CN108934256B - Crop cultivation method for improving soil - Google Patents
Crop cultivation method for improving soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN108934256B CN108934256B CN201810602969.4A CN201810602969A CN108934256B CN 108934256 B CN108934256 B CN 108934256B CN 201810602969 A CN201810602969 A CN 201810602969A CN 108934256 B CN108934256 B CN 108934256B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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Abstract
The invention provides a crop cultivation method for improving soil, and belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation. The invention comprises the following steps: (1) Pressing after deep scarification of soil, sowing a first crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing straws of the first crop after the first crop is harvested, deep scarifying the straws into the soil or covering the soil surface of a farmland, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; (2) In the second year, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing a second crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the second crop after the second crop is harvested, deeply turning into the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the second crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop; (3) Thirdly, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing third crops, paving drip irrigation belts, crushing straws of the third crops after the third crops are harvested, turning over the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the third crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop; the second crop is different from the first crop and the third crop, respectively. The method of the invention can obviously improve soil and has obvious yield increasing effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a crop cultivation method for improving soil.
Background
In the northeast plain, due to climate factors, only one crop is planted in one year generally, and the conventional cultivation method mainly comprises continuous cropping, so that the ecological benefit and the economic benefit are low. Crop pathogens accumulate seriously, and the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is frequent and gradually aggravated. Especially, soil-borne diseases are continuously generated, pathogenic bacteria gradually evolve and strengthen, control is difficult, the soil-borne diseases become a main threat to production, and crop yield reduction is serious. Degradation of the plough layer soil results in reduced microbial activity of the soil, deregulation of microbial communities and reduced nutrient decomposition. The consumption of single nutrient in the soil is larger, the accumulated consumption and recovery for many years are difficult, the salt content of the soil is increased along with the extension of the cultivation period, and the soil gradually gathers to the surface layer, so that the pH imbalance is aggravated. Continuous cropping of single crops for many years causes hardening of plough layer soil, deterioration of physical and chemical properties, increase of pH value, deepening and hardening of a plough bottom layer, and influences absorption and utilization of nutrients by crops.
Continuous production for many years easily causes that farmland soil structure worsens seriously, and soil retaining ability is poor, runs into rainfall and easily forms the surface runoff, easily forms the minor ditch, and the infiltration of water is few, causes irrigation and precipitation resource's a large amount of waste, and farmland soil wind erosion and soil erosion are heavier. The farmland soil is easy to form a hard plow layer, the hardened plow layer is gradually thickened, the plow layer is deficient in nutrient and moisture, microorganisms are greatly reduced, the organic matter content is greatly reduced, the water permeability and air permeability of the soil are seriously attenuated, the root system of crops is difficult to prick, and the growth of the crops on the ground is seriously affected.
And after harvesting in northeast China every year, most crop straws remain in farmlands, and even in the second spring of part of regions, the action of burning the straws still exists, so that a large amount of straws are wasted, and even if corresponding straw returning operation is carried out, the organic conversion degree of the straws is low.
At present, no efficient and comprehensive crop cultivation method for returning the straws to the field, which can improve the soil, exists.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a method for cultivating crops with soil improvement effect, which improves the soil structure, increases the organic matter content of the soil and increases the soil moisture content.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a crop cultivation method for improving soil, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Pressing after deep loosening the soil, sowing the first crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the first crop after the first crop is harvested, deep-ploughing the soil or covering the soil surface, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the first crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
(2) In the second year, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing a second crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the second crop after the second crop is harvested, deeply turning into the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the second crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
(3) Thirdly, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing third crops, paving drip irrigation belts, crushing straws of the third crops after the third crops are harvested, turning over the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the third crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
the second crop is different from the first crop and the third crop, respectively.
Preferably, the depth of the deep scarification in the step (1) to the step (3) is 25-45 cm.
Preferably, the particle size of the pulverization in the steps (1) to (3) is independently 5 to 25cm.
Preferably, the depth of the deep turning in the step (1) to the step (2) is independently 31-45 cm.
Preferably, the ploughing depth in the step (3) is 20-30 cm.
Preferably, when the gramineous crop is corn, the process of laying the drip irrigation tape further comprises a process of laying a mulching film.
Preferably, the subsoiler used in the step (1) to the step (3) is a front cutting knife type subsoiler.
Preferably, the sowing modes in the step (1) to the step (3) comprise wide-narrow row sowing and uniform ridge sowing.
Preferably, the compacting, deep loosening, sowing, drip irrigation tape laying, crushing, deep ploughing, ploughing and rotary tillage in the steps (1) to (3) are mechanical operations.
Preferably, the crop cultivation method is applied to a annual quarter of a crop.
