CN108781960B

CN108781960B - Simple, mechanized and efficient oil tea cultivation method

Info

Publication number: CN108781960B
Application number: CN201810444469.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王开良; 姚小华; 林萍; 任华东; 曹永庆; 龙伟; 常君
Original assignee: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry
Current assignee: Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry
Priority date: 2018-05-10
Filing date: 2018-05-10
Publication date: 2020-06-26
Anticipated expiration: 2038-05-10
Also published as: CN108781960A

Abstract

The invention discloses a simple, mechanized and efficient oil tea cultivation method for harvesting, which belongs to the technical field of agriculture, the method adopts a new oil tea variety with fruits capable of being concentrated, ripe, cracked and seed-fallen in a short period, plants the oil tea variety in wide and narrow rows, prunes the crown into a cylindrical shape, naturally falls oil tea seeds when the oil tea fruits are ripe, places a reusable tree disc cover on the ground to roll the oil tea seeds into small grooves on the periphery of the tree disc cover, and collects the oil tea seeds by using a small self-propelled suction machine. The tree tray cover can keep water evaporated from soil and flow back to the soil, so that the water content of the soil is improved, the fruit fullness is improved, the yield is improved, the tree tray cover is made of black plastic, grass does not grow below the tree tray cover, the labor intensity of weeding is reduced, the time is saved, and the investment is reduced. The invention further reduces the labor intensity of fruit picking, improves the picking efficiency and increases the income by adopting a new variety, a new cultivation method and a new tree tray cover and self-suction type collection method.

Description

Simple, mechanized and efficient oil tea cultivation method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a simple, mechanized and efficient oil tea cultivation method.

Background

The area of the camellia oleifera forest in China is 6000 ten thousand mu, and the area is increased at the speed of 200 ten thousand mu every year. Before 2000 years, tea-oil trees are directly sown by farmer varieties or live seeds, trees in the forest stand are different in quality, some fruits are more in number and less in quantity, some fruits are ripe early, some fruits are ripe late, the difference between the early and late fruits can reach one month, the same fruit yield is caused, the difference between the tea-oil yield and the fruit yield can reach more than 10%, and namely the particles cannot be warehoused. The new afforestation of the camellia oleifera for over 10 years is not carried out according to the concentrated continuous piece of the variety with consistent maturity, the cultivation mode is not carried out according to the mechanical harvesting requirement, the harvesting cost of each kilogram of camellia oleifera fruits reaches more than 0.5 yuan, which is 30% of the price of the camellia oleifera fruits, the tea seeds are manually treated in the later stage, and part of investment is increased. If the new species with consistent mature periods are adopted in all new forests, the fruits are easy to crack and fall seeds after being mature, the fruits are not picked manually, and the camellia seeds are directly collected by machinery or semi-machinery, so that the working efficiency and the benefit can be greatly improved. Meanwhile, rainfall distribution is uneven every year, water may be deficient when water is needed most in 8 months, so that the oil tea fruits are not full, and the yield and the quality are also influenced. Soil moisture is an important factor affecting fruit quality. At present, various methods are used for improving soil moisture, and have respective advantages and disadvantages, one type is mainly to dig bamboo joint ditches or fish scale pits for water collection and then to cover with plastic mulching films, the method has large engineering quantity, the plastic mulching film covering process is complex, 2 persons are required for operation, and the work efficiency is low; fitting only a part of the area. The other type is a spray drip irrigation facility, which needs a whole set of water conservancy facilities, the investment of a pool pipe network is large, and the subsequent maintenance cost is high.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provides a simple, mechanical and efficient oil tea cultivation method. The tree tray cover can be operated by 1 person, has high efficiency, can be repeatedly used for many years, can improve the comprehensive input and output benefits of the whole service cycle by multiple times, and reduces the input to be less than one tenth of the original input.

The technical scheme is as follows:

a simple, mechanized and efficient oil tea cultivation method comprises the following steps:

step 1, selecting and planting varieties of oil tea

The new camellia oleifera variety which has high yield, upright tree bodies, cylindrical tree crowns, uniformly distributed branches and consistent fruit ripening period and can crack camellia oleifera seeds and completely fall off in 3-5 days is selected and planted in a wide-narrow row mode, the spacing between 2 rows and narrow rows is 2.5m, the spacing between wide rows is 4m, and the plant spacing is 2.5 m. The wide lines are used for small-sized mechanical walking.

Step 2, pruning tree bodies

The branches of the lower part of the tree body, which are 30cm close to the ground, are all cut off, which is beneficial to mechanical operation. And (3) pruning the crossed branches of the overlapped branches on the tree body, wherein the distance between the upper layer of branches and the lower layer of branches is 20cm, and the whole tree form is pruned into a cylindrical shape or a feather duster shape, so that the inside and the outside of the branches of the whole tree are uniformly illuminated, and the simultaneous maturity of tea-oil tree fruits and tea seeds falling are facilitated.

