CN107926481B

CN107926481B - Pure straw cultivation method for straw mushrooms

Info

Publication number: CN107926481B
Application number: CN201711190812.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 肖自添; 何焕清; 刘明; 徐江
Original assignee: Vegetable Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences
Current assignee: Vegetable Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Sciences
Priority date: 2017-11-24
Filing date: 2017-11-24
Publication date: 2020-09-11
Anticipated expiration: 2037-11-24
Also published as: CN107926481A

Abstract

The invention discloses a pure straw cultivation method of straw mushrooms, and belongs to the field of edible mushroom cultivation. Selecting fresh and mouldless dry straws which are kept in a natural state, spraying water to moisten the straws, storing the straws in the open for 3 to 5 months for natural composting, and turning the straws for 1 to 2 times per month to obtain straws for straw mushroom cultivation; fully contacting and mixing straw for straw mushroom cultivation with straw mushroom strains to obtain a culture material; uniformly cutting the culture material into 2-3 sections with equal length; each section is 15-35cm long; and stacking until the thickness reaches 25-45 cm; and (5) carrying out straw mushroom cultivation. The method utilizes pure straw to cultivate the straw mushroom in the field, the raw materials do not contain organic auxiliary materials and lime, other organic auxiliary materials or nutrient additives and the like do not need to be additionally added in the cultivation process, and the nutrient and healthy straw mushroom fruiting body can be obtained only by management measures of temperature, light, humidity, gas and the like. The invention has the advantages of low planting cost, high benefit, energy saving, environmental protection and very wide application prospect.

Description

Pure straw cultivation method for straw mushrooms

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of edible fungus cultivation, and particularly relates to a pure straw cultivation method for straw mushrooms.

Background

The straw mushroom is one of the most common edible mushrooms cultivated in China, has the health-care effects of nourishing, tonifying spleen and qi, improving immunity, reducing cholesterol, resisting cancer and the like, is delicious and is deeply loved by consumers. The straw mushroom is the fastest edible mushroom harvest, only 10-14 days are needed from sowing to harvesting, the cultivation raw materials are wide, and the waste cotton dregs, cottonseed hulls, straws, wheat stalks, traditional Chinese medicine dregs, bagasse, sisal dregs and other leftovers of a plurality of crops can be utilized to cultivate the straw mushroom. The cultivation method mainly comprises bed cultivation, bag cultivation, furrow cultivation, grass stacking cultivation, frame cultivation and the like. According to the characteristics of the climate and cultivation habit of each region, respective cultivation modes are explored, and typical modes are indoor waste cotton layer rack type anniversary cultivation in Guangdong, industrial pleurotus eryngii waste residue straw mushroom-mushroom anniversary cultivation in Zhangzhou, and straw bag material seasonal cultivation in Jiangxi, Guangxi and the like.

In any cultivation mode, because nutrients of a lot of raw materials are not enough, a large amount of organic auxiliary materials such as bran, rice bran, peanut bran, chicken manure, lime and the like need to be added, and the raw materials and the auxiliary materials need to be fermented, stacked, retted, sterilized at high temperature or pasteurized and the like. For example, the prior art generally adopts a clinker bag cultivation or an indoor layer rack type pasteurization cultivation mode. In the clinker bag cultivation, because the compost is rich in nutrients such as bran, peanut bran and the like, high-temperature disinfection is required to be carried out to kill bacteria, yeast, mixed bacteria and the like in the compost, if the sterilization is not thorough, the growth of straw mushroom hyphae can be influenced by the pollution of the culture medium, the yield is reduced, even the straw mushroom hyphae cannot be harvested completely, and the production loss is greatly caused. The indoor shelf type cultivation mainly adopts waste cotton dregs, traditional Chinese medicine dregs, pleurotus eryngii waste mushroom dregs and the like as raw materials, the content of nutrient components is very rich, the traditional Chinese medicine dregs, the waste mushroom dregs and the like belong to secondary reutilization, the ratio of carried mixed bacteria, bacteria and the like is more, and the sterilization is required through composting, secondary disinfection and the like.

Furthermore, some of the raw materials are usually dry and require water to soften; because the optimal growth pH value of the volvaria volvacea hypha is 8, the raw materials and/or auxiliary materials are often soaked in lime water in advance for the volvaria volvacea cultivation so as to play the roles of softening the raw materials and adjusting the pH. The addition of lime not only can adjust the pH value, but also has the antibacterial effect in the fermentation process; lime is used in large quantities because it is relatively inexpensive. Therefore, a large amount of planting wastewater is generated in the treatment process of raw materials and auxiliary materials, if the wastewater is directly discharged into the environment, the wastewater can cause pollution, such as over standard COD (chemical oxygen demand), alkaline water quality and the like, in addition, the raw materials need to consume fuel to generate heat energy and discharge gases such as carbon dioxide and the like no matter high-temperature disinfection or pasteurization is adopted, so that greenhouse gas is increased, and the method conflicts with the environmental protection policy of energy conservation and emission reduction in China.

