CN108990699B - Facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper - Google Patents
Facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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Abstract
The invention discloses a facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper, which belongs to the technical field of edible fungus cultivation and specifically comprises the following steps: fermenting culture materials, building a mushroom shed, building a ridge bed, sowing, protecting hyphae pipes, culturing mushrooms and harvesting; according to the invention, after each culture medium component is separately composted and fermented, layered paving is carried out, so that the nutrient and oxygen supply in the development process of hypha and sporocarp is ensured, the whole fruiting is uniform, the fruiting rate is stable, the total yield is high, the quality is good, the planting period is short, and the continuous cropping obstacle is solved by crop rotation with pepper.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, in particular to a facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper.
Background
Stropharia rugosoannulata belongs to the genus Stropharia rugosoannulata of the order Agaricales of the subphylum class of Basidiomycetes, and is well received by consumers because of its bright color, fragrant smell, fineness, tenderness, soft taste, smooth and tasty quality. The stropharia rugoso-annulata sporocarp contains high protein, polysaccharides, mineral elements, vitamins and other substances which are beneficial to human health, has high nutritional value and health-care function, and is a complete nutritional health-care food with 'meat in vegetable'.
Stropharia rugosoannulata is widely cultivated in many countries at present, straw or sawdust or a mixture of the straw and the sawdust are generally used as cultivation materials, although fruiting bodies can be successfully harvested by the existing field cultivation technology, the existing field cultivation technology has the following defects: 1. the period is longer: the shortest time is 4 months for harvesting, and the longest time is 6 months; 2. the fruiting difficulty is high: mycelium is easy to fail in the process of converting vegetative growth into reproductive growth, fruiting bodies are difficult to grow, even if the mycelium is planted, the annual yield is extremely unstable, and the large-area popularization and the commercial production of the stropharia rugoso-annulata are seriously restricted; 3. the utilization rate of the cultivation material is low: the cultivation materials are mixed and fermented together, the decomposition degree of each raw material is difficult to control, and the nutrients are not released thoroughly.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a facility cultivation technology for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper comprises the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: straw, corncob and rice husk are respectively subjected to composting fermentation to be used as culture material components;
s2, building a mushroom shed: a planting field with loose soil is selected to build a greenhouse, a layer of plastic film and a shading net are covered to the bottom of the greenhouse, and a group of atomizing nozzles are installed in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deep ploughing for 20-40 cm, making beds with the width of 100-150 cm and the length of 40m, reserving drainage ditches between beds, trimming the bed surface into a turtle back type with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quick lime until the bed surface is white;
s4, sowing: spreading the material when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil of a drainage ditch;
s5, hypha management and protection: keeping the covering soil layer moist, observing the hypha permanent planting and spawn running conditions, and supplementing and eliminating the mixed fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, keeping the soil covering layer and the straws wet when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deep ploughing the planting land with the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli after setting.
Further, every 100 parts of the culture material comprises the following components in parts by mass: 40-60 parts of straw, 20-30 parts of corncob and 20-30 parts of rice husk.
Further, in the step S1, the straw compost fermentation includes the following steps:
1) uniformly mixing the zymophyte and sterile water according to the mass ratio of 1:1000 to obtain a spraying solution;
2) spreading the straws in a field, adopting a small amount of spraying modes for many times to ensure that the straws absorb enough water, and inoculating zymophyte;
3) stacking the humidity-adjusted straws into a trapezoidal stack with the bottom width of 2-4 m and the height of 1-2 m, wherein the surface of the stack is a plane, the stack is provided with an exhaust hole, the stack is covered by plastic cloth, and the temperature of the stack is monitored by a thermometer;
4) when the temperature of the material reaches 55 ℃, when white powdery high-temperature spectinomycin appears in the material, turning the material for the first time;
5) and when the temperature of the material rises to above 55 ℃, keeping for 2-3 days until the straw turns dark brown, a large amount of powdery white matter is contained, and ammonia odor and material sour taste are avoided, namely the fermentation is finished.
Further, the zymocyte is composed of streptomyces spectabilis and burkholderia.
Further, the straw is one of straw, corn straw, sesame straw and wheat straw.
Further, in the step S1, the fermentation of the corn cob compost includes the following steps:
1) spreading the corncobs in the field, repeatedly rolling the corncobs to open the corncobs, and watering the corncobs for many times to moisten the corncobs;
2) stacking the corncobs into a trapezoidal stack with the bottom width of 2-4 m and the height of 1-2 m, wherein the surface of the material stack is a plane, and then covering a plastic film;
3) and fermenting for 4-5 days until the corncobs are black brown, and the corncobs are free of ammonia odor and material sour taste, namely finishing the fermentation.
