CN112715272A - Under-forest out-of-season cultivation method for stropharia rugoso-annulata - Google Patents
Under-forest out-of-season cultivation method for stropharia rugoso-annulata Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses an under-forest out-of-season cultivation method of stropharia rugoso-annulata, which comprises the following steps: 1) selecting an idle forest land as a cultivation land block; 2) cleaning land, sterilizing, killing insects, loosening soil, and making mushroom bed with width of 50-70cm and width of 40-60 cm; 3) spreading a layer of lime powder on the mushroom bed, sowing in a mode of 3 layers of materials and 2 layers of strains, and finally covering soil of 3cm-4 cm; 4) in the spawn running stage, controlling the temperature of a mushroom bed to be 18-25 ℃; when the covering soil layer is full of mycelia, twisting and thickening the mycelia, accelerating mushroom spraying water, and controlling the temperature of a mushroom bed to be 15-20 ℃; in 5-8 days when the primordium of stropharia rugoso-annulata is differentiated to mature sporocarp, the temperature of a mushroom bed is kept at 14-25 ℃, the relative humidity of the mushroom bed is 65-75%, and the relative humidity of air is 90-95% by spraying and cooling; 5) when the one layer of the mycoderm outside the pileus is just broken, the inner part of the pileus is not rolled and the pileus is bell-shaped, the period is the period suitable for harvesting. The cultivation method realizes the out-of-season large-scale cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, and the obtained stropharia rugoso-annulata is high in yield and has good application and popularization values.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to an under-forest out-of-season cultivation method for stropharia rugoso-annulata.
Background
Stropharia rugosoannulata: (Stropharia rugosoannulataFarl. ex Murrill) belongs to the phylum basidiomycota (Basidomycota), class Hymenomycetes (Hymenomycetes), order Agaricales (Agaricales), family Strophariaceae (Strophariaceae), genus Stropharia (A), (B), (CStropharia). The alias names of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the pinto red mushroom, and the like, and the trade name of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, murril, which is discovered in the united states and named in 1922, are discovered in europe, japan, and the like, and the wild stropharia rugoso-annulata is also distributed in the three provinces of southwest, China, and the like. The German people succeeded in domesticating and cultivating stropharia rugoso-annulata in 1969, and the introduction and cultivation in China in the 80 th of the 20 th century succeeded in the test planting in Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and the like. Numerous studies show that the stropharia rugoso-annulata fruiting body contains rich nutritional ingredients such as protein, vitamins, minerals and polysaccharide, is one of the famous edible fungi artificially cultivated in countries in Europe and America, and is also one of the edible fungi recommended to be cultivated to developing countries by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United nations. The fungal polysaccharide also has the effects of preventing coronary heart disease, promoting digestion, relieving mental fatigue and the like, and has an inhibition rate of more than 70 percent on S-180 sarcoma of mice and Ehrlich carcinoma.
The stropharia rugoso-annulata is a biological decomposition tool for crop leftovers, takes straws and manure of grains as main cultivation materials, solves the problem of environmental pollution while cultivating mushrooms, and becomes a vitality army of ecological agriculture. The stropharia rugoso-annulata is high in yield, low in production cost, rich in nutrition and easy to accept by consumers, and meanwhile, the straw can be effectively consumed, the non-point source pollution is reduced, the soil fertility is improved, the waste is changed into treasure, the ecological environment is improved, the income of farmers is increased, and the rapid development of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is promoted. The stropharia rugoso-annulata has three functions of eating, health care and medicine, and has very optimistic market prospect. The stropharia rugoso-annulata has outstanding ecological value and great development potential and has great development prospect.
As the cultivation and management technology of stropharia rugoso-annulata is extensive and the yield is high, more and more farmers begin to plant the stropharia rugoso-annulata. The planting time of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is most suitable generally when the temperature is about 15 ℃, the minimum temperature is not lower than eight degrees, the maximum temperature is not higher than 30 ℃, and the stropharia rugoso-annulata is not suitable for planting in too hot or too cold weather, so the stropharia rugoso-annulata needs to avoid the midsummer and the cold winter. At present, the research aiming at the high-temperature out-of-season cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata is more and more, but the prior high-temperature out-of-season cultivation technology under the forest only stays at the research theoretical level, and the practicability is poor, so that the high-temperature out-of-season cultivation technology which can be put into production practice and the large-scale cultivation technology under the forest are lacked, thereby the stropharia rugoso-annulata is cultivated in the high-temperature season less, the yield is low, the market supply and demand are caused to appear in the high-temperature season, and.