China is a large paddy rice planting country, the amount of straw stalks produced in each year is hundreds of millions of tons, at present, most of the straw stalks are directly burnt and returned to the field, which not only wastes but also generates a large amount of dust and greenhouse gas in the burning process, thus causing great environmental pollution. The simple rice straw contains a lot of waxy and siliceous macromolecular substances which are not easily decomposed and utilized by straw mushroom hypha. The traditional method for cultivating straw mushroom in field by using straw has the disadvantages of low straw utilization rate and low yield of about 7% due to rough cultivation management mode and straw treatment mode (for the years, China food and medicinal mycology [ M ] Shanghai science and technology literature publisher 2010: P580-582.).

With the development of the technology, at present, a grower plants straw mushrooms on an indoor waste cotton bed, and utilizes straw bags to plant straw mushrooms, in order to improve the yield, the grower can add a large amount of rice bran, peanut bran, bean pulp powder, corn flour and other auxiliary materials, and due to the addition of organic auxiliary materials, the nutritional ingredients are very rich, the culture material is very easy to breed mixed bacteria and pollute the mushroom beds, so the culture material added with the auxiliary materials needs to be subjected to high-temperature high-pressure or secondary fermentation disinfection treatment, the labor cost and the production cost are increased, and the disinfection treatment is not in place, so that pollution is easily caused, the cultivation is failed, and a certain planting risk exists. In addition, in the cultivation process, the compost is rich in nutrition and is easy to cause plant diseases and insect pests, and certain influence is caused on the yield and the quality of products. In addition, the optimum growth pH value of the straw mushroom hypha is 8, so that the culture material comprising straw, organic auxiliary materials and the like needs to be treated by lime during straw mushroom cultivation to increase the alkalinity of the culture material. The waste water after lime soaking can cause certain pollution to the environment after being directly discharged without any treatment, and a plurality of straw mushroom planting fields in the white cloud area in Guangzhou city are regulated, improved and even caused to stop working by the government of Guangzhou city, thereby causing great loss to producers.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating straw mushroom by using pure straw.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

a method for cultivating straw mushroom pure straw comprises the following steps:

(1) selecting fresh and mildew-free dry straws with a natural state, spraying water to moisten the straws, storing the straws in the open for 3-5 months for natural composting, and turning over the straws for 1-2 times every month to obtain fermented straws serving as straws for straw mushroom cultivation;

(2) fully contacting and mixing straw for straw mushroom cultivation with straw mushroom strains to obtain a culture material;

(3) uniformly cutting the mixed straw culture material containing the straw mushroom strains into 2-3 sections with equal length; each section is 15-35cm long;

(4) stacking the cut compost till the thickness reaches 25-45 cm; and (5) carrying out straw mushroom cultivation.

The subsequent management method is a conventional management method in the prior art.

Preferably, the dry straw left in a natural state in the step (1) is harvested dry straw, and is not cut or pulverized, and generally has a length of about 1 m.

Preferably, fresh mildew-free dry straw is selected in step (1), and in addition to the requirement of fresh mildew-free, pollution-free, impurity-free and pesticide residue-free dry straw is more preferred.

Preferably, the rice straw is wetted by spraying water on the rice straw in step (1) to a degree that the rice straw has water to begin to drip. Generally, the straw is sprayed with sufficient water at one time, and no water is required to be added during the subsequent natural composting. However, if white smoke is found to be floated out in the process of stack retting fermentation, the water content is proved to be insufficient, the stack is turned over in time, and a proper amount of water is added for continuous fermentation.

Preferably, the rice straw in the step (1) is stored in the open air for 3-5 months for natural composting. In southern areas, rice can be planted 2 times per year. After the rice is harvested, the rice can be naturally piled and retted after being dried in the sun, and the natural piling and retting treatment is generally carried out for 7 months to 3 months in the next year. Or storing the harvested straws, and performing natural composting treatment when needed. That is, the natural composting time of the straws can be all the year round without specific requirements. The temperature of the pile body is generally raised to 50-70 ℃ in the natural piling and retting process.

Preferably, the rice straw fermented in the step (1) has the following judgment standards: the color of the straw is yellow brown, the original structure of the straw is kept, the straw has certain toughness and hardness, and the straw is obviously softened when being pinched by hands but is not rotten or broken. Further, the criteria for judging the straw which was not fermented were: the color of the straw is golden yellow, the original structure of the straw is kept, the hardness is high, the toughness is lacked, and the straw is obviously not softened when being pinched by hands. The judgment standard of the over-fermented straws is as follows: the straw is dark brown, loses the original structure of the straw, lacks toughness and hardness, and is easy to crush when being pinched by hands.

When the straw is treated, the straw is sprayed with water for wetting at one time, and the straw compost for cultivating straw mushrooms can be obtained through composting and fermentation. The straws are kept in a natural state and cannot be cut, and the water retention of the straws after cutting is poor, so that the subsequent fermentation effect and the straw mushroom cultivation effect are influenced.

Preferably, if the fermented straws are not immediately used for straw mushroom cultivation, the straws are covered by a plastic film to prevent rain, and the straws are stacked to a dry and cool place for storage.

