CN108701861A - 用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物和包括该组合物的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物和包括该组合物的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108701861A CN108701861A CN201780002088.2A CN201780002088A CN108701861A CN 108701861 A CN108701861 A CN 108701861A CN 201780002088 A CN201780002088 A CN 201780002088A CN 108701861 A CN108701861 A CN 108701861A
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- lithium
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- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
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- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
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- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000000400 lauroyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物和一种包括该组合物的锂二次电池,且更具体地,本发明的一个目的是提供一种二次电池,其中,由于将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,以引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH的氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层,并由此使得电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,容量特性得以改善,并且使正极与隔板之间的粘合力增强,以使电池的膨胀现象最小化。
Description
技术领域
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2016年2月25日提交的韩国专利申请第10-2016-0022668号的优先权和权益,通过引用将上述专利申请的公开内容作为整体结合在此。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物和一种包括该组合物的锂二次电池,且更具体地涉及一种能够在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物和一种包括该组合物的锂二次电池。
背景技术
近来,储能技术的应用已经扩展到手机、摄像机、笔记本电脑和电动汽车,这导致对电池的深入研究和开发。
在这方面,锂二次电池是最受关注的主题之一。具体地,根据最近电子器件变得小型化和轻量化的趋势,对具有较小尺寸和较轻重量且能够以高容量充放电的锂二次电池的开发已成为关注的焦点。
一般而言,锂二次电池可利用包括电极活性材料(可以嵌入和脱嵌锂离子)在内的正极和负极以及作为锂离子的传输介质的电解质来制备。传统上,主要使用液体电解质,特别是通过将盐溶解在非水电解质溶剂中制备的离子导电性有机液体电解质作为电解质。
然而,存在以下问题:在操作期间,液体电解质可能会泄漏,且由于所使用的非水电解质溶剂的高度可燃性,导致着火、爆炸和类似方面。此外,在液体电解质中,碳酸酯有机溶剂在锂二次电池的充放电期间可能会分解,或者可能会与电极发生副反应而导致在电池中产生气体。在高温储存的情况下,这种反应加速,导致气体产生增加。产生的气体使电池的内部压力不断增加,从而不仅导致诸如电池的厚度膨胀等的电池变形,而且导致在电池中的电极表面处的粘附产生局部差异,从而产生在整个电极表面上的电极反应不均等地发生的问题。
因此,为了克服液体电解质的安全问题,近来提出了一种使用无泄漏的聚合物电解质和类似物的方法。聚合物电解质的实例包括不含有机电解质的全固体聚合物电解质和包含有机电解质的凝胶聚合物电解质。
凝胶聚合物电解质通过以下方法制备:用包含电解质盐和电解质溶剂的电解质浸渍藉由可聚合单体和聚合引发剂的聚合反应形成的聚合物基质,然后使该混合物凝胶化。
凝胶聚合物电解质在电化学稳定性方面优于传统的液体电解质,因而电池的厚度可保持不变,凝胶聚合物电解质能够藉由加固隔板而抑制隔板在高温下的收缩,并且能够制造薄膜电池,因为由于凝胶的固有粘性,所以电极与电解质之间的接触极好。
然而,由于在凝胶聚合物电解质中也使用非水电解质溶剂,因此凝胶聚合物电解质相较于液体电解质具有较差的电池性能。
为了提高凝胶聚合物电解质的导电性,已经试图尝试通过添加低分子量的聚环氧烷或有机溶剂作为增塑剂来提高聚合物电解质的导电性。然而,当增塑剂的含量增加时,聚合物电解质的物理特性大大劣化,或者不能形成稳定的凝胶。
本发明的发明人已进行研究来克服上述问题,研究结果发现:通过向用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中引入含异氰酸酯的单体以在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯(Urethane)键的低聚物在内的涂层,产生具有高电化学稳定性和优异的电池性能的二次电池。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明涉及一种用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物和包括该组合物的锂二次电池,且更具体地,本发明的一个目的是提供一种二次电池,其中,由于将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,以引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH发生氨基甲酸酯(Urethane)反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层,并由此使电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,容量特性得以改善,并且使正极与隔板之间的粘合力增强,以使电池的膨胀现象最小化。