In conclusion, it is very important to research an out-of-season cultivation method of stropharia rugoso-annulata.
Disclosure of Invention
The first purpose of the invention is to provide a stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material, the second purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material, and the third purpose of the invention is to provide an under-forest out-of-season cultivation method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata.
The first purpose of the invention is realized by that the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material comprises 50-70 parts of wood chips, 15-25 parts of corncobs, 15-25 parts of chaffs, 4-6 parts of lime and 6-10 parts of wheat bran.
The second purpose of the invention is realized in such a way that the preparation method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material comprises the steps of adding water into the wood chips, the corncobs, the chaffs and the lime according to the proportion, fully mixing to obtain a fermentation material, then building a pile for fermentation, turning the pile for 2-4 times during the fermentation period, finally adding wheat bran, fully mixing, adjusting the water content to 70-80%, and cooling to the room temperature to obtain the target product.
The third purpose of the invention is realized by adopting the cultivation material to cultivate the stropharia rugoso-annulata in the off-season under the forest, which comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting an idle forest land as a cultivation land block;
2) preparing soil and making a bed: cleaning the land, sterilizing, killing insects, loosening the soil to form a mushroom bed, wherein the width of the mushroom bed is 50-70cm, and the width of the passage is 40-60 cm;
3) spreading and sowing: spreading a layer of lime powder on a mushroom bed, spreading a layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 4-10cm, and then sowing 2-4 cm-diameter stropharia rugoso-annulata solid strain blocks on the mushroom bed, wherein the sowing distance is 8-12cm, and the depth is 2-3 cm; then sowing 1-4 layers of strains by the method, then covering with cultivation material with the thickness of 2-4cm, and finally covering soil with the thickness of 3-4 cm;
4) and (3) management after sowing:
spawn running management: controlling the temperature of the mushroom bed to be 18-25 ℃;
mushroom forcing management: when the covering soil layer is full of mycelia, twisting and thickening the microbial filament bundles, accelerating mushroom spraying water, controlling the temperature of a mushroom bed to be 15-20 ℃, and stimulating the formation of primordia;
and (3) fruiting management: in 5-8 days when the primordium of stropharia rugoso-annulata is differentiated to mature sporocarp, the temperature of a mushroom bed is kept at 14-25 ℃, the relative humidity of the mushroom bed is 65-75%, and the relative humidity of air is 90-95% by spraying and cooling;
5) harvesting: when the pileus is just broken, the pileus is not opened when the pileus is rolled in the pileus, and the pileus is bell-shaped, the period of collecting is suitable, and water should be supplemented in time after each tide is collected.