Further, in step S1, the composting fermentation of rice husk includes the following steps: stacking the rice husks into a pile, watering for many times to moisten the rice husks, and then covering a plastic film for fermentation for 4-5 days for later use.
Further, in the step S4, when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, paving the material, firstly paving 2.5-3.5 cm thick straws, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the rice hulls, arranging the mixture to be flat and consistent in width, then breaking the strains into the sizes of the corncobs, sowing the mixture in three rows in each ridge according to the feeding, paving 2.5-3.5 cm thick straws after the first layer of sowing is finished, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the rice hulls, sowing the second layer, finally paving 1-2 cm thick straws for covering, and taking a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch to cover the straws. The straws are loose and soft, and are easy to cause water loss due to excessive ventilation, so that the soil of the drainage ditch containing quicklime is covered on the uppermost layer, the water and nutrient of the compost can be kept, the pollution of microorganisms in the outside air to the fermentation compost can be isolated, the quicklime in the soil is dissolved with the sprayed water and then permeates into the compost, the pH value of the compost can be adjusted, the neutral state of the acidity of the compost can be maintained, and the growth and development of the stropharia rugoso-annulata can be facilitated; and secondly, the covering soil generates gravity and pressure stimulation to hypha to promote the hypha to differentiate to generate fruiting body primordium, the fruiting rate is high, and the mushroom shape is good.
Furthermore, the distance between the strains is 9-12 cm.
Further, the planting land of the step S2 has a flat topography, a sufficient and stable water source, sandy soil and neutral or alkaline pH value. The sandy soil is soil with high sand content, coarse particles, high water seepage speed, poor water retention performance and good ventilation performance, the soil temperature amplitude is large, the soil temperature rise in daytime is fast, and the temperature drop in night is also fast, so that the early-late temperature difference is favorably formed, and the early-late temperature difference is greatly favorable for the development of primordium of the sporocarps and the formation of the sporocarps; secondly, the ventilation property is good, oxygen is sufficient, the activity of aerobic microorganisms is facilitated, the decomposition of organic matters is fast, no toxic and harmful substances exist in soil, and continuous cropping can be realized; however, the sandy soil contains more sand grains, and the water is easy to lose, so the invention supplements the water at any time by arranging the spraying facility in the greenhouse, improves the water content of the sandy soil, and can avoid water holding, waterlogging and upper layer stagnant water.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the method has the remarkable characteristics that a series of management methods conforming to the growth rule of stropharia rugoso-annulata are implemented in the growth process of the stropharia rugoso-annulata by combining the conditions of temperature and humidity of 9-11 months in the local area in Hubei and the lowest daily average temperature of 0 ℃ in winter, the destructive influence on the growth of the stropharia rugoso-annulata caused by environmental change is effectively reduced through a greenhouse, the continuous cropping obstacle is solved through crop rotation with hot peppers, the whole fruiting is uniform, the fruiting rate is stable, the total yield is high, the quality is good, the planting period is short, the method is scientific, the cultivation method conforms to the climate characteristics of our province, the large-area popularization can be realized, and the like.
2. The components are separately composted and fermented, and the moisture content, the fermentation temperature and the fermentation time of different composts can be regulated, so that the fermentation degree of the different composts is controlled, the pest and disease damage is killed, the propagation of beneficial microorganisms is promoted, the catalytic decomposition of the composts is accelerated, the nutrients are better released, and the high-quality composts are piled; the fermented culture material contains high-activity beneficial microorganisms and active metabolites thereof, has a promoting effect on the growth of the microorganisms, and has the characteristics of vigorous hypha growth and strong anti-mixed bacteria capability; and secondly, the components are fermented separately, so that microbial flora beneficial to self fermentation is formed in the composting process, the microbial species and the amount of the compost are improved, the capability of resisting external microbial invasion is strong, and the occurrence of diseases is reduced.
3. The streptomyces spectabilis and burkholderia plantarii are inoculated as zymogens, the streptomyces spectabilis has high cellulase activity, cellulose can be degraded into oligosaccharides and micromolecular saccharides, such as glucose, cellobiose, maltose, trisaccharide and the like, the glucose is used as the most appropriate carbon source of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, hypha and growth can be remarkably promoted, and meanwhile, the straw cellulose is dispersed and defibrinated to soften the straw cellulose, so that the straw cellulose is more tightly discharged during material paving; secondly, the streptomyces spectabilis can produce some antibacterial substances such as prodigiosin, has extremely strong fungi-inhibiting, bacteria-killing and insecticidal activities, and has strong control effects on common diseases such as mites, ants, mushroom mosquitoes and pathogenic microorganisms in the stropharia rugoso-annulata planting process. The burkholderia has high chitinase and chitosan enzyme activities, oligosaccharides generated by fermentation of the spectinomycin can induce the burkholderia to generate chitinase, chitosan enzyme and the like, and chitin and chitosan in cell walls of pathogenic fungi are degraded into oligosaccharide fragments formed by 4 sugar residues, so that the germination of competing bacteria such as coprinus comatus, naked cap mushrooms and the like in the growth process of stropharia rugosoannulata mycelia can be inhibited, the infection of pathogenic bacteria is resisted, the content of beneficial microorganisms such as the spectinomycin and the like is further improved, and the fermentation process is accelerated.