The invention provides a crop cultivation method for improving soil, which utilizes two or more crops to form a rotation relation, and straw is returned to the field, and is matched with the technologies of compacting, deep loosening, drip irrigation, crushing, deep turning, turning and rotary tillage, so that the temperature of soil in a cultivated layer is increased timely, the sowing time is advanced, a proper soil moisture content and soil temperature environment are built, the sowing and emergence in advance are promoted, the growth time of the crops is prolonged, and the yield is increased: the increasing rate of corn is 5-21%, the increasing rate of soybean is 4-18%, and the increasing rate of wheat is 5-16%; soil structure is improved, straw decomposition is promoted: quick-acting nitrogen is increased by 30-50%, potassium is increased by 10-24%, phosphorus is increased by 21-33%, soil organic matter content is increased by 0.13-0.22%, and soil microorganism quantity is increased by 7-18.7%; the water storage capacity and the water storage capacity of the soil are improved, the water storage capacity of the soil reservoir is increased, the effective utilization amount of water is promoted, the drought resistance of the soil is improved, redundant irrigation water is reduced, irrigation water is saved, the waste of water resources is reduced, and the reasonable utilization of the water resources is improved; the spacing or mixing of the crop straws and returning to the field is beneficial to the composition of diversified soil nutrients, is easy to improve the straw decomposition effect, and provides good soil structure and nutrient composition for the growth of the next crop.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a soil straw layering chart after finishing three-season crop cultivation in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a soil straw layering chart after finishing three-season crop cultivation in example 2;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing soil stalk delamination after finishing cultivation of the three-season crop in example 3;
fig. 5 is a soil straw layering chart after finishing three-season crop cultivation in example 4.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a crop cultivation method for improving soil, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Pressing after deep loosening the soil, sowing the first crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the first crop after the first crop is harvested, deep-ploughing the soil or covering the soil surface, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the first crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
(2) In the second year, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing a second crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the second crop after the second crop is harvested, deeply turning into the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the second crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
(3) Thirdly, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing third crops, paving drip irrigation belts, crushing straws of the third crops after the third crops are harvested, turning over the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the third crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
the second crop is different from the first crop and the third crop, respectively.
The flow chart of the crop cultivation method provided by the invention is shown in figure 1:
when the cultivation method is used for cultivation, soil is deeply loosened, then the soil is pressed, a first crop is sown, a drip irrigation belt is paved, after the first crop is harvested, straws of the first crop are crushed, the soil is deeply ploughed or covered on the ground surface, and rotary tillage is carried out once; the first crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop. The subsoiler is preferably mechanically operated, the machine is preferably a subsoiler, the subsoiler preferably comprises a wide-narrow-row strip subsoiler, a uniform-row strip subsoiler, a wide-narrow-row compound strip subsoiler or an omnibearing subsoiler, and the subsoiler preferably comprises a subsoiler. The subsoiler of the invention preferably comprises a front cutting knife type subsoiler, and more preferably comprises a front equilateral triangle cutting blade and a right-angled triangle cutting blade. In the present invention, when the subsoiler is a wide-narrow-row strip subsoiler, the depth of the subsoiler is preferably 25 to 45cm, more preferably 30 to 40cm, and most preferably 35cm. The wide-narrow row strip subsoiler preferably comprises a strip subsoiler and a compacting device, wherein the compacting device comprises a compacting wheel or a compacting roller. When the subsoiler is a uniform row strip subsoiler, the uniform row strip subsoiler preferably comprises a strip subsoiler and a compacting device, wherein the depth of the subsoiler is preferably 25-45 cm, more preferably 32-38 cm, and most preferably 35cm. When the subsoiler is a wide-narrow-row compound subsoiler, the wide-narrow-row compound subsoiler preferably comprises a compound strip subsoiler and a compacting device, and the compound strip subsoiler preferably comprises a long shovel and a short shovel, wherein the depth of the long shovel is preferably 31-45 cm, more preferably 35-42 cm, and most preferably 40cm; the depth of the short shovel according to the invention is preferably 20-30 cm, more preferably 22-28 cm, most preferably 25cm. When the subsoiler is an all-directional subsoiler, the all-directional subsoiler preferably comprises an all-directional subsoiler, a shovel blade and a compacting device, wherein the depth of the all-directional subsoiler is preferably 25-45 cm, more preferably 30-40 cm, and most preferably 37cm. In an embodiment of the present invention, the compacting device preferably comprises a compacting wheel or a compacting roller, which can combine deep scarification and soil seam compaction and simultaneously complete the operations. The invention presses after deep scarification of soil and sows first crops, wherein the first crops comprise gramineous crops or leguminous crops. The sowing mode of the first crop preferably comprises wide-narrow row sowing and uniform row sowing, and the gramineous plant preferably comprises corn, wheat, buckwheat or oat, wherein when the first crop is corn, the wide-narrow row sowing mode is preferably adopted, and the wide-narrow row sowing mode is respectively 80cm wide and 50cm narrow. After corn sowing is completed, the drip irrigation tape is paved, and a mulching film is paved preferably. The method and specification for laying the drip irrigation tape and the mulching film are not particularly limited, and the drip irrigation tape is laid under the mulching film preferably by using a conventional method in the field. According to the invention, when the drip irrigation tape is paved, the mulching film and the drip irrigation capillary are paved simultaneously by the mulching film covering and drip irrigation capillary paving integrated machine. The invention can directly use the laid drip irrigation tape to drought and supplement water in the growth process of corns in drought weather, thereby reducing drought loss, and the topdressing in the corn jointing period uses the laid drip irrigation tape to supplement water and fertilizer simultaneously, improving the utilization efficiency of the water and fertilizer, promoting the nutrient absorption and utilization of crops, facilitating the soil temperature to be improved by laying the mulch film, promoting the growth of crops after the mulch film is laid, effectively relieving the damage of low temperature in the growth period of corns, preventing low-temperature cold injury and reducing the cold injury loss. After harvesting the corn in autumn, the invention directly pulverizes the corn stalks, wherein the particle size of the pulverization is preferably 5-15 cm, more preferably 7-10 cm, and most preferably 8cm. The crushed straw is deeply ploughed into soil, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably 31-40 cm, more preferably 32-38 cm and most preferably 35cm. The deep turning mode of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed by a machine, preferably a reversible plow. According to the invention, after deep turning, rotary tillage is performed once, the rotary tillage is preferably performed on the upper layer of a farmland, and large soil on the upper layer is smashed. The rotary tillage method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed mechanically.