The method realizes the out-of-season large-scale cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata by strictly controlling the original strain, cultivation material, sowing and management stages of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, and compared with the prior art, the method has the following advantages that:
1) the cultivation material prepared by the invention is easy for strain fermentation and thorough, the material is cheap and easy to obtain, and the preparation method of the cultivation material is simple;
2) the stropharia rugoso-annulata solid strain prepared by the method has the advantages of rapid growth of hyphae, less pollution and strong hyphae;
3) according to the under-forest cultivation method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in the out-of-season, cultivation is carried out in the natural light environment in the high-temperature season like the traditional method, the illumination time does not need to be controlled, only the humidity control and cooling are needed in a water spraying mode, the growth of the stropharia rugoso-annulata in the high-temperature season can be realized, and the operation is simple and convenient;
4) the method adjusts the temperature of the mushroom bed in each stage of the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation in a water spraying mode, promotes the growth of hyphae and the formation of primordia, shortens the growth period of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, and the high quality rate of the obtained stropharia rugoso-annulata is as high as 70%;
5) the cultivation method utilizes pine needles, leaves and soil under the forest as the covering, and fully utilizes resources under the forest; in addition, the method utilizes the natural gradient cultivation of the soil under the forest, thereby effectively avoiding the problem of water accumulation in the field in rainy season;
6) the cultivation method realizes the off-season large-scale cultivation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata, the yield of the obtained stropharia rugoso-annulata is high, the yield per mu reaches 3000-;
7) the off-season under-forest cultivation technology not only can bring more economic benefits, but also can powerfully promote the development of the stropharia rugoso-annulata and even the whole edible mushroom industry.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the present invention are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
The stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material comprises 50-70 parts of wood chips, 15-25 parts of corncobs, 15-25 parts of chaffs, 4-6 parts of lime and 6-10 parts of wheat bran; the preparation method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material comprises the steps of adding water into sawdust, corncobs, chaffs and lime according to a proportion, fully mixing to obtain a fermentation material, preferably, the water content is 65-75%, then stacking and fermenting, turning the stacks for 2-4 times during uniform fermentation to facilitate heat dissipation of the fermentation material, promoting oxidation and respiration of the fermentation material and guaranteeing the fermentation effect, finally, adding wheat bran, fully mixing, adjusting the water content to 70-80%, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the target product. Fresh and clean raw materials are adopted for preparing the cultivation material so as to be beneficial to strain fermentation and thorough, wherein the sawdust is just beaten into small wood blocks with proper size by a machine instead of stacking the sawdust with poor quality such as long time; the adopted corncobs need to be used as the corncobs at present, the moldy and black corncobs cannot be adopted, and the adopted lime is powdery and cannot be caked.
The specific pile turning method comprises the following steps: after pile building, keeping for 4-6 days when the temperature is above 70 ℃ on the next day, and carrying out first pile turning; keeping for 6-8 days after turning, and turning for the second time; keeping for 6-8 days, turning for the third time, adding testa Tritici, mixing, adjusting water content to 70-80%, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the cultivation material.
In the raw materials used by the cultivation material, the water content of the fermentation material is 60-80%, and the fermentation time of the fermentation material is 15-24 days.
The invention relates to an under-forest out-of-season cultivation method of stropharia rugoso-annulata, which specifically comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting an idle forest land as a cultivation land block;
2) preparing soil and making a bed: cleaning the land, sterilizing, killing insects, loosening the soil to form a mushroom bed, wherein the width of the mushroom bed is 50-70cm, and the width of the passage is 40-60 cm;
3) spreading and sowing: spreading a layer of lime powder on a mushroom bed, spreading a layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 4-10cm, and then sowing 2-4 cm-diameter stropharia rugoso-annulata solid strain blocks on the mushroom bed, wherein the sowing distance is 8-12cm, and the depth is 2-3 cm; sowing 1-4 layers of strains by using the method, covering with a cultivation material with the thickness of 2-4cm, and finally covering soil with the thickness of 3-4 cm to promote early fruiting;
4) and (3) management after sowing:
spawn running management: controlling the temperature of the mushroom bed to be 18-25 ℃ to avoid high-temperature fungus burning;
mushroom forcing management: when the covering soil layer is full of mycelia, twisting and thickening the microbial filament bundles, accelerating mushroom spraying water, controlling the temperature of a mushroom bed to be 15-20 ℃, and stimulating the formation of primordia;
and (3) fruiting management: in 5-8 days when the primordium of stropharia rugoso-annulata is differentiated to mature sporocarp, the temperature of a mushroom bed is kept at 14-25 ℃, the relative humidity of the mushroom bed is 65-75%, and the relative humidity of air is 90-95% by spraying and cooling;
5) harvesting: when the pileus is just broken, the pileus is not rolled in the pileus, and the pileus is bell-shaped, the period is suitable for harvesting, water should be supplemented in time after harvesting one tide, and 3-4 tides can be continuously harvested after 10-12 days.
In the step 1, the forest land has the following characteristics: the main tree species is fir, soil is loam, pH value is 5-6, gradient is 30-40 degrees, tree density is 1.5m 2m, and height of each tree is 15m-20 m.