技术方案
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,所述组合物包括溶剂、锂盐和由下式1表示的第一单体。
[式1]
在式1中,R为C1-5烷基、C1-20芳基、或包括丙烯酸酯基(Acrylate)或甲基丙烯酸酯基(Metacrylate)在内的C1-5烷基或C1-20芳基,n为1至3的整数。
此外,本发明提供一种正极,所述正极包括:锂过渡金属氧化物;和位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的包括由下式2表示的含有氨基甲酸酯(Urethane)键的低聚物在内的涂层。
[式2]
在式2中,R为C1-5烷基、C1-20芳基、或包括丙烯酸酯基或甲基丙烯酸酯基(Metacrylate)在内的C1-5烷基或C1-20芳基,n为1至3的整数。
此外,本发明提供一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包括正极、电池模块和电池组。
有益效果
在本发明中,将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,以引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH发生氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯(Urethane)键的低聚物在内的涂层,并由此使电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,容量特性得以改善,并且使正极与隔板之间的粘合力增强,以使电池的膨胀现象最小化。
附图说明
图1是示出根据本发明的一个实施方式的锂二次电池和现有的锂二次电池的容量变化的曲线图(试验例1)。
图2是示出根据本发明的一个实施方式的锂二次电池和现有的锂二次电池的界面电阻变化的曲线图(试验例2)。
本发明的最佳实施方式
下文中,将详细地描述本发明,以帮助理解本发明。本说明书和权利要求书中使用的术语或词语不应解释为受限于通常使用的意义或字典中的意义,而是应基于发明人为了以最佳方式描述本发明而适当地定义术语的概念的原则以与本发明的技术范围相一致的意义和概念来解释。因此,由于本说明书中描述的实施方式和附图中示出的构造仅仅是示例性的实施方式并不表示本发明的整体技术范围,因此应当理解的是,在提交本申请时,本发明涵盖各种等同物、修改和替换。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,所述组合物包括溶剂、锂盐和由下式1表示的第一单体。
[式1]
在式1中,R为C1-5烷基、C1-20芳基、或包括丙烯酸酯基(Acrylate)或甲基丙烯酸酯基(Metacrylate)在内的C1-5烷基或C1-20芳基,n为1至3的整数。
具体地说,第一单体是指包含异氰酸酯的单体,并且可包括两个或更多个异氰酸酯基(Isocyanate)。
凝胶聚合物电解质是通过以下方法制备:将能够通过聚合反应形成凝胶聚合物的单体添加到电解质中并且进行聚合反应。在此,电池的性能根据凝胶聚合物电解质的以下方面而变化:1)机械强度;2)离子导电性;3)依赖于充电和放电或温度循环的溶剂保留率;和类似者。
本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物包括第一单体,因而能够制备具有优异的电化学稳定性、机械强度和锂离子导电性的凝胶聚合物电解质。
第一单体可以是选自由异氰酸酯丙烯酸乙酯、异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯、苯异氰酸酯、二异氰酸酯丙烯酸乙酯和二异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯构成的组中的一种或多种,具体地可以是异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯。
此外,用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物可进一步包括第二单体,所述第二单体可包括选自由丙烯酸酯基、乙烯基、环氧基、氨基、酰胺基、酰亚胺基、羟基、羟甲基和羧基构成的组中的一个或多个官能团,且更优选地可包括两个或更多个丙烯酸酯基。
具体地说,第二单体可以是二季戊四醇五丙烯酸酯或二季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯,且更具体地可以是二季戊四醇五丙烯酸酯。
基于用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,本发明的第一单体的含量范围可为0.2重量%至5重量%。当第一单体的含量小于0.2重量%时,很难预期氨基甲酸酯反应的转化率。当第一单体的含量大于5重量%时,不参与氨基甲酸酯反应的第一单体的残留量增加,这可能会成为电池中的电阻成分。
基于用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,本发明的总的单体的含量,即第一单体和第二单体的含量范围可为0.5重量%至20重量%。当总的单体的含量小于0.5重量%时,作为交联剂的效果不足,且聚合物的凝胶化很难,从而使电解质的机械特性劣化。当总的单体的含量大于20重量%时,单体可能会残留在电解质中,从而可能使诸如离子导电性之类的电池性能劣化。
单体可进行聚合以形成具有平面或网状结构的聚合物基质,具体地,包含两个或更多个丙烯酸酯基的第二单体可形成具有网状结构的聚合物基质。
此外,包含乙烯基的第二单体通常易于溶解在有机溶剂中,因而与电解质有极好的亲和力,并且形成具有平面和/或网状结构的聚合物基质以提高机械强度。聚合物可以是具有低玻璃化转变温度(Tg)或弹性的聚合物。