Preferably, the straw for cultivating the straw mushroom in the step (2) needs to be soaked with water until the water content is 60-70% before being mixed with the straw mushroom strain.

Preferably, the straw mushroom spawn and the straw are fully contacted and mixed in the step (2) by firstly spreading a layer of straw mushroom spawn, then spreading the straw for straw mushroom cultivation, then spreading a layer of straw mushroom spawn, and manually and lightly treading the spawn and the culture medium to fully mix the spawn and the culture medium.

If the culture is carried out in a field, firstly spreading a layer of strains on the furrows, then spreading the treated rice straw on the furrows, and then spreading a layer of straw mushroom strains; the strain of straw mushroom and the straw are fully contacted and mixed by treading the strain of straw mushroom and the straw lightly by manpower. If the cultivation is carried out indoors, a layer of strains can be scattered, then the treated straws are paved, and then a layer of straw mushroom strains is scattered; the strain of straw mushroom and the straw are fully contacted and mixed by treading the strain of straw mushroom and the straw lightly by manpower.

Preferably, when the straw for cultivating the straw mushroom and the straw for cultivating the straw mushroom are fully contacted and mixed, the mass ratio of the straw mushroom strain to the straw is controlled to be 5-10%.

Uniformly cutting the mixed straw compost containing the straw mushroom strains into 2-3 sections with equal length; each section is 15-35cm long. In general, dry straw, which remains in its natural state, is about 1m in length and can be cut into 3 pieces. Uniform cutting is important here because the straw is piled up and aligned with the cuts, which is important to maintain the temperature and water retention of the stack. If the straws are different in length, the arrangement is irregular, the gaps among the straws are large, and the water retention and heat preservation are poor.

And (4) stacking the cut compost till the thickness reaches 30-45 cm. This is also very critical. The conventional method is to stack the materials to 50-60 cm, and the center of the stockpile can generate the effects of oxygen deficiency, water deficiency and overhigh temperature of the stockpile. According to the technology, the thickness and the width of the stacked culture materials are proper, so that better air permeability and water permeability can be kept, and the effects of water retention and moisture preservation can be achieved. By the treatment of the method, the straw mushroom which grows rapidly can be obtained, and the probability of pollution can be reduced.

When the pure straw of the invention is used for cultivating straw mushroom, the formation of primordia of fruiting body can be seen on the 7 th day after sowing under the general condition, and the relative humidity of air is increased at the moment. When the material is too dry, the material can be sprayed with mist for humidification, and cannot be directly sprayed on young mushrooms. Prevent strong wind from directly blowing the ridge surface and prevent direct sunlight. Mushroom harvest usually begins about 11 days after sowing. After the 1 st tide of mushrooms is harvested, the 2 nd tide of mushrooms can be grown after 4 days generally, and the management is proper, so that the 2 to 3 tides of mushrooms can be harvested.

When the method is used for the pure field cultivation of the straw mushrooms, the method comprises the following steps:

(1) selecting fresh and moldless dry straws with a natural state, spraying water to moisten the straws, storing the straws in the open for 3-5 months for natural stack retting, and turning the straws for 1-2 times every month to obtain fermented straws which are used as straws for cultivating straw mushrooms.

(2) A soil ridge is made in a field, and a drainage ditch is dug beside the soil ridge.

(3) When sowing, firstly spreading a layer of strains on the furrows, then spreading straw for straw mushroom cultivation on the furrows, and then spreading a layer of straw mushroom strains; the straw mushroom strain and the straw are treaded slightly by manpower, and are fully contacted and mixed to obtain the culture material.

(4) Uniformly cutting the mixed straw culture material containing the straw mushroom strains into 2-3 sections with equal length; each section is 15-35cm long.

(5) Then, the compost is stacked until the thickness reaches 25-45 cm.

(6) The surface of the sowed compost is covered with a transparent film, and the heat preservation and moisture preservation are carried out.

Wherein, the first 2 to 3 days of the growth of the straw mushroom requires a high temperature of 32 to 38 ℃, and more preferably 35 ℃. The covering film is used for increasing the temperature of the stack body and increasing the temperature of the stack body to the optimal temperature required by the straw mushrooms.

(7) And (3) taking off the film at a proper time 2-3 days after sowing according to the solar intensity and the air temperature, covering a layer of thin straw for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and building a small black yarn sunshade net shed for sunshade treatment. The temperature of the stack and the space is kept between 30 and 35 ℃. Spraying water mist around the ridge and the culture material to maintain the relative humidity of air over 85% and the humidity of the culture medium at 60-70%.

(8) And 4-6 days after sowing, performing fruiting period management, and harvesting straw mushrooms.

Because the growth of the straw mushroom has certain requirements on temperature and humidity, the method is suitable for cultivating the straw mushroom in the field in summer and autumn. Generally, the cultivation can be carried out when the atmospheric temperature is more than 25 ℃ and the day and night temperature difference change is not more than 10 ℃; generally, the method is suitable for 5-10 months in south and 7-9 months in north. The natural retting treatment time of the straws is relatively loose, and the natural retting treatment of the invention can be carried out after the rice is harvested and dried in the sun. Or storing the harvested straws, and performing natural composting treatment when needed.

