the thickness is 0.3-0.5 mm; the periphery of the bottom surface is provided with holes more than 10cm away from the bottom surface, the diameter of each hole is 2cm, the distance between the centers of the holes is 15cm, the bottom surface is provided with holes from the center point to the outside at the radius of 20cm, the diameter of each hole is 2cm, and the distance between the centers of the holes is 15 cm.

Preferably, when the cultivated plants are seedlings, the bottomed cylindrical cultivation device is a thermoplastic polyethylene plastic bag which is not weathered for 3 years in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment and can ensure that the green seedlings take roots and survive on the island.

The invention provides a cultivation device suitable for planting leafy vegetables in sea land filled with shell powder and gravel, wherein the cultivation device is a cultivation groove, two ends of the groove are provided with buckle plate seals, and the top of the groove is open.

Preferably, the structure of the cultivation tank is as follows: the width of the upper opening is 10-20 cm, the width of the bottom is 8-12 cm, the depth is 10-20 cm, the length is 1-2 m, and the wall thickness is 0.3-1.0 mm.

More preferably, the structure of the cultivation tank is as follows: the width of the upper opening is 15cm, the width of the bottom is 10cm, the depth is 15cm, the length is 1-2 m, and the wall thickness is 0.5 mm.

Further, the invention provides a method suitable for planting in sea-filled land added with shell powder and gravel, which comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing a cultivation device, forming a plurality of holes on the periphery of the cultivation device, then burying the cultivation device underground, filling the special substrate, and then transplanting plants.

Preferably, when the cultivated plant is a seedling, the cultivation device is the cylindrical cultivation device (microecological cultivation circle) with a bottom, and the seedling cultivation method comprises the following steps:

s1, burying a cylindrical cultivation device with a bottom in a soil pit, filling a special substrate, digging out a cultivation pit in the center, transplanting a tree seedling, watering to 60% -70% of the maximum water holding capacity, and enabling the substrate to be in close contact with roots in a watering mode without pressing;

s2, supporting rods are erected around the trunk after transplanting, and the included angle between the projection of the supporting rods and the projection of the supporting rods is 110-130 degrees;

s3, observing the growth condition of the plants every day in the first two weeks after transplanting, and observing and maintaining the water content of the matrix;

s4, after transplanting for two weeks, or after the seedlings grow new leaves, applying fertilizer regularly; after the branches and leaves of the tree crown are luxuriant, the tree crown is changed into a special matrix fertilizer to be applied regularly.

More specifically, the method for cultivating seedlings is as follows:

s1, digging soil pits with the same size in a field according to the size of a cylindrical cultivation device (microecological cultivation ring) with a bottom before transplanting, placing the cultivation device in the pits, filling 0.05-0.20 cubic meter of mixed matrix into the cultivation device, digging cultivation pits with the diameter of 25-35 cm and the depth of 20-30 cm in the center for cultivation, watering to 60% -70% of the maximum water holding capacity, and enabling the matrix to be in close contact with roots in a watering mode without pressing;

s3, observing the plant growth condition every day in the first two weeks after transplanting, observing the water content of the matrix, and supplementing clear water to 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity when the water content of the matrix is lower than 40% of the maximum water holding capacity; clear water can be sprayed to the tree crowns when no sunlight is directly irradiated in the morning and evening;

s4, after transplanting for two weeks or after new leaves grow out, irrigating for 3-4 times continuously by 0.1-0.2% of fertilizer liquid every two weeks; after crown branches and leaves are luxuriant, the special matrix fertilizer is changed, and the special matrix fertilizer is applied once every 3 months according to the proportion of 50-200 g of controlled release fertilizer per tree.

The method for planting the trees in the microecological cultivation circle is characterized in that a water, fertilizer, gas and heat environment suitable for the growth of the seedlings is built in the ecological circle, the method is favorable for the trees to rapidly take roots, germinate and thrive in the circle, and a foundation is laid for the trees to grow in a shell powder and gravel medium.