4. The method of layering and spreading materials can save working procedures, is simple to operate and is suitable for continuous operation; secondly, mixing materials uniformly, preserving water and fertilizer, making the straws soft and flexible after composting and fermenting and in a loose state, and then paving a mixture of the corncobs and the rice husks to form a sandwich type structure, wherein the corncobs and the rice husks can partially and directly permeate into the straws, the mixing materials are uniform, the nutrient supply is sufficient, and the straws can keep the water content and the nutrient of the corncobs and the rice husks; the culture medium does not need to be stirred and mixed, the loose state of the culture medium is kept, the air permeability is maintained, oxygen supply and proper temperature are realized, and the development of hypha and sporocarp is facilitated; on the other hand, the microbial flora of each component after composting is not interfered, the original fermentation state is maintained, the nutrients are released continuously, the invasion of external microorganisms is resisted, and the microbial contamination is reduced.
5. Layered paving is adopted, hypha grows on a corncob and rice husk mixture layer with high water content at the initial stage, the corncob contains more than 50% of sugar, crude fiber and mineral substances are adopted, the rice husk is rich in cellulose, pentosan, lignin, silicon dioxide, phosphorus and potassium, and a plurality of trace elements such as calcium, manganese, iron, copper and the like, so that the sugar, mineral substances, salt and humidity required by hypha germination are provided for the hypha, compared with straw, corncob and rice husk, the mixture of the corncob and the rice husk can grow the bacteria most quickly, silicon released by decomposition of the rice husk can enhance the disease resistance of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the trace elements such as calcium, manganese, iron, copper and the like released by decomposition can activate cellulase, laccase and manganese peroxidase activity, the hypha grows into the corncob, rice husk and straw mixture layer at the later stage, the stalk mixture layer starts to eat materials, the saccharides generated by early-stage fermentation can enable the hypha to grow rapidly, the spectinomycin and the Burkholderia provided by the invention are excellent strains for antagonizing pathogenic bacteria, so that the healthy growth of stropharia rugoso-annulata can be ensured, and the generated growth factors can promote the formation of primordium of fruiting bodies, so that the fruiting is rapid, the fruiting is more, and the total yield of the mushrooms is high.
6. The rotation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and the hot pepper is beneficial to improving the soil property in the greenhouse and inhibiting the occurrence of continuous cropping diseases. Stropharia rugosoannulata prefers dampness, so that a large amount of irrigation is performed in the cultivation process, thereby intensifying H in soil+And the leaching of salt, which causes soil acidification, hardening and secondary salinization, is not beneficial to the continuous cropping of the stropharia rugoso-annulata; the pepper is drought-resistant and has small water demand, so that a dry-wet alternative state is formed, after soil falls dry, the permeability is increased, the oxidation-reduction potential is increased, the mineralization and accumulation of organic matters are improved, the accumulation of nutrients and salinity in the upper soil is reduced by absorbing the nutrients during the cultivation of the pepper, the acidification of the soil is relieved, and an environment suitable for the cultivation of the stropharia rugosoannulata in the next season is formed; and residual antibacterial substances such as capsaicin in the soil can also kill pathogenic bacteria harmful to the growth of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, and the cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata can also utilize a large amount of beneficial floras generated by the growth of the stropharia rugoso-annulata to remain in the soil for further propagation, so that the soil property is improved, the growth of harmful bacteria in the soil is inhibited, and the occurrence of continuous cropping diseases is inhibited.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to specific embodiments. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
First, an embodiment
Example 1
A facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper comprises the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: respectively composting and fermenting the corn straws, the corn cobs and the rice husks to be used as compost components; every 100 parts of culture material comprises the following components in parts by mass: 40 parts of corn straw, 30 parts of corncob and 30 parts of rice hull;