If the method is used for indoor straw mushroom cultivation, the temperature and the humidity can be conveniently adjusted, and the cultivation time can be adjusted according to the requirement.

The technical scheme of the invention mainly comprises the following improvement points:

1. other straw mushroom cultivation methods all need to add lime for raw material treatment, and waste water after lime soaking is directly discharged without any treatment, so that the environment is polluted. According to the method, the straw for cultivating the straw mushrooms with the alkaline pH values is obtained by purchasing or adopting the own straw, spraying the straw with clear water to moisten the straw, storing the straw in the open air for natural composting for 3-5 months, and turning over the compost 1-2 times every month. The technology of the invention completely overcomes various defects of the lime treatment culture material, and is green and environment-friendly. If the straw for cultivating the straw mushrooms is not used immediately, the straw can be covered with a film and stored for a period of time, the straw is soaked in clear water before use to be completely wet, and the straw is fished out to drain excessive water, so that the straw mushrooms can be used for cultivating.

2. Other straw mushroom cultivation methods all need to carry out high-temperature fermentation or high-temperature disinfection treatment on the compost, and the straw mushroom compost (pure straw) disclosed by the invention does not need to carry out high-temperature fermentation or high-temperature disinfection treatment. According to the invention, through natural stack retting low-temperature fermentation treatment of the straws, waxy substances, siliceous substances and other macromolecular substances on the surfaces of the straws, which are not easily decomposed and utilized by the straw mushroom hyphae, are degraded, and in addition, the macromolecular substances such as crude fibers and the like are also decomposed into simple substances which are beneficial to the absorption of the straw mushroom hyphae after being stacked for a long time, so that the growth of the straw mushroom hyphae is promoted. The waxy and siliceous components on the surface of the straw are difficult to decompose and utilize by the mixed bacteria, so the naturally retted straw is in an environment state which is not beneficial to the growth of the mixed bacteria for a long time, and the natural propagation amount of the mixed bacteria is less; moreover, the pH of the straw is alkaline along with the low-temperature fermentation. When in use, other auxiliary materials rich in nutrient substances are not needed to be added, so the straw culture material can be directly used for straw mushroom cultivation without high-temperature fermentation or disinfection treatment.

3. Other methods for cultivating straw mushrooms are mainly indoor shelf cultivation or bag cultivation, the raw material fermentation or treatment land is a certain distance away from the cultivation room, the transportation, the loading and unloading and the like are needed, time and labor are consumed, and the labor cost is high.

4. The invention uses pure straw as raw material, adopts field cultivation method, and needs no additional organic auxiliary material or nutrient additive, and only uses temperature, light, humidity and gas management measures to obtain the nutrient and healthy straw mushroom fruiting body, and the biotransformation rate can reach above 15%.

5. The other straw mushroom cultivation method adopts a sowing mode that strains are uniformly scattered on the surface of a cultivation material, then a film is used for covering the cultivation material for heat preservation and moisture preservation, hypha germination is promoted, and the strains are only sown on the surface of a cultivation material. The seeding mode of the invention is that firstly, a layer of strain is sprinkled on the ground, the treated straw is paved, then the strain is sprinkled on the surface of the culture material evenly, and the strain, the culture material and the soil on the surface layer of the field are mixed by a manual treading mode. In addition, beneficial microorganisms, organic nutrients, mineral trace elements and the like in soil of a field also contribute to the growth of the straw mushrooms. However, the technology of the invention mainly provides the straw after treatment for the nutrition of the straw mushroom. Similar effects can be obtained if indoor cultivation is selected.

The technology is suitable for straw mushrooms, because the straw mushrooms are large-scale fungi with straw rotting property and have high growth speed; however, some of other mushrooms grow slowly, and the technology of the invention can not be randomly applied without study.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention utilizes pure straw to cultivate straw mushroom in field, the raw material does not add organic auxiliary material and lime, the straw is decomposed into simple substance which is beneficial to the absorption of straw mushroom hypha through natural stack retting, other organic auxiliary material or nutrition additive and the like are not needed to be added in the cultivation process, and the nutritional and healthy straw mushroom fruiting body can be obtained only through the management measures of temperature, light, humidity, gas and the like.

The straw is used as the main raw material for culturing the straw mushrooms, harmful sewage is not generated in the treatment process, the raw material does not need to be subjected to high-temperature disinfection or pasteurization, energy is not consumed, greenhouse gas is not generated, and the dual goals of energy conservation and emission reduction can be achieved at the same time. The straw mushroom cultivation method has the advantages that the straw mushroom is cultivated by using the pure straw, waste is changed into valuable, the cultivated substrate can be directly returned to the field, soil fertility is improved, the soil structure is improved, the summer high-temperature planting neutral period is utilized, the straw mushroom is produced in the field, the land utilization rate is improved, the income of farmers is increased, and an expensive cultivation mushroom house does not need to be built.