此外,具有丙烯酸酯基和羟基的化合物包含酯基,因而在用作电解质的碳酸酯和直链饱和酯之间具有极好的亲和力,从而防止在充放电期间可能发生的电解质溶剂的解吸现象。此外,由于包含大量的极性氧,所述化合物能够改善锂离子导电性。
此外,本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物可进一步包括用于增强阻燃性和反应活性并且减小电阻的添加剂。
例如,可添加吡啶、三乙基亚磷酸酯、(2,2,2)-三乙基氟代亚磷酸酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、n-乙二醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺(hexaphosphoric triamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫磺、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的恶唑烷酮、N,N-取代咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯和类似物。
此外,本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物可进一步包括聚合引发剂,聚合引发剂的非限制性实例包括过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化乙酰、过氧化二月桂酰(dilaurylperoxide)、二叔丁基过氧化物、叔丁基过氧-2-乙基-己酸酯、过氧化氢异丙苯、过氧化氢、和偶氮化合物,诸如2,2-偶氮双(2-氰基丁烷)、2,2-偶氮双(甲基丁腈)、偶氮双(异丁腈)(AIBN)、偶氮双二甲基-戊腈(AMVN)等。聚合引发剂可受热分解而形成自由基,并通过自由基聚合反应与可聚合的单体进行反应而形成凝胶聚合物电解质。
此外,基于总的单体的含量,聚合引发剂的含量范围可为0.1重量%至3重量%。当聚合引发剂的含量小于0.1重量%时,凝胶转化率可能会下降,反应时间也可能会延长。当聚合引发剂的含量大于3重量%时,可能存在聚合引发剂自身的问题,例如,在过氧化氢类聚合引发剂的情形中铜(Cu)析出的问题,以及在偶氮类聚合引发剂的情形中产生氮气的问题。
在本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中所包括的溶剂没有特别限制,只要其是通用的非水电解质即可,溶剂的代表性实例包括环状碳酸酯、直链碳酸酯、内酯、醚、酯、亚砜、乙腈、内酰胺、酮等。
在此,环状碳酸酯的实例包括碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸丁烯酯(BC)、氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)和类似物,直链碳酸酯的实例包括碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)和类似物。内酯的实例包括γ-丁内酯(GBL),醚的实例包括二丁基醚、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷和类似物。酯的实例包括甲酸乙酯、甲酸乙酯、甲酸丙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丁酯、新戊酸甲酯和类似物。此外,亚砜的实例包括二甲亚砜,内酰胺的实例为N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP),酮的实例包括聚甲基乙烯基酮。此外,也可使用上述有机溶剂的卤素衍生物。这些有机溶剂可单独使用或结合使用。
在本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中所包括的锂盐没有特别限制,只要其是可用作通用的电解质盐的锂盐或酰亚胺锂盐即可。锂盐的具体实例可以是选自由LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiAlO4、LiAlCl4、LiCo0.2Ni0.56Mn0.27O2、LiCoO2、LiSO3CF3和LiClO4构成的组中的一种或更多种,基于用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,锂盐的含量范围可为10重量%至20重量%。
在本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,以引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH发生氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层。
因此,本发明可提供一种正极,所述正极包括:锂过渡金属氧化物;和位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的包括由下式2表示的含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层。
在式2中,R为C1-5烷基、C1-20芳基、或包括丙烯酸酯基或甲基丙烯酸酯基在内的C1-5烷基或C1-20芳基,n为1至3的整数。
具体地说,所述涂层包括由下式3或式4表示的含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物。
[式3]
[式4]
式3表示藉由异氰酸酯丙烯酸乙酯与LiOH之间的氨基甲酸酯反应制备的含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物,式4表示藉由异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯与LiOH之间的氨基甲酸酯反应制备的含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物。