s2, building a mushroom shed: uniformly spreading 2 kg/mu of a decomposing agent in a harvested paddy field, then deeply ploughing to turn the decomposing agent and straws into the ground together, then irrigating horse water, keeping soil moist for 7-10 d, building a greenhouse on the soil, building the greenhouse by adopting 6 phi 25 hot-dip galvanized steel pipes with the height of 3m, the width of 8m, the length of 40m and the interval of side fences of 1m, covering a layer of plastic film and 2 layers of 8-needle shading nets to the bottom of the greenhouse, clamping the two sides of the greenhouse by using clamping grooves, compacting soil blocks around the bottom of the greenhouse, and mounting a group of atomizing nozzles in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deeply ploughing the land with a rotary cultivator to a depth of 20cm on the land with the built mushroom shed, then making beds with a width of 100cm and a length of 40m, reserving a drainage ditch of 30cm in the middle of each bed with a depth of 10cm, trimming the bed surface to a turtle back shape with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quick lime until the bed surface is white;
s4, sowing: when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, spreading the material, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, wherein the specific operation is as follows: firstly, laying corn straws with the thickness of 2.5cm, pouring a uniformly stirred mixture of corncobs and chaffs, neatening and flattening the mixture, ensuring the width to be consistent, breaking strains into the size of peaches, sowing the peaches in three rows in each ridge of a material, wherein the distance between the strains is 9cm, laying the corn straws with the thickness of 2.5cm after the first-layer sowing, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the chaffs, sowing the second layer, finally, laying the corn straws with the thickness of 1cm for covering, taking a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, and covering the soil on the corn straws until no grass appears;
s5, hypha management and protection: paying attention to the control of the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse, spraying water in small amount, keeping the covering soil moist, frequently watering in a high-temperature period in autumn, observing the conditions of hypha permanent planting and spawn running, and supplementing inoculation and eliminating sundry fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, spraying small water every day when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, keeping the soil covering layer and the corn straws moist, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deep ploughing the planting land with the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli after setting.
In the step S1, the corn straw compost fermentation comprises the following steps:
1) uniformly mixing the zymophyte and sterile water according to the mass ratio of 1:1000 to obtain a spraying solution;
2) screening corn straws with the length of 70-100 cm, paving the corn straws in a field, spraying the corn straws for a few times to enable the corn straws to absorb enough water, and inoculating fermentation bacteria, wherein the fermentation bacteria consist of streptomyces spectabilis and Burkholderia plantarii; randomly extracting a corn straw by hand, screwing, and indicating that the water content is proper if water drops seep out and are not connected;
3) the method comprises the following steps of piling the humidity-adjusted straws into a trapezoidal pile with the bottom width of 2-4 m and the height of 1-2 m, erecting a bamboo pole with the thickness of about 5cm at intervals of 100cm during piling, shaking the bamboo pole left and right after piling to form an exhaust hole to prevent the center and the bottom of the pile from being anoxic, sealing the bottom with plastic cloth, inserting a thermometer in the middle of the pile, and monitoring the temperature at any time;
4) when the temperature of the material reaches 55 ℃, when white powdery high-temperature spectinomycin appears in the material, turning the material for the first time, inserting bamboo poles during turning, and shaking the bamboo poles left and right after turning to form exhaust holes;
5) and when the temperature of the material rises to above 55 ℃, keeping for 2-3 days until the straw turns dark brown, a large amount of powdery white matter is contained, and ammonia odor and material sour taste are avoided, namely the fermentation is finished.
In the step S1, the fermentation of the corncob compost comprises the following steps:
s1, spreading the corncobs in the field, repeatedly rolling the corncobs by using an automobile or a loaded motor tricycle, and watering the corncobs repeatedly to moisten the corncobs;
s2, stacking the corncobs into a trapezoidal stack with the bottom width of 2-4 m and the height of 1-2 m, wherein the surface of the material stack is a plane, and then covering a plastic film for fermentation for 4-5 days;
and S3, until the corn cob is black brown, no ammonia odor and sour taste, namely the fermentation is finished.
In the step S1, the rice husk compost fermentation includes the following steps: stacking the rice husks into a pile, watering for many times to moisten the rice husks, randomly grasping a handle with hands and holding the handle in the hands, sewing water drops on fingers, but not dropping, namely, the water content is moderate, and then covering a plastic film for fermentation for 4-5 days.