The method has the advantages of low planting cost, high benefit, reduction in discharge of waste water and waste steam, energy conservation, environmental protection, improvement on the utilization rate of the straw stalks, improvement on the utilization rate of land, improvement on the soil structure, increase in soil nutrition and the like, changes waste into valuable, improves the income of mushroom farmers, is a new creation for straw mushroom cultivation, and has very wide application prospect.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing straw effect in different treatment modes;

FIG. 2 is a comparison of pH values of straws treated in different ways;

FIG. 3 is a comparison of water absorption of rice straws according to different treatment modes;

FIG. 4 is a comparison of the growth of straw mushroom hyphae in different straw treatment modes;

FIG. 5 is a view of cultivating straw mushroom by fermenting straw according to the technique of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows the cultivation of straw mushroom by the technique of the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows fruiting status of straw mushroom cultivated by the technique of the present invention;

FIG. 8 shows the harvesting condition of straw mushroom cultivated by the technique of the invention.

Detailed Description

Comparison of different treatments of straw

(1) Selecting fresh and non-mildew, non-pollution, non-impurity and non-pesticide residue dry straw as raw material. The straw should be kept in a natural state without cutting or crushing.

(2) The purchased straws are sprayed with clear water to be wet until the straws have water to begin to drip out. And storing the straw for straw mushroom cultivation in the open air for 3-5 months, turning the pile for 1-2 times every month, and performing natural composting and low-temperature fermentation to obtain the straw for straw mushroom cultivation. Generally, the straw is sprayed with sufficient water at one time, and no water is required to be added during the subsequent natural composting. However, if white smoke is found to be floated out in the process of stack retting fermentation, the water content is proved to be insufficient, the stack is turned over in time, and a proper amount of water is added for continuous fermentation.

The judgment standard of the natural stack retted straw which meets the requirements of the invention after being processed and can be directly used for straw mushroom culture is as follows: the color of the straw is yellow brown, the original structure of the straw is kept, the straw has certain toughness and hardness, and the straw is obviously softened when being pinched by hands but is not rotten or broken. At this time, the waxy and siliceous substances on the surface of the straw, which are not easily decomposed and utilized by the volvariella volvacea hyphae, are degraded, and the macromolecular substances such as crude fibers are also decomposed into simple substances which are beneficial to the absorption of the volvariella volvacea hyphae.

The judgment standard of the straw which is not fermented is as follows: the color of the straw is golden yellow, the original structure of the straw is kept, the hardness is high, the toughness is lacked, and the straw is obviously not softened when being pinched by hands.

The judgment standard of the over-fermented straws is as follows: the straw is dark brown, loses the original structure of the straw, lacks toughness and hardness, and is easy to crush when being pinched by hands.

The fermentation results are shown in FIG. 1, note: firstly, fresh straws which are not fermented; secondly, the straws are fermented by the technology; ③ over-fermented straws.

If the fermented straw is not used immediately, the straw can be covered with plastic film to prevent rain, and the straw can be stacked to dry and cool place. At the moment, the water content of the straws is low, and the straw pile body can not be fermented any more on the premise of not adding any water and not raining. Can be stacked and stored for more than half a year.

Untreated straw was used as a control and compared to the pH of the inventive treated straw, and the results are shown in figure 2. In FIG. 2, the left part is the soaking water of the straw without natural fermentation; the right part is the soaking material water of the naturally fermented straws of the invention. The results show that the straw naturally fermented is adopted, the pH value is alkaline, and the straw can be directly used for straw mushroom culture (the optimal growth pH value of straw mushroom hypha is 8); the straw which is not naturally fermented is not suitable for straw mushroom culture because the pH value is acidic, and the straw can be used for straw mushroom culture only after being soaked in lime water according to the conventional technology and the pH value of the straw is adjusted.

Untreated straw was used as a control and compared to the water uptake of the inventive treated straw, and the results are shown in fig. 3. In FIG. 3, the water absorption of the unfermented straws is slow, and the water absorption is 245%; secondly, the fermented straw in the technology absorbs water quickly, and the water absorption rate is 260 percent.

The straw naturally fermented by the invention is inoculated with straw mushroom strains. The results are shown in FIG. 4. The left side of FIG. 4 shows the hypha growth of naturally fermented rice straw; the right part is the growth of straw hyphae without natural fermentation. The results show that after the straw is inoculated with the straw mushroom strain, the hyphae germinate early, grow fast and are thick and strong; after the straw which is not naturally fermented is used for inoculation, the straw mushroom hypha germinates slowly, is weak and grows slowly. Fully indicates that the straws naturally fermented by the invention have pH value, air permeability, water retention property and the like suitable for the growth of straw mushroom hypha.