氨基甲酸酯键具有高的电化学稳定性以稳定电解质盐的阴离子,从而使电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,并且相应地改善了容量特性。
具体地说,在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上执行氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层,因而相较于传统的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物在正极和隔板之间具有更强的粘合力。
例如,本发明的锂过渡金属氧化物可以是选自由LixCoO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixNiO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMnO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMn2O4(0.5<x<1.3)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O2(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,a+b+c=1)、LixNi1-yCoyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0<y<1)、LixCo1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0≤y<1)、LixNi1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,O≤y<1)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O4(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<2,0<b<2,0<c<2,a+b+c=2)、LixMn2-zNizO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixMn2-zCozO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixCoPO4(0.5<x<1.3)和LixFePO4(0.5<x<1.3)构成的组中的一种或更多种的混合物。
具体地,在本发明中,过量的LiOH副产物形成在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上。过量形成的LiOH副产物与第一单体反应,以较高的可能性使得包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层能够形成在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上。
传统上,LiOH一直被认为是正极活性材料的制备中形成的杂质,并且通过诸如水洗、过滤、干燥和类似的工艺除去该锂杂质。然而,在本发明中,无需通过单独的工艺除去在锂过渡金属氧化物表面形成的上的LiOH,因为LiOH用作氨基甲酸酯键反应的反应物。
此外,为了形成过量的LiOH,在制备正极活性材料时,在包括碳酸锂(Li2CO3)、氢氧化锂(LiOH)、硝酸锂(LiNO3)、水合氢氧化锂(LiOH·H2O)和类似物在内的锂化合物中,可主要使用氢氧化锂(LiOH)作为锂源。
在此,通过增加用作锂源的LiOH的粒径或降低焙烧温度以降低LiOH的反应性,过量的LiOH可得以保留。
例如,当制备具有约1,000℃的相对较高的焙烧温度的锂钴氧化物时,通过在低于1,000℃的温度下进行焙烧可保留过量的LiOH。
此外,在焙烧工艺期间通过控制使用气体的类型,诸如使用包括增加氧含量和降低二氧化碳含量的气体,可形成过量的LiOH。
当以特定的量或更多的量使用包含两个以上异氰酸酯基的第一单体时,涂层可更容易地形成。
如上所述,包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的正极能够使电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,改善了容量特性,并且使正极与隔板之间的粘合力增强,以使电池的膨胀现象最小化。
此外,本发明的凝胶聚合物电解质的凝胶化和聚合反应的方法没有特别限制,可根据相关领域中已知的传统方法执行。
聚合反应可通过加热、电子束、伽马射线和在室温和高温下的老化处理来进行。
在本发明中,优选地在惰性条件(inert condition)下执行聚合反应。当在惰性条件下执行聚合反应时,自由基与氧的反应在该作为自由基(radical)清除剂的气氛中基本上被阻断,因而聚合反应的程度(extent of reaction)能够增加到几乎没有单体作为未反应交联剂的程度。因此,能够防止由残留在电池中的大量未反应的单体导致的充放电性能劣化。
作为惰性条件,可使用相关领域中已知的具有低反应性的气体,具体地,可使用选自由氮气、氩气、氦气和氙气构成的组中的至少一种惰性气体。
凝胶化方法为液体注入式凝胶化方法,其中在注入液体之后除去电池中的所有氧的状态下在约65℃或更高的高温下进行凝胶化达5个小时或更久,详细条件可根据聚合引发剂而变化。
此外,本发明的实施方式提供一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包括根据本发明的正极、负极、隔板和凝胶聚合物电解质。
在本发明的锂二次电池中,将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,以引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH发生氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层,并由此使电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,改善了容量特性,并且使正极与隔板之间的粘合力增强,以使电池的膨胀现象最小化。
可利用相关领域中已知的传统方法来制备锂二次电池的电极。例如,通过将电极活性材料与溶剂、粘合剂、导电材料和根据需要的分散剂混合并搅拌以制备浆料,然后将所述浆料涂覆到金属集电器上并进行干燥以制备电极。