Example 2
A facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper comprises the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: respectively composting and fermenting sesame straw, corncob and rice hull to serve as compost components; every 100 parts of culture material comprises the following components in parts by mass: 45 parts of sesame straw, 27.5 parts of corncob and 27.5 parts of rice hull;
s2, building a mushroom shed: selecting sandy soil which is flat in terrain, sufficient and stable in water source, not only can preserve moisture, but also does not accumulate water, and setting up a greenhouse on the sandy soil, wherein the pH value of the soil is neutral or slightly alkaline, building the greenhouse with the height of 3m, the width of 8m, the length of 40m and the interval of side fences of 1m by adopting cement pipes, covering a layer of plastic film and 2 layers of 8-needle shading nets to the bottom of the greenhouse, clamping the two sides of the greenhouse by using clamping grooves, compacting soil blocks around the bottom of the greenhouse, and installing a group of atomizing nozzles in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deeply ploughing the land with a rotary cultivator to 25cm deep ploughing depth on the land with the mushroom shed, then making beds with the bed width of 110cm and the bed length of 40m, reserving a drainage ditch of 35cm in the middle of each bed with the depth of 12cm, trimming the bed surface to a turtle back shape with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quicklime on the bed surface until the bed surface is white;
s4, sowing: when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, spreading the material, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, wherein the specific operation is as follows: firstly, laying sesame straws with the thickness of 3cm, pouring a uniformly stirred mixture of corncobs and husks, neatening and flattening the mixture, ensuring the width to be consistent, breaking strains into the size of peaches, sowing the peaches in three rows in each ridge of the material, wherein the distance between the strains is 11cm, laying sesame straws with the thickness of 3cm after the first-layer sowing, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the husks, sowing the second layer, finally, laying straws with the thickness of 1cm for covering, taking a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, and covering the sesame straws until no grass is found;
s5, hypha management and protection: paying attention to the control of the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse, spraying water in small amount, keeping the covering soil moist, frequently watering in a high-temperature period in autumn, observing the conditions of hypha permanent planting and spawn running, and supplementing inoculation and eliminating sundry fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, spraying small water every day when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, keeping the soil covering layer and the sesame straws wet, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deep ploughing the planting land with the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli after setting.
In step S1, the sesame straw, corn cob and rice husk compost fermentation step is as in example 1.
Example 3
A facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper comprises the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: respectively composting and fermenting straw stalks, corncobs and rice husks to be used as components of a culture material; every 100 parts of culture material comprises the following components in parts by mass: 50 parts of straw stalk, 25 parts of corncob and 25 parts of rice husk;
s2, building a mushroom shed: selecting sandy soil which is flat in terrain, sufficient and stable in water source, not only can preserve moisture but also can not accumulate water, and the pH value of the soil is neutral or slightly alkaline, building a greenhouse on the sandy soil, building the greenhouse with the height of 3m, the width of 8m, the length of 40m and the interval of side fences of 1m by adopting 6 phi 25 hot galvanized steel pipes, covering a layer of plastic film and 2 layers of 8-pin shading nets to the bottom of the greenhouse, clamping the two sides of the greenhouse by using clamping grooves, compacting soil blocks around the bottom of the greenhouse, and mounting a group of atomizing nozzles in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deeply ploughing the land with a rotary cultivator to a depth of 30cm on the land with the built mushroom shed, then making beds with a width of 120cm and a length of 40m, reserving a drainage ditch of 40cm in the middle of each bed with a depth of 13cm, trimming the bed surface to a turtle back shape with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quick lime until the bed surface is white;
s4, sowing: when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, spreading the material, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, wherein the specific operation is as follows: firstly, laying straw stalks with the thickness of 3cm, pouring a mixture of the corn cobs and the rice husks which are uniformly stirred, neatening the mixture and keeping the width of the mixture to be consistent, breaking strains into the size of peaches, sowing the peaches in three rows in each ridge, wherein the distance between the strains is 10cm, laying the straw stalks with the thickness of 3cm after the first-layer sowing, pouring the mixture of the corn cobs and the rice husks which are uniformly stirred, sowing the second layer, finally, laying the straw stalks with the thickness of 2cm for covering, taking a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, and covering the soil on the straw stalks until no grass can be seen;
s5, hypha management and protection: paying attention to the control of the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse, spraying water in small amount, keeping the covering soil moist, frequently watering in a high-temperature period in autumn, observing the conditions of hypha permanent planting and spawn running, and supplementing inoculation and eliminating sundry fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, spraying small water every day when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, keeping the soil covering layer and the straw stalks moist, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deep ploughing the planting land with the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli after setting.
In step S1, the steps of composting and fermenting straw stalks, corn cobs and rice husks are as in example 1.