In the present invention, when the first crop is wheat, uniform row sowing is preferably employed. The line width of the uniform line sowing is 65cm. According to the invention, after wheat sowing is completed, a drip irrigation belt is paved. The specification for laying the drip irrigation tape is not particularly limited, and the drip irrigation tape can be laid by a conventional drip irrigation tape, preferably by a shallow burying method, wherein the depth of the shallow burying method is preferably 5cm below the ground surface. After the drip irrigation tape is paved, the invention carries out drip irrigation and water supplementing on the wheat field after sowing for one time, carries out soil moisture enhancement on farmland soil, improves the humidity of the wheat field with 0cm to 20cm deep soil, and promotes the germination and seedling emergence of wheat seeds. And drip irrigation equipment is used for supplementing water and resisting drought in the whole growth process of the wheat, so that yield reduction of the wheat caused by drought is reduced or avoided. And fertilization in the growth process of the wheat is also carried out by drip irrigation equipment, so that the utilization of water and fertilizer by the wheat is improved. After harvesting the wheat, the invention pulverizes the wheat straw, preferably with a particle size of 16-25 cm, more preferably 18-23 cm, most preferably 20cm. The invention preferably further comprises a bundling, stacking and decomposing process before the crushed wheat straw is deeply ploughed into the soil, and the bundling and stacking process and method are not particularly limited and can be carried out by utilizing the conventional method in the field. The decomposing is preferably to spray a straw decomposing agent on the wheat straw stack after the stack is collected to rapidly decompose the straw, wherein the decomposing time is preferably 8-20 d, more preferably 15-18 d, and most preferably 17d. The wheat straw after being thoroughly decomposed is covered on the surface of a farmland, and then is deeply ploughed into soil, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably 30-45 cm, more preferably 35-40 cm and most preferably 38cm. The deep turning mode of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed by a machine, preferably a reversible plow. According to the invention, after deep turning, rotary tillage is performed once, the rotary tillage is preferably performed on the upper layer of a farmland, and large soil on the upper layer is smashed. The rotary tillage method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed mechanically.
In the present invention, when the first crop is oat, it is preferable to use a uniform row sowing method, and the uniform row sowing has a row width of 65cm. According to the invention, after the sowing of the oat is completed, a drip irrigation belt is paved. The specification for laying the drip irrigation tape is not particularly limited, and the drip irrigation tape can be laid by using a conventional drip irrigation tape in the field, preferably by using a shallow burying method. After the drip irrigation tape is paved, the drip irrigation water is added to the sown oat field for one time, the soil moisture of the farmland is increased, the humidity of the soil with the depth of 0-20 cm in the oat field is improved, and the germination and seedling emergence of wheat seeds are promoted. And drip irrigation equipment is used for supplementing water and resisting drought in the whole growth process of the oat, so that yield reduction of the oat caused by drought is reduced or avoided. And fertilization in the growth process of the oat is also carried out by drip irrigation equipment, so that the utilization of the oat to water and fertilizer is improved. After harvesting the oat, the invention pulverizes the oat straw, the particle size of the pulverization is preferably 10-25 cm, more preferably 18-23 cm, and most preferably 20cm. The invention preferably further comprises a bundling, stacking and decomposing process before deep-ploughing the crushed oat straw into the soil, and the bundling and stacking process and method are not particularly limited and can be carried out by utilizing a conventional method in the field. The decomposing is preferably to spray a straw decomposing agent on the oat straw stack after the stack is collected to rapidly decompose the oat straw, wherein the decomposing time is preferably 8-20 d, more preferably 15-18 d, and most preferably 17d. According to the invention, the decomposed oat straw is covered on the surface of a farmland, and then the decomposed oat straw is deeply ploughed into soil, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably 35-45 cm, more preferably 37-40 cm, and most preferably 38cm. The deep turning mode of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed by a machine, preferably a reversible plow. According to the invention, after deep ploughing, rotary tillage is performed once, the rotary tillage is preferably performed on the upper layer of a farmland, large soil on the upper layer is smashed, and soil cracks generated by ploughing are closed. The rotary tillage method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed mechanically.