In the step 3, after the strain on the uppermost layer is sown, the cultivation material needs to be compacted by a clapper, so that the strain and the cultivation material are effectively combined.
In the step 3, a layer of covering material is covered after the soil is covered, and the covering material is prepared by uniformly stirring the pine needles, the leaves and the lime under the forest. In the covering, pine needles and the like have the effects of impurity prevention, grass prevention, insect prevention and the like, and the later decomposition of leaves can also be used as nutrition supply; secondly pine needles, leaf can effectively avoid sunshine to penetrate directly the fungus bed, can make the scattered light environment that suitable stropharia rugoso-annulata grows, also can reduce certain soil temperature, can also play the effect of moisturizing, and this cover both does benefit to the cultivation and moisturizes, has realized the utilization of waste under the forest again.
In the step 3, the preparation of the stropharia rugoso-annulata solid strain comprises stock seed preparation and cultivated species preparation,
wherein, stock preparation: the culture medium adopted for preparing the stock seeds comprises 60-70 parts of wood chips, 15-25 parts of wheat, 6-10 parts of corn flour and 1-3 parts of gypsum; according to the proportion, wood chips, wheat, corn flour and gypsum are uniformly mixed, the water content is 60-75%, the weight of a culture medium added into a fungus bag is 1.5-2 jin, each mother strain can be inoculated with 3-6 bags of stock seeds, after sterilization, the mother strains are placed in a dark culture at 24-26 ℃, and the stock seeds can be used after hypha grows over the bags;
the raw materials of the culture medium adopted for preparing the stock seeds need to be as fresh and high-quality as possible so as to promote the hyphae to grow vigorously and strongly: broad-leaved tree sawdust which is beneficial to the easier absorption of stropharia rugoso-annulata is used as a carbon source; the corn flour is used as it is, so that the phenomena of mixed bacteria, mildewing and the like caused by long-term stacking are avoided; the wheat is soaked overnight in advance when in use; the gypsum is purchased and used as soon as possible; the inoculation process needs to strictly follow the operation rules to reduce hypha pollution, if mother seeds with good growth vigor and strong adaptability need to be selected for inoculation before inoculation, the environment and the inoculation personnel need to be strictly noticed to be disinfected in place during inoculation, the temperature and the humidity in the bag-keeping room need to be noticed at any time after inoculation, when weather is overheated, the bag-keeping room is opened for cooling treatment, when the temperature is too low, the bag-keeping room is closed, and when the temperature is proper, the bag-keeping room is opened for ventilation at any time.
Preparing cultivars: the adopted culture medium comprises 60-70 parts of sawdust, 15-25 parts of corncobs, 8-12 parts of wheat bran, 6-8 parts of rice husks and 1-3 parts of lime; according to the proportion, wood dust, corncobs, wheat bran, chaff and lime are uniformly mixed in a plastic bag, the water content is controlled to be 60-75%, dark culture is carried out at 24-26 ℃, the bag is full of hypha, the bag can be used as a cultivated species, and each bag of stock seeds can be 20-30 bags of cultivated species.
And 3, before sowing, sterilizing the outer bag of the stropharia rugoso-annulata solid strain, and then sowing by taking off the bag.
In the step 4, the method for controlling the temperature of the mushroom bed comprises the following steps: installing a spraying facility, and spraying water to cool after the temperature under the forest is higher than 25 ℃, wherein each time does not exceed 10 minutes, and water supplement follows a small amount of times; when the hypha eating amount is above 1/2, spraying water around the mushroom bed to keep the water content of the cultivation material at 65-75% and the air humidity at 90-95%.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
Adding water into 50 parts of wood chips, 15 parts of corncobs, 15 parts of chaffs and 4 parts of lime, fully mixing to obtain a fermentation material, prewetting a dry material to ensure that the water content of the dry material is 65%, then piling and fermenting, keeping the temperature to be more than 70 ℃ on the next day, keeping for 4 days, and turning over for the first time; keeping for 6 days after turning, and turning for the second time; keeping for 6 days, turning for the third time, adding 6 parts of wheat bran, fully mixing, adjusting the water content to 70%, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the cultivation material.