As an alternative, the specific method for cultivating the nursery stock is as follows:

(1) before transplanting, digging soil pits with the same size in a field according to the size of a micro-ecological cultivation ring, placing a cultivation device in the pits, filling a mixed matrix of 0.05-0.20 cubic meter into the cultivation device, digging a cultivation pit with the diameter of 30cm and the depth of 25cm in the center, placing a tree seedling in the cultivation device, backfilling the dug matrix and covering the tree root, watering to 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity, enabling the matrix to be in close contact with the root in a watering mode, and avoiding pressing by hands or feet.

(2) After transplanting, three supporting rods are supported at the height of the trunk from the ground 2/3, and the included angle between the projection of the supporting rods and the projection of the supporting rods is 120 degrees; to prevent the sapling from being blown down by strong wind. The struts may be bamboo poles, wooden sticks or corrosion resistant metals.

(3) Observing the plant growth condition every day in the first two weeks after transplanting, observing the water content of the matrix, and supplementing clear water to 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity when the water content of the matrix is lower than 40% of the maximum water content; the tree crown can be sprayed with clear water when no sunlight is directly irradiated in the morning and evening.

(4) After transplanting for two weeks or after new leaves grow out, irrigating with 0.1-0.2% of fertilizer liquid every two weeks for 3-4 times continuously; after crown branches and leaves are luxuriant, special matrix fertilization is changed, and the fertilizer is applied once every 3 months according to the proportion of 50-200 g of controlled release fertilizer per tree.

In addition, preferably, when the cultivated plant is a leaf vegetable, the cultivation device is the cultivation tank; the specific method for cultivating the leaf vegetables comprises the following steps: filling the special matrix into the groove, compacting the special matrix, and keeping the special matrix 1-3 cm away from the notch; transplanting vegetable seedlings with two true leaves, wherein the plant spacing is 8-12 cm, and watering to 60% -70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the matrix after transplanting.

Particularly preferably, when the cultivated plants are leafy vegetables, the bottomed cylindrical cultivation device is a rigid polyethylene plastic groove with an upper opening width of 15cm, a bottom width of 10cm, a depth of 15cm, a length of 1-2 m and a wall thickness of 0.5 mm. The buckling plates at the two ends of the groove can prevent the matrix from scattering from the groove, and can also spray the excessive water in the groove to prevent the vegetables from being flooded by water.

As an alternative implementation mode, the specific method for cultivating the leafy vegetables comprises the following steps: filling a proper amount of special matrix into the groove, compacting the special matrix, and then keeping the special matrix 1-3 cm away from the notch; transplanting vegetable seedlings with two true leaves, wherein the plant spacing is 10cm, and watering to 60% -70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the matrix after transplanting; a plurality of cultivation grooves are grouped, and a working channel of 80 cm-100 cm is reserved between each group. The cultivation tank can repeatedly cultivate 3-5 crops of leaf vegetables in situ. After 4 crops are planted, the medium of all the cultivation grooves is recommended to be dried in the air and then mixed with a new medium 2: 1 mixing and then loading in a tank for use.

The scheme of the invention has the characteristics that: firstly, providing a special substrate for cultivating saplings with fertilizer and water retention and a formula thereof, wherein peat, coconut coir, plant source (garden substrate) organic fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer which are disease-free, sterile and cheap are used as main materials; secondly, a special controlled-release fertilizer and a water-retaining cross-linking agent which are matched with a special substrate and are suitable for planting greening seedlings and leaf vegetables in shell powder and gravel textures and high-temperature environments are provided, the nutrient release characteristics of the special controlled-release fertilizer and the water-retaining cross-linking agent meet the growth requirements of trees and leaf vegetables, the special controlled-release fertilizer and the water-retaining cross-linking agent are suitable for the shell powder and gravel high-temperature environments, nutrients cannot be released too fast in the high-temperature environments to cause early-stage seedling burning, and the nutrient supply insufficiency in the later stage; and thirdly, a water-retaining, fertilizer-retaining and loss-preventing micro-ecological environment suitable for the shell powder and the gravel medium and adapted to the medium is created, and the micro-ecological environment is used as a matched cultivation technology.