When the first crop is soybean, a uniform row sowing mode is preferably adopted, and the row width of the uniform row sowing is 65cm. The specification for laying the drip irrigation tape is not particularly limited, and the drip irrigation tape can be laid by using a conventional drip irrigation tape in the field, preferably by using a shallow burying method, wherein the depth of the shallow burying method is preferably 5cm. After the soybeans are harvested, the soybean straws are crushed, and the particle size of the crushed soybeans is preferably 8-20 cm, more preferably 10-15 cm and most preferably 13cm. The crushed soybean straws are preferably uniformly paved on the ground surface of a farmland, and are deeply ploughed into soil, wherein the deep ploughing depth is preferably 25-40 cm, more preferably 28-35 cm, and most preferably 30cm. The deep turning mode of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed by a machine, preferably a reversible plow. According to the invention, after deep ploughing, rotary tillage is performed once, the rotary tillage is preferably performed on the upper layer of a farmland, large soil on the upper layer is smashed, and soil cracks generated by ploughing are closed. The rotary tillage method of the present invention is not particularly limited, and is preferably performed mechanically.
In the invention, after soil is deeply loosened in the next year, the second crop is sown, a drip irrigation belt is paved, after the second crop is harvested, the straw of the second crop is crushed, the soil is deeply ploughed, and rotary tillage is carried out for one time; the second crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop. The deep scarification is soil after straw returning of the first crop is deeply scarified, and in the invention, the methods of deep scarification, compacting, sowing, drip irrigation tape laying, harvesting, crushing, deep turning and rotary tillage are the same as those of the first crop. The second crop is different from the first crop in kind, and rotation of different crops is formed on the land. The deep scarification can increase the air circulation between soil and the buried straw, promote the deep mixing and contact of the soil and the straw, and improve the decomposition rate and the decomposition speed of the buried straw. The invention also preferably comprises one-time rotary tillage after deep scarification, wherein the rotary tillage can fully break up large soil and smooth land, close and fold soil seams generated by deep scarification, and crush the stubbles of first crops.
In the invention, in the third year, the soil is deeply loosened, then is compacted, a third crop is sowed, a drip irrigation belt is paved, after the third crop is harvested, the straw of the third crop is crushed, and the soil is ploughed, and is rotary-tilled for one time; the third crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop. The subsoiling is soil after the straw of the second crop is returned to the field, and in the invention, the methods of subsoiling, compacting, sowing, laying drip irrigation belts, harvesting, crushing and rotary tillage are the same as those of the first crop. The ploughing depth of the invention is preferably 20-30 cm. The third crop and the second crop are different in type, and rotation of different crops is formed on the land. The deep scarification can increase the air circulation between soil and the buried straw, promote the deep mixing and contact of the soil and the straw, and improve the decomposition rate and the decomposition speed of the buried straw.
The cultivation method is suitable for a year-round quarter of crops, preferably including the eastern three-province, and in the embodiment of the invention, the cultivation method is applied to a western semiarid region of Jilin province.
The soil improvement crop cultivation method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
In the western semiarid region of Jilin province, drought disasters frequently occur, and the cultivated layer has thinner soil and lower soil fertility.
The corn is planted in the 1 st year, the wide-narrow row strip subsoiler is used for subsoiling the wide-narrow row strips of farmland soil before sowing the corn in spring, the subsoiler is 30cm deep, the tail part of the strip subsoiler carries a pressing wheel, and the strip subsoiling and soil seam compaction operation are combined and completed simultaneously. And (5) using a corn wide-narrow row seeder to carry out mechanical precision seeding and row operation. And finally, using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously lay the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. And during the growing period, using paved drip irrigation pipes to carry out topdressing operation. After harvesting corn in autumn, directly crushing corn straw into 8cm particles, deep-ploughing farmland by using a rotary plough, and deep-ploughing and returning the farmland into 30cm of soil. After the corn stalks are deeply turned and returned to the field, rotary tillage is carried out on the upper layer of the farmland for one time, and the upper layer of massive soil is crushed and scattered.
Wheat is planted in rotation before Qingming in spring of 2 nd year, the farmland which is subjected to deep turning and returning of corn straw is subjected to one-time strip deep scarification before sowing, the deep scarification depth is 35cm, and the distance between two strip deep scarification shovels is 65cm. After the strip is deeply loosened, rotary tillage is carried out on the surface of the farmland, and then a compacting roller is used for compacting once. And sowing the wheat which is rotation-made by using a wheat sowing machine after the compacting is completed. After wheat is sowed, a tractor is used for shallow burying and paving the drip irrigation capillary, and after paving, drip irrigation and water supplementing are carried out on the sowed wheat field once. And during the growing period, using paved drip irrigation pipes to carry out topdressing operation. After harvesting wheat in autumn, crushing wheat straw for 15cm, bundling and piling after crushing, spraying straw decomposing agent on the wheat straw pile, rapidly decomposing the straw, covering the straw to the surface of a farmland after decomposing, then turning the wheat straw on the surface into soil with the depth of 25cm by using a turning machine, and then carrying out rotary tillage on the surface of the farmland soil by using a rotary cultivator. And finally compacting the soil by using a compacting roller, and finishing the operation.