Example 2
Adding water into 60 parts of wood chips, 20 parts of corncobs, 20 parts of chaffs and 5 parts of lime, fully mixing to obtain a fermentation material, prewetting a dry material to ensure that the water content of the dry material is up to 70%, then piling and fermenting, keeping the temperature above 70 ℃ the next day for 5 days, and turning the piles for the first time; keeping for 7 days after turning, and turning for the second time; keeping for 7 days, turning for the third time, adding 8 parts of wheat bran, fully mixing, adjusting the water content to 75%, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the cultivation material.
Example 3
Adding water into 70 parts of sawdust, 25 parts of corncobs, 25 parts of husks and 4-6 parts of lime, fully mixing to obtain a fermentation material, pre-wetting a dry material to enable the water content of the dry material to be 75%, then building a pile for fermentation, keeping the temperature to be above 70 ℃ the next day, keeping the temperature for 6 days, and turning the pile for the first time; keeping for 6-8 days after turning, and turning for the second time; and keeping for 8 days, turning over for the third time, adding 10 parts of wheat bran, fully mixing, adjusting the water content to 80%, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the cultivation material.
The test plots in examples 4-6 below were all forest plots from Nashu, West region, Song flag town, Innovative village, Guizhou Polyfordia bacteria agricultural development Co., Ltd.
Example 4
Collecting pine needles and leaves under the forest, adding lime, stirring uniformly for later use, sterilizing and killing insects in the field, turning soil of the forest land loose by using a micro-cultivator, measuring by using a tape measure to prepare a mushroom bed with a mushroom bed width of 50cm and a corridor width of 40cm, and scattering a layer of lime powder on the surface of the mushroom bed; and (3) paving the cultivation material when the temperature of the cultivation material is reduced to below 25 ℃: after lime water is added to the outer bag of the solid strain (to kill the mixed bacteria on the surface of the strain bag), the strain is sown in a mode of 3 layers of materials and 2 layers of strains: spreading a first layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 4cm and the thickness of which is flat and uniform on a mushroom bed, then sowing the mushroom blocks with the diameter of 2cm in a mode of manually feeding the mushroom blocks with the inner space of 2cm, wherein the spacing between sowing rows is 8cm by 8cm, then spreading a second layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 6cm, arranging the mushroom blocks into an arched ridge shape, and sowing a second layer of strains. After the second layer of strains are sowed, 6cm thick cultivation materials are laid on the strains, the strains are covered tightly, then part of the strains are kneaded and crushed and are sprinkled on the inclined plane and the surface, the material intake is accelerated, the mixed bacteria infection is reduced, a clapper is used for lightly compacting the fermentation materials, so that the strains are effectively combined with the fermentation materials, then a soil layer with the thickness of 3cm is covered, and finally pine needles, leaves and the like which are collected and disinfected are uniformly covered on the surface of a mushroom bed; germinate 2-3 days after sowing, and begin to eat feed 3-4 days later. In the spawn running stage, a spraying facility is installed, and the temperature of a mushroom bed is controlled to be 18 ℃: after the temperature under the forest is higher than 25 ℃, spraying water for cooling, wherein each time is not more than 10 minutes, and water supplement follows a small amount of times; when the hypha eating amount is above 1/2, water is sprayed around the mushroom bed to keep soil moisture and air humidity. And (3) when the hyphae completely penetrate the cultivation material, the covering soil layer is full of the hyphae, and the hyphae twist and thicken, namely, the mushroom forcing management is carried out: spraying heavy water for promoting mushroom growth once, reducing the temperature to 15 ℃, and stimulating the formation of primordium. And (3) differentiating the stropharia rugoso-annulata primordium to a fruiting body mature stage, and cooling by spraying, wherein the temperature is kept at 14 ℃ and the relative humidity of air is 90%. The proper harvesting period is when a layer of mycoderm outside the pileus is just broken, the pileus is not rolled inside and is bell-shaped. After picking a tide, timely replenishing water, and then picking according to conditions.