The special substrate has scientific formula and stable physicochemical properties, can well adapt to the high-temperature, rainy and suddenly rainy environments of the shell powder and the sandy soil, has good controlled release effect, meets the plant growth requirement in the high-temperature environment in the nutrient release characteristic and supply mode, can also adapt to the nutritional characteristic of plants, and has strong water retention; meanwhile, the auxiliary degradable polyethylene films are combined at the periphery and the bottom of the planting hole to form a water-retention, seepage-prevention and drainage pool, and an ecological nest suitable for plant survival is constructed, namely, the loss-prevention growth-promoting micro-ecological cultivation ring, so that the green seedlings completely survive and grow fast, and the effects of field greening islands and vegetable planting without soil sea filling are achieved. And the substrate formula and the process are simple, convenient and safe, can be produced industrially, and are worthy of large-area popularization and application.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

compared with the current garden substrate, the special substrate for the reclamation of the land from the sea and the greening has the advantages of disease-free, asepsis, salt-free, safety, no environmental pollution in the area for cultivating trees, no plant diseases and insect pests caused by the substrate, no soil, light weight and convenient use, and is beneficial to long-distance transportation and use. The special controlled-release fertilizer is an environment-friendly double-control coated controlled-release fertilizer, the nutrient release mode is matched with plant absorption, the fertilizer utilization rate is high, the loss and leaching loss of nutrients and the environmental pollution of the nutrients are avoided, and forest trees and leaf vegetables can be planted on the sea reclamation land which takes shell powder and gravel as main media.

The special substrate and the fertilizer are applied to planting on the land reclamation by the seas with shell powder and gravel as main media, and have the following characteristics:

(1) the special substrate composed of the mixture, the special fertilizer and the cross-linking agent provided by the invention is combined with the provided micro-ecological cultivation ring and cultivation technology, so that an excellent growth environment can be created for the growth of trees and vegetables in the shell powder and gravel medium with extremely poor permeability and extremely low fertility, and the coordination of water, fertilizer, gas and heat is realized.

(2) The substrate is sterile and free of diseases and insect pests, and is favorable for protecting the environment and ecological safety which harm a field building base.

(3) The special coated controlled-release fertilizer is a slowly-controlled combined double-control coated controlled-release fertilizer, nutrient release can meet the fertilizer requirement of trees and leaf vegetables, the fertilizer can be preserved, and the environment pollution caused by fertilizer loss and leaching loss can be avoided. The tree can completely meet the requirements of the tree on nutrients and moisture before the root system of the tree is large enough or does not extend into the shell powder and the gravel medium.

(4) The substrate, the fertilizer and the cultivation technology provided by the invention can ensure that the tree survives 100% in the shell powder and gravel medium, and the forest can be built in the sea-filling field-building area of the shell powder and gravel medium.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the specification of a culture medium bag of a micro-ecological cultivation circle.

FIG. 2 shows the influence of the special matrix for sea reclamation and greening and the beach soil on the crown width of jute.

FIG. 3 shows the influence of the special matrix for the reclamation of fields from the sea and the soil on the diameter at breast height of casuarina equisetifolia.

FIG. 4 shows the influence of the special matrix for the reclamation of land from sea and the beach soil on the crown width of the wood pittosporum tobira.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a cultivation tank and cultivation method for cultivating leafy vegetables by using a special substrate.

FIG. 6 shows the effect of the combination of the special substrate and the cultivation tank on the yield of two-season lettuce.

FIG. 7 is a fertilizer supply curve of controlled release fertilizer special for matrix cultivation of green plants and leaf vegetables.

Detailed Description

The invention is further described with reference to the drawings and the following detailed description, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way. Reagents, methods and apparatus used in the present invention are conventional in the art unless otherwise indicated.

Unless otherwise indicated, reagents and materials used in the following examples are commercially available.

In the following examples, the influence of the special substrate and the application method thereof on the growth of the seedlings and leafy vegetables is studied by comparing the special substrate and the cultivation method with the conventional soil as a control, and the application effects of the technology and the product of the patent are examined.