Example 4
A facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper comprises the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: respectively composting and fermenting wheat straws, corncobs and rice husks to be used as compost components; every 100 parts of culture material comprises the following components in parts by mass: 55 parts of wheat straw, 22.5 parts of corncob and 22.5 parts of rice husk;
s2, building a mushroom shed: selecting sandy soil which is flat in terrain, sufficient and stable in water source, not only can preserve moisture but also can not accumulate water, and the pH value of the soil is neutral or slightly alkaline, building a greenhouse on the sandy soil, building the greenhouse with the height of 3m, the width of 8m, the length of 40m and the interval of side fences of 1m by adopting 6 phi 25 hot galvanized steel pipes, covering a layer of plastic film and 2 layers of 8-pin shading nets to the bottom of the greenhouse, clamping the two sides of the greenhouse by using clamping grooves, compacting soil blocks around the bottom of the greenhouse, and mounting a group of atomizing nozzles in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deeply ploughing the land with a rotary cultivator to a depth of 35cm on the land with the built mushroom shed, then making beds with a width of 135cm and a length of 40m, reserving a drainage ditch of 40cm in the middle of each bed with a depth of 15cm, trimming the bed surface to a turtle back shape with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quick lime until the bed surface is white;
s4, sowing: when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, spreading the material, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, wherein the specific operation is as follows: firstly, laying 3.5 cm-thick wheat straws, pouring a uniformly stirred mixture of corncobs and chaffs, neatening and flattening the mixture, ensuring the width to be consistent, breaking strains into the size of peaches, sowing the peaches in three rows in each ridge in a feeding mode, wherein the distance between the strains is 12cm, laying 3.5 cm-thick wheat straws after the first-layer sowing, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the chaffs, performing the second-layer sowing, finally, laying 2 cm-thick wheat straws for covering, taking a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, and covering the wheat straws until no grass is found;
s5, hypha management and protection: paying attention to the control of the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse, spraying water in small amount, keeping the covering soil moist, frequently watering in a high-temperature period in autumn, observing the conditions of hypha permanent planting and spawn running, and supplementing inoculation and eliminating sundry fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, spraying small water every day when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, keeping the soil covering layer and the wheat straws moist, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deep ploughing the planting land with the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli after setting.
In step S1, the fermentation steps of wheat straw, corn cob and rice husk are as in example 1.
Example 5
A facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper comprises the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: respectively composting and fermenting straw stalks, corncobs and rice husks to be used as components of a culture material; every 100 parts of culture material comprises the following components in parts by mass: 60 parts of straw stalk, 20 parts of corncob and 20 parts of rice husk;
s2, building a mushroom shed: selecting sandy soil which is flat in terrain, sufficient and stable in water source, not only can preserve moisture, but also does not accumulate water, and setting up a greenhouse on the sandy soil, wherein the pH value of the soil is neutral or slightly alkaline, the greenhouse is built by adopting bamboos, the height of the greenhouse is 3m, the width of the greenhouse is 8m, the length of the greenhouse is 40m, the interval of side fences is 1m, a layer of plastic film and 2 layers of 8-needle shading nets are covered to the bottom of the greenhouse, the two sides of the greenhouse are clamped by clamping grooves, soil blocks around the bottom of the greenhouse are compacted, and a group of atomizing nozzles are arranged in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deeply ploughing the land with a rotary cultivator to a depth of 40cm on the land with the built mushroom shed, then making furrows with a furrow width of 150cm and a furrow length of 40m, reserving a drainage ditch with a depth of 50cm in the middle of each furrow, wherein the depth is 15cm, trimming the surface of each furrow into a turtle back shape with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quicklime on the white surface of each furrow;
s4, sowing: when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, spreading the material, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, wherein the specific operation is as follows: firstly, laying straw stalks with the thickness of 3cm, pouring a mixture of the corn cobs and the rice husks which are uniformly stirred, neatening the mixture and keeping the width of the mixture to be consistent, breaking strains into the size of peaches, sowing the peaches in three rows in each ridge, wherein the distance between the strains is 10cm, laying the straw stalks with the thickness of 3cm after the first-layer sowing, pouring the mixture of the corn cobs and the rice husks which are uniformly stirred, sowing the second layer, finally, laying the straw stalks with the thickness of 2cm for covering, taking a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch, and covering the soil on the straw stalks until no grass can be seen;
s5, hypha management and protection: paying attention to the control of the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse, spraying water in small amount, keeping the covering soil moist, frequently watering in a high-temperature period in autumn, observing the conditions of hypha permanent planting and spawn running, and supplementing inoculation and eliminating sundry fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, spraying small water every day when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, keeping the soil covering layer and the straw stalks moist, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deep ploughing the planting land with the harvested stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli after setting.
In step S1, the steps of composting and fermenting straw stalks, corn cobs and rice husks are as in example 1.