The 3 rd annual ring is used for planting corn. Before sowing corn in spring, a wide-narrow row strip subsoiler is used, a strip pressing device is hung at the tail of the subsoiler, the wide-narrow row strip subsoiler is used for subsoiling the farmland soil once, and the subsoiling depth is about 35cm. And (5) using a corn wide and narrow row seeder to carry out mechanical precision seeding and row making. And finally, using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously lay the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. And during the growing period, using paved drip irrigation pipes to carry out topdressing operation. After harvesting corns in autumn, directly crushing the cornstalk by 8cm, turning over and returning the cornstalk to the soil with the depth of 20cm, carrying out rotary tillage on the upper layer of farmland soil after returning the cornstalk to the field, and crushing and scattering large soil on the upper layer.
Comparative example
Before sowing in spring in the same year, the residual straws of the previous crops are piled up and transported out of a farmland (or the straws are directly burnt and carbonized in the field) by using a tractor-ploughing harrow, and then the soil moisture is increased by flood irrigation. When the tractor can enter the ground, the conventional rotary cultivator is used for leveling the ground, scattering large soil, crushing residual stubble remained after harvesting the stubble crops, and the like, the tractor is used for re-working, and then mechanical sowing is carried out. If the crop grows in drought weather, the conditional land is irrigated and supplemented with water, so that the drought influence can be avoided or reduced. The fertilizer dressing in the crop growth process is carried out by using a tractor, the granular fertilizer is uniformly applied among rows, then the tractor is used for mixing with soil, and the fertilizer can be contained in the soil after waiting for rainfall or irrigation. After harvesting in autumn, temporarily storing the residual straws and the like in the field, and uniformly processing the straws and the like before sowing in spring in the second year after the operation in the current year is finished.
By using the cultivation method of the invention, after three-wheel crop cultivation is finished, crop straws in soil layers are layered and returned to the field, as shown in figure 2, the plow layer can be effectively broken, and the soil volume weight is reduced by 0.18g/cm 3 About 5% increase in soil porosity, about 0.5% increase in soil aggregate; deep scarification ensures that rainwater and irrigation water better infiltrate downwards, and the water is stored for 16m more than that of a non-deep scarification land block 3 The average water content of the soil with the density of 0-20 cm is increased by about 4.3 percent compared with the traditional cultivation; the utilization rate of irrigation water is improved by about 16% by deep loosening; the water consumption of the drip irrigation under the film is about 12% of that of the traditional irrigation mode; after the plastic film is covered by sunlight in daytime during low temperature in spring, the temperature of soil with the depth of 0-10 cm is increased by about 5 ℃, and the temperature of soil under the plastic film at night is about 1.5 ℃ higher than that of open field; under drought conditions, the soil moisture content of the soil layer 0-25 cm below the film is about 35% higher than that of the open field; the quick-acting nitrogen content is 88.25mg/kg, which is increased by about 35% compared with the soil of the comparative example; the content of quick-acting potassium is 118.06mg/kg, which is increased by about 14 percent; the quick-acting phosphorus content is 40.16mg/kg, which is increased by about 23 percent; the organic matter content of the soil is 12.478g/kg, and the soil is increased by about 0.14 percent; soil microorganisms are increased by about 7%; the utilization rate of the drip irrigation conditioned fertilizer under the film is improved by about 10 percent.
Compared with the comparative example, the corn yield is increased by about 44.8 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by about 8%; the wheat yield is increased by about 58.5 kg/mu and the yield is increased by about 9%.
Example 2
In the western semiarid region of Jilin province, drought disasters frequently occur, and the cultivated layer has thinner soil and lower soil fertility.
Corn was planted in year 1. And (3) carrying out strip subsoiling on farmland soil by using a strip subsoiler with uniform rows before sowing the corns in spring, wherein the subsoiling depth is 30cm, and carrying a pressing roller at the tail part of the strip subsoiler to combine the strip subsoiling operation with the soil seam compacting operation and finish the strip subsoiling operation simultaneously. The corn even row seeder is used for mechanical precision seeding and row operation. And finally, using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously lay the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. If the corn grows in drought weather, the laid drip irrigation pipe can be directly used for drought resistance and water supplementing, so that drought loss is reduced. The additional fertilizer in the corn jointing period uses the laid drip irrigation pipe to carry out the water and fertilizer simultaneous compensation, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of the water and fertilizer. After harvesting the corns in autumn, directly bundling and piling the straws, and spraying a straw rapid decomposition agent to carry out straw piling.
Annual ring 2 is used for planting oat. And before sowing oat before and after the Qingming festival in spring, deep scarification is carried out on the farmland for once in uniform rows, the deep scarification positions are between rows, the deep scarification depth is 35cm, and the distance between two deep scarification shovels is 65cm. After deep loosening and compacting are completed, uniformly paving thoroughly decomposed corn straws into the interlines along the line direction, and sowing the rotation oat by using an oat sowing machine after paving. After the sowing is finished, the drip irrigation pipe is shallowly buried into soil by using a tractor, and then the first irrigation is started. After harvesting oat in autumn, smashing oat straw for 20cm, bundling and piling after smashing, spraying straw decomposing agent on the oat straw pile, rapidly decomposing the straw for about 15 days, covering the straw on the surface of a farmland after decomposing, and then deeply turning the surface oat straw and the corn straw of the 1 st year into soil below 35cm by using a turning plow. After deep ploughing, carrying out one-time rotary tillage operation on ploughed soil by using a rotary cultivator.