Example 1 Ephedra sinica Stapf planting

1. Preparation of the Special substrate

(1) The peat and the salt-free coconut coir are subjected to disease-free, sterile, salt-free and harmless treatment, so that germs and insect pests are prevented from being brought into the island. Non-animal excrement plant source organic materials such as crop straws, urban greening trimmings and the like are used as raw materials, and are made into organic fertilizers through high-temperature composting, so that the organic fertilizers are disease-free, sterile, salt-free and harmless.

(2) After the peat, the coconut husk and the organic fertilizer are sieved by a sieve of 5 mm-15 mm, the peat, the coconut husk and the organic fertilizer are mixed according to the volume ratio of 0.1-1: 0.5-1: 0.1-1, and then uniformly mixing in a mixer to prepare a mixture.

(3) Taking 1000 liters (volume) of the mixture, matching with 8-10 kg of coated controlled release fertilizer (double-control coated controlled release fertilizer with 240 days of fertilizer effect period, CRF 240) containing medium and trace elements and 3kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent, and uniformly mixing in a mixer to obtain the special matrix.

Wherein the coated controlled release fertilizer is a double-control coated controlled release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 240-360 days, and the CRF240 or CRF360 is adopted.

2. Planting casuarina equisetifolia

(1) Preparation of cultivation device (microecological cultivation circle): a cylindrical bottomed plastic culture bowl having a diameter of 80cm, a height of 40cm and a thickness of 0.45mm is perforated with holes having a distance of 10cm or more from the periphery to the bottom surface, the diameter of each hole is 2cm, the center distance between the holes is 15cm, the bottom surface is perforated with holes having a radius of 20cm from the center point outward, the diameter of each hole is 2cm, and the center distance between the holes is 15 cm. The culture medium bag is used as a culture medium bag of the micro-ecological cultivation circle (figure 1).

(2) Digging a cylindrical soil pit with the diameter of 80cm and the depth of 40cm in a field which is prepared by adding shell powder and gravel to Hainan, placing a microecological cultivation ring culture medium bag in the pit, then filling 200 liters of the prepared special medium, digging a cultivation pit with the diameter of 30cm and the depth of 25cm from the center of the bag after compacting, then planting a casuarina equisetifolia sapling, and covering the tree root with the dug medium. Watering after planting until the maximum water holding capacity of the matrix is 60%, and tightly contacting the matrix with the roots in a watering mode without pressing by hands or stepping by feet. 20 pots were planted in total, and 20 replicates were used.

After transplanting, three supporting rods are supported at the height of the trunk from the ground 2/3, and the included angle between the projection of the supporting rods and the projection of the supporting rods is 120 degrees; to prevent the sapling from being blown down by strong wind. The struts may be bamboo poles, wooden sticks or corrosion resistant metals. Observing the plant growth condition every day in the first two weeks after transplanting, observing the water content of the matrix, and supplementing clear water to 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity when the water content of the matrix is lower than 40% of the maximum water content; the tree crown can be sprayed with clear water when no sunlight is directly irradiated in the morning and evening. After transplanting for two weeks or after new leaves grow out, irrigating with 0.1-0.2% of fertilizer liquid every two weeks for 3-4 times continuously; after crown branches and leaves are luxuriant, special matrix fertilization is changed, and the fertilizer is applied once every 3 months according to the proportion of 50-200 g of controlled release fertilizer per tree.

3. Setting comparison example

Comparative example 1: the pot size, the plant cultivation, the water and fertilizer management and other measures are the same as in example 1, except that the culture medium is beach soil of Hainan Ledong.

4. After a one-year experimental period, the growth vigor of two groups of trees is observed and recorded. The effect of example 1 and comparative example 1 on wood hemp crown width and breast diameter is shown in fig. 2.

As can be seen from the results in FIG. 2, after the casuarina equisetifolia is transplanted on the special substrate in example 1 and the pure soil in comparative example 1 for one year, the survival rate of the casuarina equisetifolia reaches 100%, and the crown width of the casuarina equisetifolia increases to 171cm and 159cm from 118cm before transplantation respectively. Wherein, the crown width in the special substrate is increased by 7.5 percent compared with the crown width in the soil.