In this example, stropharia rugoso-annulata begins to be sown in 6 months and 6 days in 2020, and the spreading amount is as follows: dry material 7 tons/mu, strain amount: 1.6 jin of strains, 350 bags; and (3) starting spawn running management in 6-month and 10-day, fruiting for the first time in 7-month and 31-day, accelerating mushroom management (mainly sprinkling water) in 8-month and 1-day, fruiting every day, harvesting for the first time in 7-month and 31-day, and fruiting after 11-month harvest, wherein the yield of the obtained stropharia rugoso-annulata is 2200 kg/mu.
Example 5
Collecting pine needles and leaves under the forest, adding lime, stirring uniformly for later use, sterilizing and killing insects in a field, turning soil of the forest land loose by using a micro-cultivator, measuring by using a tape measure to prepare a mushroom bed with the width of a mushroom bed being 60cm and the width of a passage being 50cm, and scattering a layer of lime powder on the surface of the mushroom bed; and (3) paving the cultivation material when the temperature of the cultivation material is reduced to below 25 ℃: after lime water is added to the outer bag of the solid strain (to kill the mixed bacteria on the surface of the strain bag), the strain is sown in a mode of 3 layers of materials and 2 layers of strains: spreading a first cultivation material layer with thickness of 5cm and even thickness on a mushroom bed, sowing 3 cm-diameter mushroom blocks in a manner of feeding the mushroom blocks by hands and 2cm in the mushroom bed, wherein the spacing between sowing rows is 10 x 10cm, spreading a second cultivation material layer with the length of 8cm, arranging the cultivation material layers into an arched ridge shape, and sowing a second layer of strains. After the second layer of strains are sowed, 8 cm-thick cultivation materials are paved on the strains, the strains are covered tightly, then part of the strains are kneaded and crushed and are sprinkled on the inclined plane and the surface, the material intake is accelerated, the infectious microbe infection is reduced, the fermentation materials are lightly compacted by a clapper, the strains are effectively combined with the fermentation materials, then a soil layer with the thickness of 4cm is covered, and finally pine needles, leaves and the like which are collected and disinfected before are uniformly covered on the surface of a mushroom bed; germinate 2-3 days after sowing, and begin to eat feed 3-4 days later. In the spawn running stage, a spraying facility is installed, and the temperature of a mushroom bed is controlled to be 23 ℃: after the temperature under the forest is higher than 25 ℃, spraying water for cooling, wherein each time is not more than 10 minutes, and water supplement follows a small amount of times; when the hypha eating amount is above 1/2, water is sprayed around the mushroom bed to keep soil moisture and air humidity. And (3) when the hyphae completely penetrate the cultivation material, the covering soil layer is full of the hyphae, and the hyphae twist and thicken, namely, the mushroom forcing management is carried out: spraying heavy water for promoting mushroom growth once, reducing the temperature to 18 ℃, and stimulating the formation of primordium. And (3) differentiating the stropharia rugoso-annulata primordium to a fruiting body mature stage, and cooling by spraying, wherein the temperature is kept at 20 ℃ and the relative humidity of air is 93%. The proper harvesting period is when a layer of mycoderm outside the pileus is just broken, the pileus is not rolled inside and is bell-shaped. After picking a tide, timely replenishing water, and then picking according to conditions.
In the embodiment, stropharia rugoso-annulata starts to be sown in 1 day 6 month in 2020, spawn running management starts in 5 days 6 month, first fruiting is carried out in 24 days 7 month, mushroom forcing management (mainly watering) starts in 25 days 7 month, fruiting is carried out every day later, first harvesting is carried out in 24 days 7 month, fruiting is still carried out until 11 months end, and the yield of the obtained stropharia rugoso-annulata is 1800 kg/mu.