In the method, the straws are naturally piled and retted for 3-5 months and are fermented at low temperature, the water content of the straws is gradually reduced, and waxy and siliceous components on the surfaces of the straws are difficult to decompose and utilize by mixed bacteria, so that the naturally fermented straw culture medium is in an environment state which is not beneficial to the growth of the mixed bacteria for a long time, the natural propagation amount of the mixed bacteria is small, other auxiliary materials rich in nutrient substances are not added during use, and the pH is naturally alkaline to kill the mixed bacteria. Therefore, the method optimizes the production process of the straw mushroom, does not need high-temperature sterilization or pasteurization, and can achieve the effects of reducing energy consumption and pollution.

The field cultivation method of straw mushroom includes the following steps:

(1) selecting fresh and dry straw without mildew, pollution, impurity and pesticide residue, and keeping the natural state of the straw without cutting or crushing.

(2) And (3) spraying clear water to moisten the dry straws, storing the straws in the open for 3-5 months, turning over the straws for 1-2 times every month, and performing natural stack retting and low-temperature fermentation to obtain the straws for straw mushroom cultivation. At the moment, the waxy substances, siliceous substances and other macromolecular substances on the surface of the straws, which are not easily decomposed and utilized by the straw mushroom hyphae, are degraded, and the macromolecular substances such as crude fibers and the like are also piled up and decomposed for a long time into simple substances which are beneficial to the straw mushroom hyphae to absorb.

(3) In fields, ditching and water drainage are carried out, soil beds are made at grass stacking places, the width of each bed is 100 cm, the height of each bed is 10-20 cm, the length of each bed is not limited, and the distance between the beds is about 50 cm, so that the operation is convenient, the water flooding is prevented, and the common general knowledge of agricultural cultivation is provided. 1 day before cultivation, the self-heating fermented straw raw material is placed in a field furrow, is completely soaked in clear water for 2-3 hours, and the rice straw is obtained after complete soaking. Fishing out, and draining off excessive water to make the water content of the rice straw reach about 65%.

(4) When sowing, firstly spreading a layer of strains on the ridge, then spreading straw for straw mushroom cultivation on the ridge with the thickness of about 10 cm, and then spreading a layer of straw mushroom strains with the sowing amount of 500 g/square meter. The humidity of the field soil is about 20%, and the field soil is kept moist.

(5) After sowing, the strain and the straw are pedaled manually and lightly to be mixed fully to obtain the culture material.

The technology of the invention is suitable for the common fields with moist soil, rich water, convenient irrigation and drainage and flat topography, has no requirement on the crops cultivated in the previous field, and can cultivate the straw mushrooms after the crops such as rice, vegetables, bananas, corns and the like are planted. The compost after the straw mushroom cultivation is directly returned to the field, other crops can be continuously produced, the soil structure is improved, soil humus is increased, the growth of the crops is facilitated, and the straw mushroom cultivation method is efficient, cyclic and ecological.

(6) And cutting the mixed culture materials containing the strains into three sections, wherein each section is about 30 cm long, and then stacking the culture materials at the two sides to the middle to ensure that the thickness of the culture materials reaches 30-40 cm.

The straw is cut and piled up, on one hand, the thickness of the culture material is increased, and good water retention and heat preservation effects are obtained. On the other hand, the cut of the rice straw is regular, and the fruiting surface of the hypha can be increased. If the culture material is not cut off, the thickness is required to be increased by increasing the using amount of the culture material to obtain the heat preservation and moisture preservation effects, so that the using amount is large, and the middle of the cultivation method is the same as that of the traditional field straw cultivation, and the problems of insufficient air permeability and the like exist. The process of cutting and stacking the straw is important and cannot be omitted. The mushroom growing device has the main effects of increasing the mushroom growing area, keeping the material temperature and keeping good air permeability.

(7) The surface of the sowed compost is covered with a transparent film (only a common film) and is kept warm and moist.

(8) And (3) taking off the film at a proper time 2-3 days after sowing according to the solar intensity and the air temperature, covering a layer of thin straw for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and building a small black yarn simple sunshade net shed for sunshade treatment. The humidity of the culture medium is kept at 60% -70%, preferably about 65%, water is properly sprayed around the ridges and the culture materials for moisturizing, the relative humidity of the surrounding air reaches over 85%, and the temperature is kept at 30-35 ℃.

The compost for cultivating the straw mushrooms mainly depends on the straws naturally fermented by the invention. The straw of the invention can provide the nutrition required by straw mushroom after natural fermentation. Another bright point of the invention lies in adjusting the cultivation mode, such as optimizing the seeding mode, scattering a layer of seeds on the ground, then spreading the culture material, then seeding a layer of seeds, increasing the seeding area; the straw is cut and piled up, the thickness of the culture material is increased, the material temperature is kept, the cut is neat, the fruiting surface is enlarged, and the water retention and heat preservation performance are better. In the cultivation process, the straw mushroom fruiting body with nutrition and health can be obtained only by timely ventilation, moisture preservation, heat preservation and the like. The method controls the diseases by controlling the nutrition, temperature and humidity of the culture material, so that the overall conversion rate is improved.