Second, Experimental example
Comparative example 1: mixing the components of the culture material, directly paving the material with the thickness of 10cm, and performing the other operations in the same way as in example 3;
comparative example 2: the components of the culture material are not fermented, and are directly layered and paved, and the rest is the same as the embodiment 3;
comparative example 3: after compost of the mixed culture material components, directly paving the compost with the thickness of 10cm, and the rest is the same as the example 3;
comparative example 4: the straw stalks are composted to be used as compost, the spreading thickness is 10cm, and the rest is the same as that in the example 3;
comparative example 5: the corn cobs are used as compost after composting, the paving thickness is 10cm, and the rest is the same as that in the example 3;
comparative example 6: the rice husk is used as a culture material after composting, the paving thickness is 10cm, and the rest is the same as that in the example 3;
comparative example 7: composting the straw stalks and the rice husks, mixing the composted straws and the rice husks to form a compost, and paving the compost with the thickness of 10cm, wherein the rest is the same as that of the embodiment 3;
comparative example 8: composting the straw stalks and the corncobs, mixing the composted straw stalks and the corncobs to form compost, and paving the compost with the thickness of 10cm, wherein the rest is the same as that of the embodiment 3;
comparative example 9: composting the rice hull and the corncob, mixing the composted rice hull and the corncob to form a compost, and paving the compost with the thickness of 10cm, wherein the rest is the same as that of the embodiment 3;
after the Stropharia rugosoannulata is picked, counting the yield and the maturation time of the Stropharia rugosoannulata in the comparative examples 1-3 and each group of examples, and observing the appearance of the Stropharia rugosoannulata in each group of examples, wherein the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Effect of different treatments on yield, maturation time and appearance of Stropharia rugosoannulata
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on the growth of Stropharia rugosoannulata hyphae
In the embodiment 1-5, in the management process, a greenhouse and culture material component separated composting fermentation mode is adopted, and layered paving is adopted, so that the most suitable growth environment is provided for the stropharia rugosoannulata, the finally planted stropharia rugosoannulata is small in individual difference, good in pileus appearance, thick in meat quality and good in economic benefit. Compared with the embodiment 3, the comparative example 1 has the advantages that the compost components are mixed and then directly paved, the compost is not fermented, the nutrient release is slow, the feeding speed of the stropharia rugosoannulata is correspondingly slow, the growth period is long, the raw material components are hard, the stropharia rugosoannulata is easy to scratch, the appearance of the pileus is poor, the planted stropharia rugosoannulata has large individual difference, the appearance of the pileus is poor, and the meat quality is thin; compared with the embodiment 3, the culture material components are not fermented, the materials are directly paved in a layered mode, sufficient oxygen is provided, hypha is differentiated to generate a fruiting body primordium, the subsequent growth and development of the fruiting body are good, the cultivation period is shortened compared with the comparative example 1, however, the nutrient release is slow because the culture material is not fermented, the feeding speed of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is correspondingly slow, the growth period is long, the raw material components are hard, the stropharia rugoso-annulata is easy to scratch, the appearance of pileus is poor, the planted stropharia rugoso-annulata is large in individual difference, the meat quality is thin, and the economic benefit is poor; compared with the embodiment 3, the mixed culture material components are directly paved after being subjected to compost fermentation, although certain nutrients are provided, the fermented culture materials are different in maturity and large in nutrient release difference, the culture materials are compacted after being mixed, the air permeability is reduced, the oxygen supply is remarkably reduced, and the hypha differentiation is not facilitated to generate fruiting body primordium and the subsequent growth and development of fruiting bodies, so that the yield is still high, the growth time is long, the individual difference of the planted stropharia rugoso-annulata is large, the pileus appearance is good, and the meat quality is thin; the separate compost fermentation of the components of the compost is proved to be capable of better providing nutrients and oxygen, shortening the growth time of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and improving the yield.
As can be seen from table 2, the stropharia rugoso-annulata mycelia can normally grow on the straw stalks, the corncobs and the rice husk compost, but the growth rate on the corncob and rice husk mixed compost is high, the aerial mycelia are thick and dense, and only 52.0 days are needed to grow over the compost on average, so that the corncob and rice husk mixed compost is easily absorbed by the stropharia rugoso-annulata mycelia, and the germination and growth of the mycelia are facilitated, probably because the corncobs and the rice husk are low in lignin content, high in pentosan and cellulose content, easy to damage cell walls, easy to release cell contents, and full utilization of nutrient substances is achieved, so that the compost is used as a seed inoculation layer, the time for delaying growth after the inoculation of strains can be shortened, the mycelia grow fast, and the cultivation period is short; and then straw stalk and corncob mixed culture material. The mixed culture material of the corncobs and the rice husks is easy to absorb by the stropharia rugoso-annulata hyphae and is beneficial to hypha germination and growth, so that the culture material is used as a seed inoculation layer, the time for delaying the growth after the inoculation of the strain can be shortened, the hypha grows fast, and the cultivation period is short; and then straw stalk and corncob mixed culture material.