作为电极活性材料,可使用正极活性材料或负极活性材料。
作为正极活性材料,可优选地使用如上所述的包含锂的过渡金属氧化物。
负极活性材料的实例包括能够可逆地嵌入和脱嵌锂离子的碳材料、锂金属、硅、锡、和类似物。可优选地使用碳材料,可使用低结晶碳和高结晶碳作为碳材料。低结晶碳的代表性实例包括软碳(soft carbon)和硬碳(hard carbon),高结晶碳的代表性实例包括天然石墨、Kish石墨(kish graphite)、热解碳(pyrolytic carbon)、中间相沥青基碳纤维(mesophase pitch based carbon fiber)、中位碳微球(meso-carbon microbead)、中间相沥青、和诸如石油或煤焦油沥青衍生的焦炭(petroleum or coal tar pitch derivedcokes)之类的高温烧结碳。
任何金属可用作金属集电器,只要该金属是高导电性的、能够容易地与电极活性材料的浆料结合且在电池的电压范围内不反应即可。正极集电器的非限制性实例包括铝、镍、或由它们的组合物制备的箔,负极集电器的非限制性实例包括由铜、金、镍、铝合金或它们的组合物制备的箔。
导电材料没有特别限制,只要其是相关领域中通常使用的即可。导电材料的实例包括人工石墨、天然石墨、炭黑、乙炔黑、ketjen黑、Denka黑、热炭黑、槽法炭黑、碳纤维、金属纤维、铝、锡、铋、硅、锑、镍、铜、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、锌、钼、钨、银、金、镧、钌、铂、铱、氧化钛、聚苯胺、聚噻吩、聚乙炔、聚吡咯或它们的组合物。一般而言,经常使用炭黑类导电材料。
作为粘合剂,使用相关领域中通常使用的那些粘合剂,且可施用任何类型的已知粘合剂而没有限制。一般而言,可使用聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、聚六氟丙烯-聚偏二氟乙烯的共聚物(PVdF/HFP)、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇、聚环氧乙烷、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、烷基化聚环氧乙烷、聚乙烯醚、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(丙烯酸乙酯)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯基吡啶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、乙烯丙烯二烯单体(EPDM)或它们的混合物。
此外,隔板可以是多孔聚合物膜,例如,由诸如乙烯均聚物、丙烯均聚物、乙烯/丁烯共聚物、乙烯/己烯共聚物、和乙烯/甲基丙烯酸酯共聚物之类形成的多孔聚合物膜,或者可使用这些中的两种以上的堆叠结构。此外,可使用由诸如高熔点玻璃纤维、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯纤维和类似物的传统多孔无纺布形成的无纺布,但本发明并不限于此。
根据本发明的一个实施方式的锂二次电池可以是圆柱形、方形或袋形二次电池,但并不限于此,只要锂二次电池是充电/放电装置即可。
此外,本发明的一个实施方式提供一种包括所述锂二次电池作为单元电池的电池模块和一种包括所述电池模块的电池组。
以下,将参照以下各实施例更加详细地描述本发明。提供这些实施例仅用于对本发明进行说明,而不应被认为限制本发明的范围和精神。
具体实施方式
实施例
1)用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物的制备
将LiPF6溶解在包含重量比为3:2:5的碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)的有机溶剂中以具有1M的浓度,从而制备一混合溶液。向100重量份的混合溶液中加入以用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物计为2.5重量%的异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯和0.2重量%的二季戊四醇五丙烯酸酯作为第一单体和第二单体。之后,加入相对于总的单体含量的3.0重量%的丁二腈作为添加剂和0.2重量%的AIBN作为聚合引发剂,从而制备用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物。
2)锂二次电池的制造
将作为钴氧化物前驱物的Co2O3和作为锂化合物的LiOH以50:50的重量比混合,然后在900℃下煅烧6小时,从而制备LiCoO2。
将如此制备的作为正极活性材料的96重量份的LiCoO2、作为导电材料的2重量份的炭黑和作为粘合剂的2重量份的聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)添加到作为溶剂的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中,从而制备正极混合浆料。将正极混合浆料涂覆到作为正极集电器的厚度为约20μm的铝(Al)薄膜上并进行干燥,从而制备正极,随后通过辊压来加工正极。
此外,将作为负极活性材料的96.3重量份的炭粉、作为粘合剂的1重量份的丁苯橡胶(SBR)、作为增稠剂的1.5重量份的CMC和作为导电材料的1.2重量份的炭黑添加到作为溶剂的NMP中,从而制备负极混合浆料。将负极混合浆料涂覆到作为负极集电器的厚度为约10μm的铜(Cu)薄膜上并进行干燥,从而制备负极,随后通过辊压来加工负极。
将由此生成的正极和负极与包括聚丙烯/聚乙烯/聚丙烯(PP/PE/PP)三层在内的隔板组合在一起以制备聚合物型电池,随后注入所制备的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,从而完成锂二次电池的制造。
比较例
按照与实施例相同的方式制造锂二次电池,不同之处在于仅使用基于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物的量为2.5重量%的二季戊四醇五丙烯酸酯作为单体。