Step 3, adopting a novel tree tray cover

The tree tray cover is made of non-reflective black hard plastic and is formed in one step, the size of the tree tray cover is 80 × 80cm, four collectors are lapped together, the center point is high, four edges of the collectors are low, the four collectors are combined together to form 160 × 160cm and are used on one tree, when the four collectors are combined together, the four edges of the tree tray cover are 10cm lower than the center, a hole with the radius of 10cm is reserved in the center, corrugated arc-shaped grooves are formed in the center from the periphery to facilitate the tea seeds to gather to the periphery, four edges of the tree tray cover are provided with frames which are 5cm upwards in the opposite direction to block the tea seeds, the stability is improved, 4 holes are formed in the bottom of each edge to enable the tea seeds to leak water.

Step 4, collecting tea seeds

The novel tree plate cover is placed under the camellia oleifera tree, camellia oleifera seeds are collected to the periphery after falling, and then are directly sucked away from the tree plate cover by using a manual or small self-propelled tractor with a self-suction function. The collection can be completed within 1 hour in 1 mu of land, and the efficiency is improved by more than 16 times compared with the original oil tea forest by depending on manual picking.

Furthermore, the new camellia oleifera variety can produce 500-600 kg of fresh fruits per mu, each person manually harvesting camellia oleifera fruits can harvest 250-300 kg per day, 2 workers are needed for one mu of land, the method can be used for harvesting tea seeds within 1 hour, the time for processing the camellia oleifera fruits into the tea seeds subsequently is saved, and the efficiency is improved by more than 16 times.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the method adopts a new camellia oleifera variety (Changlin No. 40) with fruits capable of intensively maturing, cracking and seed dropping in a short period, plants the camellia oleifera seeds in wide and narrow rows, prunes the crowns into cylinders, enables the camellia oleifera seeds to naturally drop when the camellia oleifera fruits are mature, places a reusable tree disc cover on the ground to enable the camellia oleifera seeds to roll into small grooves on the periphery of the tree disc cover, and collects the camellia seeds by using a small self-propelled suction machine. The tree tray cover can keep water evaporated from soil and flow back to the soil, so that the water content of the soil is improved, the fruit fullness is improved, the yield is improved, the tree tray cover is made of black plastic, grass does not grow below the tree tray cover, the labor intensity of weeding is reduced, the time is saved, and the investment is reduced. The invention further reduces the labor intensity of fruit picking, improves the picking efficiency and increases the income by adopting a new variety, a new cultivation method and a new tree tray cover and self-suction type collection method.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a top view of a single tree tray cover, wherein ABCD represents the 4 sides of the plastic tree tray cover, E represents the ridge on the tree tray cover, which is actually the AC side low and the BD side is upwardly sloped;

FIG. 2 is a top view of four of the tree tray covers taken together, wherein 1 is a hole from which a small tree is grown, 2 is a frame, and 3, 4 are ridges and edges on a bevel;

FIG. 3 is a view of the underside of the tree with the tree tray cover placed on the bottom of the tree.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and the detailed description.

step 1, selecting and planting varieties of oil tea

Selecting a new camellia oleifera variety Changbu forest No. 40 which has high yield, upright tree bodies, cylindrical tree crowns, uniformly distributed branches and consistent fruit maturity period and can crack camellia oleifera seeds and completely fall off in 3-5 days, and planting the new camellia oleifera variety in a wide-narrow row form, wherein the spacing between 2 rows and narrow rows is 2.5m, the spacing between wide rows is 4m, and the plant spacing is 2.5 m. The wide lines are used for small-sized mechanical walking.

Step 2, pruning tree bodies

Step 3, adopting a novel tree tray cover

The tree tray cover is formed by non-reflective black hard plastic in one step, as shown in figure 1, a collector with the size of 80 × cm is formed, four collectors are lapped together, the center point is high, four sides are low (A and C in figure 1), the four collectors are combined together to form 160 × cm and used on one tree, when the four collectors are combined together, the four sides are 10cm lower than the center, a hole (reference numeral 1 in figure 2) with the radius of 10cm is reserved in the center, corrugated arc-shaped grooves (B, D and E in figure 1) are formed in the center of the four sides, so that tea seeds can be gathered to the four sides, the four sides are provided with frames (reference numeral 2 in figure 2) which are upwards 5cm in the opposite direction, the tea seeds are blocked, the stability is improved, 4 holes are formed in the bottoms of the edges, water can be leaked, the tea seeds are guaranteed not to be soaked in water, the tea seeds can.

Step 4, collecting tea seeds

The invention adopts different prior new camellia oleifera varieties, the new camellia oleifera varieties have upright tree forms, the fruits are uniformly distributed from inside to outside, the fruit ripening periods of the new camellia oleifera varieties are consistent, the fruits crack and fall into the crown within 3-5 days, the fruit ripening periods of the prior camellia oleifera varieties are not consistent, the fruits crack at different periods, only part of seeds can fall off, or after one month or more, the seeds falling at the front are mildewed, and the quality of the camellia oleifera oil is influenced. At present, nylon mesh cloth or plastic cloth is also used for being paved on the ground for collection, which mainly requires more workers during paving and collection, and has no benefit from economic aspects, so that the nylon mesh cloth or plastic cloth is not popularized at present. The invention adopts a plastic disc-shaped collector which can be quickly placed under the bottom of a tree, each tree can be operated for no more than 10s, and the collector can be repeatedly used.