Claims (5)
1. A facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and hot pepper is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, fermenting culture materials: straw, corncob and rice husk are respectively subjected to composting fermentation to be used as culture material components;
s2, building a mushroom shed: a planting field with loose soil is selected to build a greenhouse, a layer of plastic film and a shading net are covered to the bottom of the greenhouse, and a group of atomizing nozzles are installed in the greenhouse every other meter;
s3, constructing a ridge bed: deep ploughing for 20-40 cm, making beds with the width of 100-150 cm and the length of 40m, reserving drainage ditches between beds, trimming the bed surface into a turtle back type with a slightly higher middle part, and spraying quick lime until the bed surface is white;
s4, sowing: spreading the material when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, sowing walnut-sized strains on the spread cultivation material, and then covering a small amount of soil of a drainage ditch;
s5, hypha management and protection: keeping the covering soil layer moist, observing the hypha permanent planting and spawn running conditions, and supplementing and eliminating the mixed fungi in time;
s6, mushroom cultivation and harvesting: frequently turning over the compost, keeping the soil covering layer and the straws wet when fruiting bodies with the size of white soybeans appear, and harvesting after 5-7 days;
s7, planting and harvesting peppers: deeply ploughing a planting field with the harvest finished by the stropharia rugoso-annulata for 10-20 cm, making beds, reserving a drainage ditch with the depth of 5-10 cm between the beds, then sowing chilli seeds on the surfaces of the beds, enhancing water and fertilizer management after seedlings emerge, intertillage weeding for 1-2 times, spraying fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times, and harvesting the chilli fruits after setting;
in the step S1, the straw compost fermentation comprises the following steps:
1) uniformly mixing the zymophyte and sterile water according to the mass ratio of 1:1000 to obtain a spraying solution;
2) spreading the straws in a field, adopting a small amount of spraying modes for many times to ensure that the straws absorb enough water, and inoculating zymophyte;
3) stacking the humidity-adjusted straws into a trapezoidal stack with the bottom width of 2-4 m and the height of 1-2 m, wherein the surface of the stack is a plane, the stack is provided with an exhaust hole, the stack is covered by plastic cloth, and the temperature of the stack is monitored by a thermometer;
4) when the temperature of the material reaches 55 ℃, when white powdery high-temperature spectinomycin appears in the material, turning the material for the first time;
5) when the temperature of the material rises to above 55 ℃, keeping for 2-3 days until the straw turns dark brown, a large amount of powdery white matter is present, ammonia odor and material sour taste are avoided, and the fermentation is finished, wherein the fermentation bacteria consist of streptomyces spectabilis and burkholderia plantarii;
step S4, when the temperature of the material is reduced to below 25 ℃, paving the material, firstly paving 2.5-3.5 cm thick straws, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the rice husks, neatening and flattening the mixture, keeping the width consistent, then breaking the strains into peach sizes, sowing the seeds in three rows in each bed according to the material feeding, after the first layer of sowing is finished, paving 2.5-3.5 cm thick straws, pouring the uniformly stirred mixture of the corncobs and the rice husks, sowing the second layer, finally paving 1-2 cm thick straws for covering, and covering the straws with a small amount of soil in a drainage ditch;
in the step S1, the rice husk compost fermentation includes the following steps:
stacking the rice husks into a pile, watering for many times to moisten the rice husks, and then covering a plastic film for fermentation for 4-5 days for later use;
in the step S1, the fermentation of the corncob compost comprises the following steps:
1) spreading the corncobs in the field, repeatedly rolling the corncobs to open the corncobs, and watering the corncobs for many times to moisten the corncobs;
2) stacking the corncobs into a trapezoidal stack with the bottom width of 2-4 m and the height of 1-2 m, wherein the surface of the material stack is a plane, and then covering a plastic film;
3) and fermenting for 4-5 days until the corncobs are black brown, and the corncobs are free of ammonia odor and material sour taste, namely finishing the fermentation.
2. The facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and capsicum, according to claim 1, wherein each 100 parts of the culture medium comprises the following components by mass: 40-60 parts of straw, 20-30 parts of corncob and 20-30 parts of rice husk.
3. The facility cultivation method for crop rotation of stropharia rugoso-annulata and capsicum annuum according to claim 1, wherein the straw is one of straw, corn straw, sesame straw and wheat straw.
4. The facility cultivation method for crop rotation of Stropharia rugosoannulata and Capsici fructus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the distance between the strains is 9-12 cm.
5. The facility cultivation method for crop rotation of Stropharia rugosoannulata and Capsici fructus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said step S2 is carried out by planting in flat terrain, sufficient and stable water source, sandy soil and neutral or alkaline pH.
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