The reason why the crown width is large in the special medium and the soil is that the casuarina equisetifolia is cultivated on the beach soil (simulated sea reclamation land) of Hainan east, the soil salinity is high, the nutrient content is low, the water and fertilizer retention capacity is poor, the nutrient in the special medium is supplied by the special controlled release fertilizer and the organic fertilizer, the peat and the coconut husk in the machine have stronger water retention capacity, and the special medium has stronger water, fertilizer retention and supply capacity, lower salinity and more sufficient nutrient than the beach soil under proper proportion. Therefore, compared with pure sandy soil, the culture of the casuarina equisetifolia by using the special substrate is more beneficial to the growth of casuarina equisetifolia crown.

The results in figure 3 show that the diameter at breast height of casuarina equisetifolia cultivated in the special substrate is obviously increased compared with that before transplantation, and the diameter at breast height of casuarina equisetifolia cultivated in the special substrate and the tidal flat soil is respectively increased by 41 percent and 19 percent compared with that before transplantation. The diameter at breast height of casuarina equisetifolia in the special substrate is increased by 18 percent compared with the diameter at breast height in the mud flat soil. One reason is that the special substrate has stronger water retention and fertilizer supply capacity, lower salinity and more sufficient nutrients compared with the beach soil. Therefore, compared with pure sandy soil, the culture of the casuarina equisetifolia by using the special substrate is more beneficial to the growth of the casuarina equisetifolia at the breast height.

Example 2 planting Pittosporum tobira

1. Preparation of the Special substrate

(2) After the peat, the coconut husk and the organic fertilizer are sieved by a sieve of 5 mm-10 mm, the peat, the coconut husk and the organic fertilizer are mixed according to the volume ratio of 0.1-1: 1-1.5: 0.5-1, and then uniformly mixing in a mixer to prepare a mixture.

(3) Taking 1000 liters (volume) of the mixture, matching with 8-15 kg of medium-trace element-containing coated controlled-release fertilizer (dual-control coated controlled-release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 240-360 days, CRF240 or CRF 360) and 3-5 kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent, and uniformly mixing in a mixer to obtain the special matrix.

Wherein, the coated controlled release fertilizer is a double-control coated controlled release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 240 days, CRF 240.

2. Planting pittosporum tobira

The planting method is the same as that of example 1.

3. Setting comparison example

Comparative example 2: the pot size, plant cultivation, water and fertilizer management and other measures are the same as in example 2, except that the culture medium is beach soil of Hainan east.

4. After a one-year experimental period, the growth vigor of two groups of trees is observed and recorded. The effect of example 2 and control 2 on pittosporum tobira crown width is shown in fig. 4.

The results show that the pittosporum tobira can normally grow on special substrates and tidal flat soil, and the survival rate is 100 percent. The crown width is obviously increased within one year after transplanting, wherein the crown width in the special substrate is obviously increased, and is increased by 61 percent compared with the basic seedlings before transplanting and is increased by 44 percent of beach soil.

The results show that the special substrate of the invention is more beneficial to the growth and crown width increase of the erythrina. The reason is that the special substrate has stronger water retention and fertilizer supply capacity, lower salinity and more sufficient nutrients compared with the mud flat soil. Therefore, the cultivation of the pittosporum tobira by using the special substrate is beneficial to rapidly expanding the crown width and achieving the greening effect.

Example 3 lettuce planting

1. Preparation of the Special substrate

(2) After the peat, the coconut husk and the organic fertilizer are sieved by a sieve of 5 mm-10 mm, the peat, the coconut husk and the organic fertilizer are mixed according to the volume ratio of 0.5-1: 1-2: 0.5-1, and then uniformly mixing in a mixer to prepare a mixture.

(3) Taking 1000 liters (volume) of the mixture, matching with 5-8 kg of medium-trace element-containing coated controlled-release fertilizer (double-control coated controlled-release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 30-60 days, CRF30 or CRF 60) and 1-3 kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent, and uniformly mixing in a mixer to obtain the special matrix.

Wherein, the coated controlled release fertilizer is a double-control coated controlled release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 30 days, CRF 30.