Example 6
Collecting pine needles and leaves under the forest, adding lime, stirring uniformly for later use, sterilizing and killing insects in a field, turning soil of the forest land loose by using a micro-cultivator, measuring by using a tape measure to prepare a mushroom bed with the width of a mushroom bed of 70cm and the width of a channel of 60cm, and scattering a layer of lime powder on the surface of the mushroom bed; and (3) paving the cultivation material when the temperature of the cultivation material is reduced to below 25 ℃: after lime water is added to the outer bag of the solid strain (to kill the mixed bacteria on the surface of the strain bag), the strain is sown in a mode of 3 layers of materials and 2 layers of strains: spreading a first cultivation material layer with thickness of 6cm and even thickness on a mushroom bed, sowing the mushroom blocks with diameter of 4cm in a manner of feeding the mushroom blocks by hands and 2cm in the mushroom bed, wherein the spacing between sowing rows is 12 x 12cm, spreading a second cultivation material layer with the length of 10cm, arranging the cultivation material layers into an arched ridge shape, and sowing a second strain layer. After the second layer of strains are sowed, 4 cm-thick cultivation materials are laid on the strains, the strains are covered tightly, then part of the strains are kneaded and crushed and are sprinkled on the inclined plane and the surface, the material intake is accelerated, the infectious microbe infection is reduced, the fermentation materials are lightly compacted by a clapper, the strains are effectively combined with the fermentation materials, then a soil layer with the thickness of 5cm is covered, and finally pine needles, leaves and the like which are collected and disinfected before are uniformly covered on the surface of a mushroom bed; germinate 2-3 days after sowing, and begin to eat feed 3-4 days later. In the spawn running stage, a spraying facility is installed, and the temperature of a mushroom bed is controlled to be 25 ℃: after the temperature under the forest is higher than 25 ℃, spraying water for cooling, wherein each time is not more than 10 minutes, and water supplement follows a small amount of times; when the hypha eating amount is above 1/2, water is sprayed around the mushroom bed to keep soil moisture and air humidity. And (3) when the hyphae completely penetrate the cultivation material, the covering soil layer is full of the hyphae, and the hyphae twist and thicken, namely, the mushroom forcing management is carried out: spraying heavy water for promoting mushroom growth once, reducing the temperature to 20 ℃, and stimulating the formation of primordium. And (3) differentiating the stropharia rugoso-annulata primordium to a fruiting body mature stage, and cooling by spraying, wherein the temperature is kept at 25 ℃ and the relative air humidity is 95%. The proper harvesting period is when a layer of mycoderm outside the pileus is just broken, the pileus is not rolled inside and is bell-shaped. After picking a tide, timely replenishing water, and then picking according to conditions.
In the embodiment, stropharia rugoso-annulata starts to be sown at 6 months and 6 days in 2020, spawn running management starts at 10 months and 6 days in 7 months, first fruiting is carried out at 31 days in 7 months, mushroom forcing management (mainly watering) starts at 1 day in 8 months, fruiting is carried out every day, first harvesting is carried out at 31 days in 7 months, fruiting is still carried out after harvesting is carried out for 12 months, and the yield of the obtained stropharia rugoso-annulata is 1800 kg/mu.
Claims (10)
1. The stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material is characterized by comprising 50-70 parts of sawdust, 15-25 parts of corncobs, 15-25 parts of husks, 4-6 parts of lime and 6-10 parts of wheat bran.
2. The method for preparing Stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material according to claim 1, characterized in that sawdust, corncobs, chaff and lime are added with water according to a certain proportion and fully mixed to obtain fermentation material, then heaping fermentation is carried out, turning heap for 2-4 times during fermentation, finally wheat bran is added and fully mixed, the water content is adjusted to 70-80%, and the target product is obtained after cooling to room temperature.
3. The method for preparing a stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material according to claim 2, wherein the water content of the fermentation material is 60-80%, and the fermentation time of the fermentation material is 15-24 days.
4. The preparation method of the stropharia rugoso-annulata cultivation material according to any one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the turning mode of the fermentation material is as follows: after pile building, keeping for 4-6 days when the temperature is above 70 ℃ on the next day, and carrying out first pile turning; keeping for 6-8 days after turning, and turning for the second time; keeping for 6-8 days, turning for the third time, adding testa Tritici, mixing, adjusting water content to 70-80%, and cooling to room temperature to obtain the cultivation material.