The novel tree tray cover adopted by the invention has multiple effects:

water collection and retention: in rainy days, rainwater is collected to the side holes along the plastic inclined plane and flows underground, so that sufficient water is supplied to the tea tree. Meanwhile, because the plastic is impermeable, water evaporated from the soil when the temperature rises in sunny days is collected into the soil in the tree crown along the inclined plane due to the water drops formed by the blocking of the plastic, and the soil in the tree crown can not lack water all the time, so that the camellia oleifera obtains more water, the accumulation and the transformation of fruit substances are facilitated, and the yield is improved.

Grass prevention: the invention is made of black opaque plastics, the weed seeds can not germinate without visible light, and even if a small amount of weed seeds germinate, the sprouts with higher temperature can be killed by scalding under the direct irradiation of sunlight in the daytime, thereby playing the role of weed prevention and saving the input of weeding for 1-2 times per year.

Collecting tea seeds: the oil tea fruit directly drops in the tree tray cover after cracking to along the inclined plane collect edge all around, absorb with artifical or small-size self-propelled machinery, high efficiency.

The ground within 1m of the periphery of the tree is firstly leveled, if the ground is in a place with water shortage, the whole tree is 5cm high outside 1m and a little lower inside 1m, and if the ground is in a place with much rainwater, the whole tree is 5cm high inside 1m and a little lower outside 1 m. Then the tree tray covers are placed on two sides of the sapling and are put together along the central line.

China is wide in regions, different places have different afforestation time, and water heat distribution after afforestation is uneven. The method has the advantages that the distribution area of the oil tea forest land is a hill gentle slope in some areas, the mountain areas in some areas are mountainous areas, more than 70% of oil tea new forestation in the whole country can be realized by using the new variety and the new technology, the whole set of technology can be used for remarkably improving the water content of the oil tea forest land soil, improving the oil tea yield and the oil content of fruits, improving the labor efficiency and reducing the cost, the efficiency is improved by more than 16 times compared with the control in the management and harvesting links, and the overall income is greatly improved. According to 650kg of oil tea fruits produced per mu, 2 workers are needed for manual harvesting, 1 worker is needed for later-stage fruit treatment, and 1 worker is needed for weeding at ordinary times.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any simple modifications or equivalent substitutions of the technical solutions that can be obviously obtained by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A simple, mechanized and efficient oil tea cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step 1, selecting and planting varieties of oil tea

Selecting a new camellia oleifera variety which has high yield, upright tree bodies, cylindrical tree crowns, uniformly distributed branches and consistent fruit ripening period and can crack camellia oleifera seeds and completely fall within 3-5 days, and planting the new camellia oleifera variety in a wide-narrow row form, wherein the spacing between 2 rows and narrow rows is 2.5m, the spacing between wide rows is 4m, and the plant spacing is 2.5 m; the wide lines are used for small-sized mechanical walking;

step 2, pruning tree bodies

30cm of branches close to the ground at the lower part of the tree body are completely cut off, so that the mechanical operation is facilitated; pruning the crossed branches of the overlapped branches on the tree body, wherein the distance between the upper layer of branches and the lower layer of branches is 20cm, and pruning the whole tree form into a cylindrical shape or a feather duster shape, so that the inside and the outside of the branches of the whole tree are uniformly illuminated, and the simultaneous maturity of oil tea fruits and the falling of tea seeds are facilitated;

step 3, adopting a novel tree tray cover

The tree tray cover is formed by non-reflective black hard plastic in one step, four collectors are connected together, the center point is high, and the four edges are low; for use on a tree; when the tea seeds are combined together, the four sides are 10cm lower than the center, the center is provided with a hole with the radius of 10cm, corrugated arc-shaped grooves are formed along the center from the periphery to facilitate the collection of the tea seeds to the periphery, the four sides are provided with frames which are upwards 5cm in the opposite direction to block the tea seeds, the stability is also improved, the bottom of each side is provided with 4 holes, water leakage can be realized, the tea seeds are ensured not to be soaked in water, and the tea seeds can be dried by air and sun, so that the collection is more facilitated;

step 4, collecting tea seeds

The novel tree plate cover is placed under the camellia oleifera tree, camellia oleifera seeds are collected to the periphery after falling, and then are directly sucked away from the tree plate cover by using a manual or small self-propelled tractor with a self-suction function.

2. The simple, mechanical and efficient oil tea cultivation method for harvesting according to claim 1, wherein in step 3, the tree tray covers are made of non-reflective black hard plastic with the size of 80 × 80cm, and the four tree tray covers are combined together to form 160 × 160 cm.