2. Planting lettuce

(1) Preparation of cultivation apparatus (micro-ecological cultivation tank): the vegetable cultivation device comprises a hard polyethylene plastic groove with an upper opening width of 15cm, a bottom width of 10cm, a depth of 15cm, a length of 1-2 m and a wall thickness of 0.5mm, pinch plate seals are arranged at two ends of the groove, the top of the groove is open, the pinch plates at the two ends of the groove can prevent a substrate from scattering from the groove, and can also spray excess water in the groove to prevent vegetables from being drowned.

(2) And (3) placing a proper amount of special matrix in the groove, compacting the special matrix, and then keeping the special matrix 2cm away from the groove opening. Transplanting the lettuce seedlings with two true leaves, poking a pit slightly larger than the lettuce seedling substrate block by a substrate small stick in the groove during transplanting, placing the substrate block in the pit, and sealing the gap at the periphery of the substrate block by the peripheral substrate, wherein the plant spacing is 10 cm. And after transplanting, watering until the maximum water capacity of the matrix is 60 percent. Every 6 cultivation grooves are grouped, and a working channel of 80 cm-100 cm is reserved between every two groups (figure 5). When working in the working channel, workers can reach the three cultivation grooves, transplanting, fertilizing, spraying and the like are facilitated, and the cultivation grooves can be used for repeatedly cultivating 3-5 crops of leafy vegetables in situ. After 4 crops are planted, the medium in all the cultivation grooves is removed and uniformly mixed, and the mixture is aired and dried to be mixed with a new medium 2: 1 mixing and then loading in a tank for use.

3. The results are shown in FIG. 6

With the substrate of example 3, lettuce can grow normally both in winter, which is most favorable for lettuce growth, and in summer, which is unfavorable for lettuce growth. The yield of lettuce in winter is greater than that in summer, which is completely consistent with the results of soil cultivation. The fresh vegetable yield of the lettuce growing in the one-meter cultivation groove in winter is 551 +/-35 g, and the acre yield is 2450 kg. The yield of fresh lettuce grown in one meter cultivation groove in summer is 156 +/-9 g, and the converted yield per mu is 694 kg. Therefore, the special substrate and the lettuce cultivation technology in the embodiment 3 can realize soilless cultivation of leaf vegetables such as lettuce and the like, and meet the daily life requirements of resident people in the coastal farmland building area on vegetables.

Example 4 test of nutrient Release Rate of Dual control coated controlled Release fertilizers

The special controlled-release fertilizer in the examples 1 and 2 is a fertilizer special for greening the growth of trees, and the special controlled-release fertilizer in the example 3 is a fertilizer special for leafy vegetables. The fertilizer grows all the year round, the fertilizer efficiency period of the required fertilizer is long, the fertilizer is applied in spring generally, and the fertilizer efficiency period can be ensured to be only 8 months; the growth period of the latter is generally 40-50 days, and the fertilizer efficiency period is less than 60. For plants with long growth periods, the nutrient supply should be slow at the early stage, fast at the middle stage and slow again at the later stage, which is exactly an "S" type growth curve. As can be seen from the results of FIG. 7, not only was the controlled release period for the CRF240, i.e., the fertilizer used in examples 1 and 2, at 240 days and the nutrient supply period at 240 days, but also the fertilizer supply curve was "S" type, indicating that the fertilizer provided in examples 1 and 2 was suitable for matrix cultivation of casuarina equisetifolia and erythrina indica. From the results shown in fig. 7, it can be found that the nutrient release curve of the CRF60 for the growth of the leaf vegetables is inverted L-shaped or linear-like, and the fertilizer supply mode just conforms to the fertilizer requirement rule of the short growing period leaf vegetables such as lettuce, i.e. the growing period of the leaf vegetables can be basically, uniformly, slowly and properly supplied with fertilizer. It can be seen that CRF60 is a suitable controlled release fertilizer for matrix cultivation of leafy vegetables.

EXAMPLE 5 formulation optimization of the proprietary matrix

Through a large number of exploration and optimization experiments, the following special matrix optimal schemes for three types of plants are obtained:

(1) nursery stocks such as casuarina equisetifolia and pittosporum tobira:

the mixture is a mixture of 0.5 part of peat, 1 part of coconut coir and 0.5 part (0.5: 1: 0.5) of garden matrix organic fertilizer, and the optimal particle size of the three raw materials is 5 mm-10 mm.