The 3 rd annual ring is used for planting corn. And (3) carrying out once deep scarification by using a wide-narrow row strip deep scarifier before sowing the corns in spring, wherein the deep scarification depth is 40cm, and hanging a strip compacting device at the tail part of the deep scarifier, so that the deep scarification of the strips and soil seam compaction are completed simultaneously. The corn wide and narrow row seeder is used for mechanical precision seeding, compacting and other operations. And finally, using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously lay the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. After harvesting corn in autumn, directly crushing the corn stalks by 8cm, and uniformly spreading the crushed corn stalks on the surface of a farmland. Ploughing is carried out into the soil of 25cm. After returning to the field, corn stalks are subjected to rotary tillage for one time on the upper layer of the farmland.
After three-wheel crop cultivation is finished, crop straws in soil layers are layered and returned to fields, as shown in figure 3, the plough bottom layer can be effectively broken, and the soil volume weight is reduced by 0.29g/cm 3 About 8% increase in soil porosity, about 1.2% increase in soil aggregate; deep scarification ensures that rainwater and irrigation water better infiltrate downwards and store 19m more water than the non-deep scarification land mass 3 The average water content of the soil with the density of 0-20 cm is increased by about 5.5 percent compared with the traditional cultivation; the utilization rate of irrigation water is improved by about 23% by deep loosening; the water consumption of the drip irrigation under the film is about 16% of that of the traditional irrigation mode; after the plastic film is covered by sunlight in daytime during low temperature in spring, the temperature of soil with the depth of 0-10 cm is increased by about 6 ℃, and the temperature of soil under the plastic film at night is about 1.5 ℃ higher than that of open field; under drought conditions, the soil moisture content of the soil layer 0-25 cm below the film is about 35% higher than that of the open field; the quick-acting nitrogen content is 90.86mg/kg, which is increased by about 39% compared with the soil of the comparative example; the content of quick-acting potassium is 122.20mg/kg, which is increased by about 18 percent; the quick-acting phosphorus content is 41.47mg/kg, which is increased by about 27%; the organic matter content of the soil is 12.480g/kg, and the soil is increased by about 0.16 percent; soil microorganisms are increased by about 11%; the utilization rate of the drip irrigation conditioned fertilizer under the film is improved by about 19 percent.
Compared with the comparative example, the corn yield is increased by about 68 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by about 11%; the yield of oat is increased by 67.2 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by 11%.
Example 3
In the western semiarid region of Jilin province, drought disasters frequently occur, and the cultivated layer has thinner soil and lower soil fertility.
Corn was planted in year 1. Before sowing corn in spring, the wide-narrow row compound strip subsoiler is used for deep strip loosening of farmland soil, the deep loosening depth is 35cm and 25cm respectively, the distance between a long shovel and a short shovel is 130cm, the tail part of the compound subsoiler is provided with a compacting device, and the compound subsoiler and soil seam compacting operation are combined and completed simultaneously. And (5) using a corn wide-narrow row seeder to carry out mechanical precision seeding and row operation. And then using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously lay the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. And during the growing period, using paved drip irrigation pipes to carry out topdressing operation. After harvesting the corns in autumn, directly bundling and piling the straws, and spraying a straw decomposition agent to quickly pile the straws.
The 2 nd annual ring is used for planting soybean. The thoroughly decomposed corn stalks are uniformly covered on the surface of farmland soil before sowing the soybeans in spring, a large rotary plow is used for deep ploughing of the farmland, and the corn stalks are buried at 35cm soil of the farmland. After deep ploughing is finished, rotary tillage is carried out on the surface of farmland soil once by using a rotary cultivator, and large soil blocks are scattered when the rotary tillage is carried out on deep ploughing, so that the farmland ground is smooth and the soil is soft. The tail part of the strip subsoiler with uniform rows is used for carrying a pressing roller, the strip subsoiler with uniform rows is used for subsoiling the farmland, the subsoiling depth is 30cm, and the distance between the two strip subsoilers is 65cm. After deep scarification and compaction are completed, mechanical working is performed by using a uniform working machine, and then mechanical precision sowing is performed by using a soybean sowing machine. After autumn soybeans are harvested, directly crushing soybean straws for 10cm, uniformly paving the crushed soybean straws on the surface of a farmland, using a tillage machine to flush the crushed soybean straws into soil of 30cm, and finally using a rotary cultivator to break up farmland massive soil, thus finishing the soil preparation in the same year.
Annual ring 3 is used for planting wheat. Before sowing wheat before and after Qingming festival in spring, deep scarification is carried out on the farmland which is subjected to straw turning and returning for one time, the deep scarification depth is 35cm, and the distance between two deep scarification shovels is 130cm. Rotary tillage is carried out on the surface of a farmland after deep scarification is finished, compaction is carried out on farmland soil by using a compacting roller after rotary tillage, and then wheat seeds which are rotation-cultivated are sowed by using a wheat sowing machine. And (5) after wheat sowing is completed, shallow burying and laying the drip irrigation capillary by using a tractor. After harvesting wheat in autumn, uniformly collecting wheat straw among rows, waiting for coming in spring in the next year, and fully ploughing the wheat straw into 20cm of soil before sowing corn in the next crop.