5. An under-forest out-of-season cultivation method for stropharia rugoso-annulata is characterized in that cultivation is carried out by adopting the cultivation material of claim 1, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting an idle forest land as a cultivation land block;
2) preparing soil and making a bed: cleaning the land, sterilizing, killing insects, loosening the soil to form a mushroom bed, wherein the width of the mushroom bed is 50-70cm, and the width of the passage is 40-60 cm;
3) spreading and sowing: spreading a layer of lime powder on a mushroom bed, spreading a layer of cultivation material with the thickness of 4-10cm, and then sowing 2-4 cm-diameter stropharia rugoso-annulata solid strain blocks on the mushroom bed, wherein the sowing distance is 8-12cm, and the depth is 2-3 cm; then sowing 1-4 layers of strains by the method, then covering with cultivation material with the thickness of 2-4cm, and finally covering soil with the thickness of 3-4 cm;
4) and (3) management after sowing:
spawn running management: controlling the temperature of the mushroom bed to be 18-25 ℃;
mushroom forcing management: when the covering soil layer is full of mycelia, twisting and thickening the microbial filament bundles, accelerating mushroom spraying water, controlling the temperature of a mushroom bed to be 15-20 ℃, and stimulating the formation of primordia;
and (3) fruiting management: in 5-8 days when the primordium of stropharia rugoso-annulata is differentiated to mature sporocarp, the temperature of a mushroom bed is kept at 14-25 ℃, the relative humidity of the mushroom bed is 65-75%, and the relative humidity of air is 90-95% by spraying and cooling;
5) harvesting: when the pileus is just broken, the pileus is not opened when the pileus is rolled in the pileus, and the pileus is bell-shaped, the period of collecting is suitable, and water should be supplemented in time after each tide is collected.
6. The under-forest out-of-season cultivation method of stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 5, wherein in the step 1, the forest land has the following characteristics: the main tree species of the forest land are fir trees, the density of the trees is 1.5m by 2m, and the height of each tree is 15m-20 m; the soil of the forest land is loam, the pH value of the soil is 5-6, and the gradient is 30-40 degrees.
7. The method for the out-of-season cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata under forest as claimed in claim 5, wherein in step 3, after the top layer of the strain is sowed, the cultivation material is compacted by a clapper to effectively combine the strain and the cultivation material.
8. The under-forest anti-season cultivation method of stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 5, wherein in the step 3, soil is covered with a layer of covering material, and the covering material is prepared by uniformly mixing under-forest pine needles, leaves and lime.
9. The under-forest out-of-season cultivation method of Stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 9, wherein the preparation of the solid species of Stropharia rugoso-annulata in step 3 includes stock seed preparation and cultivar preparation,
wherein, stock preparation: the culture medium adopted for preparing the stock seeds comprises 60-70 parts of wood chips, 15-25 parts of wheat, 6-10 parts of corn flour and 1-3 parts of gypsum; according to the proportion, wood chips, wheat, corn flour and gypsum are uniformly mixed, the water content is 60-75%, the weight of a culture medium added into a fungus bag is 1.5-2 jin, each mother strain is inoculated with 3-6 bags of stock seeds, the fungus bag is placed in a dark culture at 24-26 ℃ after being sterilized, and the stock seeds can be used after hypha grows over the bags;
preparing cultivars: the adopted culture medium comprises 60-70 parts of sawdust, 15-25 parts of corncobs, 8-12 parts of wheat bran, 6-8 parts of rice husks and 1-3 parts of lime; according to the proportion, wood chips, corncobs, wheat bran, chaffs and lime are uniformly mixed in a plastic bag, the water content is controlled to be 60-75%, dark culture is carried out at 24-26 ℃, the bag is full of hypha, the hypha can be used as a cultivated species, and each bag of original seeds is inoculated with 20-30 bags of cultivated species.
10. The under-forest out-of-season cultivation method of stropharia rugoso-annulata according to claim 5, characterized in that in the step 4, the method for controlling the temperature of the mushroom bed is as follows: installing a spraying facility, and spraying water to cool after the temperature under the forest is higher than 25 ℃, wherein each time does not exceed 10 minutes, and water supplement follows a small amount of times; when the hypha eating amount is above 1/2, spraying water around the mushroom bed to keep the water content of the cultivation material at 65-75% and the air humidity at 90-95%.
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