The optimal controlled release fertilizer is a coated controlled release fertilizer with a film layer of 3 layers, and the fertilizer effect period is 300 days; each cubic meter of the mixture is matched with 10kg of controlled release fertilizer and 3kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent.

(2) Leaf vegetables:

the mixture is a mixture of 1 part of peat, 1 part of coconut husk and 0.5 part of garden matrix organic fertilizer (1: 1: 0.5), and the optimal particle size of the three raw materials is 5 mm.

The best controlled release fertilizer is a coated controlled release fertilizer with a 2-layer film layer, and the fertilizer effect period is 30 days; 5kg of controlled release fertilizer and 2kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent are added to each cubic meter of mixture.

The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method suitable for planting in a sea land filled with shell powder and gravel attached to the south sea is characterized by comprising the following steps: firstly, preparing a cultivation device, and burying the cultivation device underground after a plurality of holes are formed in the periphery of the cultivation device; then filling a matrix special for greening; then transplanting the plants in the pot;

the matrix special for greening comprises a mixture, a double-control vegetable oil coated controlled-release fertilizer and a water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent, wherein the dosage relationship of the mixture, the double-control vegetable oil coated controlled-release fertilizer and the water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent is as follows: 1-50 kg of double-control vegetable oil coated controlled-release fertilizer and 1-6 kg of water-retaining high-molecular cross-linking agent are added into each 1000 l of mixture; the volume ratio of the mixture is 0.1-1: 0.5-3: 0.1-1 parts of peat, salt-free coconut coir and a plant source organic fertilizer;

the specific properties of the double-control vegetable oil coated controlled release fertilizer are as follows:

(2) the core fertilizer is subjected to compound coating to prepare the vegetable oil coated controlled release fertilizer with the fertilizer effect period of 8-10 months;

(3) the core fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc and boron, and the fertilizer is slightly acidic to neutral;

(4) the thickness of the coating layer of the coated controlled-release fertilizer is 3-55 um, the number of the coating layers is 1-3, and the nutrient on the coating layer is communicatedThe density of the channels is 0-10/100 um²The diameter of the channel is 300 nm-5 um;

(5) the nutrient release characteristic curve is as follows: for perennial green plants, the nutrient release curve is S-shaped; for leaf vegetables, the shape is inverted L or the similar straight line;

when the cultivated plants are seedlings, the cultivation device is a bottomed cylindrical cultivation device, the middle lower part of the periphery of the cultivation device is provided with an opening, and the bottom surface of the cultivation device is provided with an opening; the cylindrical cultivation device with the bottom is 0.4-0.8 m in diameter, 35-45 cm in height and 0.3-0.5 mm in thickness, holes are formed in the periphery of the cylindrical cultivation device more than 10cm away from the bottom surface, the diameter of each hole is 1.5-2.5 cm, the center distance between each hole and each hole is 10-20 cm, the bottom surface is outward from the center point, holes are formed in the positions with the radius of 15-25 cm, the diameter of each hole is 1.5-2.5 cm, and the center distance between each hole is 10-20 cm;

when the cultivated plants are nursery stocks, the specific planting method comprises the following steps:

s4, after transplanting for two weeks, or after the seedlings grow new leaves, applying fertilizer regularly; changing the crown into a special matrix fertilizer after the branches and leaves of the tree are luxuriant, and applying the special matrix fertilizer regularly;

when the cultivated plants are leaf vegetables, the cultivation device is a cultivation groove, two ends of the groove are provided with buckle plate seals, and the top of the groove is open; the width of the upper opening of the cultivation groove is 10-20 cm, the width of the bottom of the cultivation groove is 8-12 cm, the depth of the cultivation groove is 10-20 cm, the length of the cultivation groove is 1-2 m, and the wall thickness of the cultivation groove is 0.3-1.0 mm;

when the cultivated plants are leaf vegetables, the specific method comprises the following steps: filling the special matrix into a groove, compacting, transplanting vegetable seedlings, and watering to 60-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the matrix after transplanting.