By using the method of the invention, after three-wheel crop cultivation is finished, crop straws in soil layers are layered and returned to the field, as shown in figure 4, the plow layer can be effectively broken, and the crop straws in soil layers are returned to the fieldThe soil volume weight is reduced by 0.33g/cm 3 About, the soil porosity is increased by about 10%, and about 1.5% of soil aggregate can be increased; deep scarification ensures that rainwater and irrigation water better infiltrate downwards, and the water is stored for 22m more than that of a non-deep scarification land block 3 The average water content of the soil with the density of 0-20 cm is increased by about 7.2 percent compared with the traditional cultivation; the utilization rate of irrigation water is improved by about 30% by deep loosening; the water consumption of the drip irrigation under the film is about 21% of that of the traditional irrigation mode; after the plastic film is covered by sunlight in daytime during low temperature in spring, the temperature of soil with the depth of 0-10 cm is increased by about 8 ℃, and the temperature of soil under the plastic film at night is about 2 ℃ higher than that of open field; under the drought condition, the water content of soil with the depth of 0-25 cm below the film is about 55% higher than that of the open field; the quick-acting nitrogen content is 98.06mg/kg, which is increased by about 50 percent compared with the soil of the comparative example; the content of quick-acting potassium is 128.42mg/kg, which is increased by about 24 percent; the quick-acting phosphorus content is 43.43mg/kg, which is increased by about 33 percent; the organic matter content of the soil is 12.488g/kg, and the soil is increased by about 0.22 percent; the increase of soil microorganisms is about 18.7%; the utilization rate of the drip irrigation conditioned fertilizer under the film is improved by about 28 percent.
Compared with the comparative example, the corn can increase the yield by about 82 kg/mu, and the increase rate is about 21%; the soybean can increase the yield by about 26 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by about 18%; the wheat can increase the yield by about 76 kg/mu and the yield by about 16%.
Example 4
In the western semiarid region of Jilin province, drought disasters frequently occur, and the cultivated layer has thinner soil and lower soil fertility.
Corn was planted in year 1. Before sowing the corn in spring, the wide-narrow row omnibearing deep scarification machine is used for carrying out wide-narrow row omnibearing deep scarification on farmland soil, the deep scarification depth is 40cm, the tail part of the omnibearing deep scarification machine carries a compacting device, and the omnibearing deep scarification and soil seam compacting operation are combined and completed simultaneously. And (5) using a corn wide-narrow row seeder to carry out mechanical precision seeding and row operation. And (3) using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously lay the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. After harvesting the corns in autumn, directly crushing the cornstalk by 8cm, and deeply returning the cornstalk into the soil of 40cm by using a rotary plow. After the corn stalks are deeply turned and returned to the field, rotary tillage is carried out on the upper layer of the farmland by using a rotary cultivator, and the upper layer of massive soil is crushed and scattered.
Annual ring 2 is used for planting wheat. Before sowing wheat before and after Qingming festival in spring, carrying out once omnibearing subsoiling on farmlands subjected to deep ploughing and returning of corn straws, wherein the subsoiling depth is 45cm, and the distance between two subsoiling shovels is 65cm. And (3) carrying out rotary tillage on the surface of the farmland after deep scarification is finished, and then compacting by using compacting rollers. And sowing the wheat which is rotation-made by using a wheat sowing machine after the compacting is completed. After wheat is sowed, the drip irrigation capillary is laid in shallow burial by using a tractor, and the laid drip irrigation capillary is used for topdressing operation in the growing period. After harvesting wheat in autumn, crushing the wheat straw for 20cm, bundling after crushing, collecting piles, spraying a straw decomposing agent on the wheat straw piles, rapidly decomposing the straw, covering the straw on the surface of a farmland after decomposing, and then ploughing the wheat straw on the surface into soil of 25cm by using a ploughing machine.
The 3 rd annual ring is used for planting corn. The rotary cultivator is used for carrying out rotary tillage on the surface of farmland soil once before sowing the corns in spring, and the tail part of the rotary cultivator is hung with a compacting roller for preliminary compacting. And (3) carrying out primary subsoiling by using a wide-narrow-row omnibearing subsoiler, wherein the subsoiler has a subsoiling depth of 45cm, and a belt-hanging pressing roller is hung at the tail part of the subsoiler to carry out omnibearing subsoiling and soil seam compaction on farmland soil. The corn wide and narrow row seeder is used for mechanical precision seeding, compacting and other operations. And finally, using a plastic film covering and drip irrigation capillary laying integrated machine to simultaneously finish laying of the plastic film and the drip irrigation capillary. After harvesting corn in autumn, directly crushing the corn stalks by 8cm, and uniformly paving the crushed corn stalks on the surface of a farmland to directly cover the farmland for returning to the farmland.