(9) And 4-6 days after sowing, performing fruiting period management, and spraying fruiting water, wherein when the buds of the mushrooms just appear, the water is not suitable for directly spraying the straw pile, and when the humidity is not enough, the mushrooms are humidified by spraying in the air. During the period from sowing to fruiting, ventilation is required, and the ventilation is proper, so that the quality of the mushroom is good, and the occurrence of mixed bacteria can be reduced. When the mushroom grows to be large in fingers, if the relative humidity of air is low, the culture material is dry, the air humidity can be increased in a spraying mode, the humidity of the culture material is properly increased in a water spraying mode, and the young mushroom is prevented from being dry due to water shortage. Under normal conditions, mushroom harvesting starts 10-11 days after sowing, 2 tide mushrooms can be harvested generally, and the whole cultivation period is about 18 days.

(10) The harvested culture material contains nutrients left after decomposition of the straw mushroom hyphae, and protein, organic matters and the like contained in the straw mushroom hyphae, is a first-class soil improvement and nutrition supplement, can be directly returned to the field for planting next round of vegetables or grain crops, does not need additional transportation and discarding treatment, can be recycled, and is energy-saving and environment-friendly. In the prior art, the used culture materials are not suitable for direct returning treatment due to over-rich nutrition, high pH value, excessive mixed bacteria and plant diseases and insect pests and the like. For example, some waste cotton dregs and cotton seed hulls are not easy to decompose, and simultaneously, the nitrogen content is high, the pH value is higher, and if the waste cotton dregs and cotton seed hulls are directly returned to the field, the root burning phenomenon is also easy to occur.

The present invention is further illustrated by, but is not limited to, the following examples. The treatment of straw and the judgment standard of the fermented straw are the same as the above.

Example 1

7 months in 2017, and on an Ankang farm in Zhongshan city; in the common paddy field, the previous crops are vegetables.

(1) Selecting fresh and dry straw without mildew, pollution, impurity and pesticide residue, and keeping natural state without cutting or pulverizing.

(2) And spraying the straws with clear water to moisten the straws, storing the straws in the open for 3-4 months, turning over the straws for 1-2 times every month, and performing natural stack retting and low-temperature fermentation to obtain the straws for the field cultivation of the straw mushrooms. Waxy substances, siliceous substances and the like on the surface of the rice straws are not easily degraded by macromolecular substances decomposed and utilized by the straw mushroom hyphae, and in addition, the macromolecular substances such as crude fibers and the like are also stacked and decomposed for a long time into simple substances which are beneficial to the absorption of the straw mushroom hyphae.

The straw for field cultivation of straw mushroom is obtained by treating 2016 late rice, covering with plastic film after fermentation to prevent rain, and stacking to dry and cool place for storage.

(3) A vegetable field land is provided with a drainage ditch and used as a soil ridge, the width of the ridge is 60 cm, the height of the ridge is 10-20 cm, the length of the ridge is not limited, and the distance between the ridges is about 50 cm. Cultivating straw mushroom about 7 months, 1 day before cultivation, placing self-heating fermented straw raw material beside ridge ditch of field, as shown in figure 5. In FIG. 5, a bundle of fermented straw is shown, which has not been cut. Completely soaking the straws in clear water for 2-3 hours. Fishing out, and draining off excessive water to make the water content of the straw culture medium reach about 65%.

(4) When sowing, firstly spreading a layer of strains on the ridge, then spreading the processed rice straw on the ridge with the thickness of about 10 cm, and then spreading a layer of straw mushroom strains, wherein the sowing amount is 500 g/square meter. The humidity of the field soil is about 20%, and the field soil is kept moist.

(5) After sowing, the strain and the culture medium are manually and lightly treaded to be fully contacted with the surface soil of the field, so that the strain is fully mixed with the straw, soil microorganisms, soil beneficial elements and the like.

(7) The surface of the sowed compost is covered with a transparent film, and the heat preservation and moisture preservation are carried out.

(8) And (3) taking off the film at a proper time 2-3 days after sowing according to the solar intensity and the air temperature, covering a layer of thin straw for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and building a small black yarn simple sunshade net shed for sunshade treatment. See fig. 6. The humidity of the culture medium is kept at about 65%, the water is properly sprayed around the ridges and the culture materials for moisturizing, the relative humidity of air reaches more than 85%, and the atmospheric temperature is kept at more than 25 ℃.

(9) 4-6 days after sowing, performing fruiting period management, and spraying fruiting water, wherein when the buds just appear (figure 7), water is not suitable for directly spraying the straw pile, and when the humidity is not enough, the straw pile is sprayed to the air for humidification. During the period from sowing to fruiting, ventilation is required, and the ventilation is proper, so that the quality of the mushroom is good, and the occurrence of mixed bacteria can be reduced. When the mushroom grows to be large in fingers, if the relative humidity of air is low, the culture material is dry, the air humidity can be increased in a spraying mode, the humidity of the culture material is properly increased in a water spraying mode, and the young mushroom is prevented from being dry due to water shortage. Mushroom harvesting starts 10-11 days after sowing, and fig. 8 shows that the straw mushrooms which can be harvested can harvest 2 tide of mushrooms, and the whole cultivation period is about 18 days. The biological conversion rate of the obtained straw mushroom is calculated to be about 23%.