After three-wheel crop cultivation is finished, crop straws in soil layers are layered and returned to fields, as shown in figure 5, the method can effectively break the plow layer, and reduce the soil volume weight by 0.1g/cm 3 About 4% increase in soil porosity, about 0.5% increase in soil aggregate; deep scarification ensures that rainwater and irrigation water better infiltrate downwards, and the water is stored for 11m more than that of a non-deep scarification land block 3 The average water content of the soil with the density of 0-20 cm is increased by about 2.3 percent compared with the traditional cultivation; the utilization rate of irrigation water is improved by about 8% by deep loosening; the water consumption of the drip irrigation under the film is about 10% of that of the traditional irrigation mode; after the plastic film is covered by sunlight in daytime and irradiated in low temperature period in spring, the depth of 0-10 cmThe soil temperature under the mulching film at night is about 1 ℃ higher than that of the open field; under the drought condition, the water content of soil with the depth of 0-25 cm below the film is about 30% higher than that of the open field; the quick-acting nitrogen content is 84.98mg/kg, which is increased by about 30% compared with the soil of the comparative example; the content of quick-acting potassium is 113.92mg/kg, which is increased by about 10 percent; the quick-acting phosphorus content is 39.51mg/kg, which is increased by about 21 percent; the organic matter content of the soil is 12.476g/kg, and the soil is increased by about 0.13 percent; soil microorganisms are increased by about 7%; the utilization rate of the drip irrigation conditioned fertilizer under the film is improved by about 10 percent.
Compared with the comparative example, the corn can increase the yield by about 45 kg/mu, and the increase rate is about 5%; the soybean can increase the yield by about 18 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by about 4%; the wheat can increase the yield by about 42 kg/mu and the yield by about 5%.
In conclusion, the cultivation method of the invention reduces the soil volume weight by 0.05-0.36 g/cm 3 The porosity of the soil is increased by 3 to 10 percent, and the soil aggregate can be increased by 0.5 to 1.5 percent;
deep scarification can lead rainwater and irrigation water to better infiltrate downwards, and water can be stored for 11-22 m more than that of a land block without deep scarification 3 The average water content of the soil per mu is increased by 2.3 to 7.2 percent compared with the traditional cultivation conditions; the utilization rate of irrigation water can be improved by 8-30% by deep loosening; the water consumption of drip irrigation under the film is 10-21% of that of the traditional irrigation mode;
after the plastic film mulching is irradiated by sunlight in daytime in the low-temperature period of spring, the temperature of the soil with the depth of 0-10 cm can be generally increased by 1-8 ℃, and the temperature of the soil under the plastic film at night is 1-2 ℃ higher than that of the soil exposed to the ground; under drought conditions, the water content of the soil with the depth of 0-25 cm is generally 30-55% higher than that of the open field, and the water difference is gradually reduced along with the deepening of the soil layer;
the quick-acting nitrogen in the soil can be increased by 30-50%, the potassium can be increased by 10-24%, the phosphorus can be increased by 21-33%, and the organic matter content of the soil can be increased by 0.13-0.22%; the microbial quantity of soil can be increased by 7 to 18.7 percent; under the condition of drip irrigation under the film, the utilization rate of the fertilizer can be improved by 10-28%.
The technical method (different from soil property, region and the like) is suitable for various soil properties, and has more obvious effect on middle and low-yield field operation. Compared with the comparative example, the corn can increase the yield by 45-82 kg/mu, and the increasing yield is 5-21%; the soybean can increase the yield by 18-26 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by 4-18%; the wheat yield is increased by 42-76 kg/mu, and the yield is increased by 5-16%.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and it should be noted that modifications and adaptations to those skilled in the art may be made without departing from the principles of the present invention, which are intended to be comprehended within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A crop cultivation method for improving soil, comprising the steps of:
(1) Pressing after deep loosening the soil, sowing the first crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the first crop after the first crop is harvested, deep-ploughing the soil or covering the soil surface, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the first crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
(2) In the second year, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing a second crop, paving a drip irrigation belt, crushing the straw of the second crop after the second crop is harvested, deeply turning into the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the second crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
(3) Thirdly, deeply loosening soil, compacting, sowing third crops, paving drip irrigation belts, crushing straws of the third crops after the third crops are harvested, turning over the soil, and carrying out rotary tillage for one time; the third crop comprises a gramineous crop or a leguminous crop;
the second crop is different from the first crop and the third crop, respectively;
the depth of deep scarification in the step (1) to the step (3) is 25-45 cm;
the particle size of the crushed particles in the step (1) to the step (3) is 5-25 cm;
the depth of deep turning in the step (1) to the step (2) is 31-45 cm;
the ploughing depth in the step (3) is 20-30 cm;
the crop cultivation method is applied to a crop annual quarter-producing area;
the subsoilers used in the subsoiling in the step (1) to the step (3) are front cutting knife type subsoilers.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein when the gramineous crop is corn, the step of laying a drip tape further comprises a step of laying a mulching film.
3. The crop cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the sowing means of step (1) to step (3) comprises wide-narrow row and uniform ridge sowing.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compacting, subsoiling, seeding, drip tape laying, crushing, deep ploughing, ploughing and rotary tillage in the steps (1) to (3) are mechanical operations.
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| CN111010914A (en) * | 2019-10-17 | 2020-04-17 | 辽宁省农业科学院 | Farming method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss of freeze-thaw type dry farmland |
| CN113316987A (en) * | 2021-06-16 | 2021-08-31 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所农业技术中心 | Method for returning straws to field and fertilizing soil plough layer |
| CN114375630A (en) * | 2021-12-24 | 2022-04-22 | 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 | Soil plough layer expansion method |
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