(10) The harvested culture medium is directly returned to the field for the next round of vegetable or grain crop planting, additional transportation and discarding treatment are not needed, recycling is achieved, and energy conservation and environmental protection are achieved.

Example 2

8 months in 2017, and in the place of Zhongshan Xianshan village; in the common paddy field, the previous crops are vegetables.

(2) And spraying the straws with clear water to moisten the straws, storing the straws in the open for 3-4 months, turning over the straws for 1-2 times every month, and naturally piling and fermenting the straws at a low temperature to obtain the straws for cultivating the straw mushrooms.

Straw for cultivating straw mushroom in field is 2016, is dried in the sun and then is stored in a shady and cool place indoors, and natural stack retting treatment is carried out in 2017 and 4 months.

(3) In a field, ditching and draining are carried out, soil beds are made at the positions where straws are piled, the width of each bed is 100 cm, the height of each bed is 10-20 cm, the length of each bed is not limited, and the distance between the beds is about 50 cm. And (3) carrying out straw mushroom cultivation in 8 months, wherein 1 day before cultivation, the naturally fermented straw raw material is placed in a field furrow, is completely soaked in clear water, and is soaked for 2-3 hours. Fishing out, and draining off excessive water to make the water content of the straw culture medium reach about 65%.

(5) After sowing, the strain and the culture medium are pedaled manually and lightly to ensure that the strain and the culture medium are fully mixed.

(6) And cutting the mixed culture materials containing the strains into three sections, wherein each section is about 30 cm long, and then stacking the culture materials at the two sides to the middle to enable the thickness of the culture materials to reach 25-45 cm.

(8) And (3) taking off the film at a proper time 2-3 days after sowing according to the solar intensity and the air temperature, covering a layer of thin straw for heat preservation and moisture preservation, and building a small black yarn simple sunshade net shed for sunshade treatment. The humidity of the culture medium is kept at about 65%, and proper water is sprayed around the ridges and the culture materials to keep the humidity, so that the relative humidity of air reaches over 85%, and the atmospheric temperature is over 25 ℃.

(9) And 4-6 days after sowing, performing fruiting period management, and spraying fruiting water, wherein when the buds of the mushrooms just appear, the water is not suitable for directly spraying the straw pile, and when the humidity is not enough, the mushrooms are humidified by spraying in the air. During the period from sowing to fruiting, ventilation is required, and the ventilation is proper, so that the quality of the mushroom is good, and the occurrence of mixed bacteria can be reduced. When the mushroom grows to be large in fingers, if the relative humidity of air is low, the culture material is dry, the air humidity can be increased in a spraying mode, the humidity of the culture material is properly increased in a water spraying mode, and the young mushroom is prevented from being dry due to water shortage. And (4) harvesting mushrooms 10-11 days after sowing, harvesting 2-tide mushrooms totally, and enabling the whole cultivation period to be about 18 days. The biological conversion rate of the obtained straw mushroom is calculated to be about 22%.

(10) The harvested culture medium is directly returned to the field for the next round of vegetable or grain crop planting, additional transportation and disposal are not needed, recycling is achieved, and energy conservation and environmental protection are achieved.

The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A pure straw cultivation method of straw mushrooms is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) selecting fresh and mildew-free dry straws with a natural state, spraying water to moisten the straws, storing the straws in the open air for 3-5 months to perform natural stack retting with the water dropping degree as the degree, and turning the straws for 1-2 times every month to obtain fermented straws serving as straws for straw mushroom cultivation; the judgment standard of the fermented straws is as follows: the color of the straw is yellow brown, the original structure of the straw is kept, the straw has certain toughness and hardness, and the straw is obviously softened when being pinched by hands but is not rotten or broken;

2) firstly, scattering a layer of straw mushroom strain, then spreading straw for straw mushroom cultivation, scattering a layer of straw mushroom strain, manually and gently treading the strain and the straw for straw mushroom cultivation, and fully contacting and mixing the straw mushroom strain and the straw for straw mushroom cultivation to obtain a culture material;

3) uniformly cutting the mixed straw culture material containing the straw mushroom strains into 2-3 sections with equal length; each section is 15-35cm long;

4) stacking the cut compost till the thickness reaches 25-45 cm; and (5) carrying out straw mushroom cultivation.

2. The method of cultivating pure straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: if the fermented straw is not used for cultivating straw mushroom immediately, covering with plastic film to prevent rain, and stacking to dry and cool place for storage.

3. The method of cultivating pure straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: before mixing straw for straw mushroom cultivation with straw mushroom strains, soaking the straw with water until the water content is 60-70%.

4. The method of cultivating pure straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: when straw for cultivating straw mushroom and straw are fully contacted and mixed, the mass ratio of straw mushroom strain and straw is controlled to be 5-10%.

5. The method of cultivating pure straw as claimed in claim 1, wherein: and stacking the cut compost till the thickness reaches 30-45 cm.