试验例1:电池的容量特性的评估
为了评估锂二次电池的放电容量特性,将实施例和比较例中制造的锂二次电池在室温下充电直到电压达到4.1V,并且在恒定电流(CC)条件下以0.2C的电流放电直到电压达到3.0V,由此测定其放电容量。
如图1中所示,相较于比较例,在包括本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物在内的实施例的情形中,放电容量是优异的。
这是因为:由于通过将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,而引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH的氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层,故使得电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,所以电池性能得以改善。
试验例2:电池的界面电阻的评估
为了评估锂二次电池的界面电阻,在使10mV的小电压的频率变为106Hz至10-4Hz的同时,利用交流阻抗使用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测量装置来测量实施例和比较例中制造的锂二次电池随充电状态SOC50的电阻变化率。图2中示出的曲线图作为复数平面上的矢量图被称为Nyquist图。测量之后的半圆的R值用于表示界面电阻。
如图2中所示,在包括本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物在内的实施例的情形中,显示出比比较例更小的半圆,这表示,相较于比较例,在包括本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物在内的实施例的情形中,电极的电阻减小且锂离子的扩散得到改善。
这是因为:由于通过将含异氰酸酯的单体引入用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物中,而引起与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH的氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层,故使得电池中的HF引发的副反应减到最少,所以电池性能得以改善。
试验例3:电极的粘合力的评估
为了评估锂二次电池的电极的粘合力,对实施例和比较例中制造的锂二次电池执行众所周知的180°剥离测试,其中,在以10mm/min的速率拉动胶带时,测量直到电极分离所施加的力(gf),并进行比较。
在包括本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物在内的实施例的情形中,显示出80gf至90gf的力,而在比较例中显示出40gf至50gf的力。因此,可以发现,相较于比较例,包括本发明的用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物在内的实施例显示出与电极更加优异的粘合力。
这是因为:引入含异氰酸酯的单体以与锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的LiOH进行氨基甲酸酯反应,从而在锂过渡金属氧化物表面上形成包括含有氨基甲酸酯(Urethane)键的低聚物在内的涂层。
尽管上面已详细地描述了本发明的优选实施方式,但本发明的实施方式的范围并不限于此,而是涵盖相关领域的技术人员利用由所附权利要求限定的本发明的实施方式的基本构思所作出的多种修改和改进。
Claims (17)
1.一种用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,包括
溶剂;
锂盐;和
由下式1表示的第一单体:
[式1]
在式1中,R为C1-5烷基、C1-20芳基、或包括丙烯酸酯基或甲基丙烯酸酯基在内的C1-5烷基或C1-20芳基,并且n为1至3的整数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述第一单体是选自由异氰酸酯丙烯酸乙酯、异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯、苯异氰酸酯、二异氰酸酯丙烯酸乙酯和二异氰酸酯甲基丙烯酸乙酯构成的组中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,进一步包括第二单体,其中所述第二单体包括选自由丙烯酸酯基、乙烯基、环氧基、氨基、酰胺基、酰亚胺基、羟基、羟甲基和羧基构成的组中的一个或多个官能团。
4.根据权利要求3所述的组合物,其中所述第二单体包括两个或更多个丙烯酸酯基。
5.根据权利要求4所述的组合物,其中所述第二单体为二季戊四醇五丙烯酸酯或二季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中基于所述用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,所述第一单体的含量范围为0.2重量%至5重量%。
7.根据权利要求1或3所述的组合物,其中基于所述用于凝胶聚合物电解质的组合物,所述第一单体和所述第二单体的含量范围为0.5重量%至20重量%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,进一步包括聚合引发剂。
9.根据权利要求8所述的组合物,其中所述聚合引发剂是选自由过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化乙酰、过氧化物二月桂酰、二叔丁基过氧化物、叔丁基过氧-2-乙基-己酸酯、过氧化氢异丙苯、过氧化氢、2,2-偶氮双(2-氰基丁烷)、2,2-偶氮双(甲基丁腈)、偶氮双(异丁腈)(AIBN)、和偶氮双二甲基-戊腈(AMVN)构成的组中的一种或更多种。
10.根据权利要求8所述的组合物,其中基于总的单体的含量,所述聚合引发剂的含量范围为0.1重量%至3重量%。
11.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述溶剂是选自由环状碳酸酯、直链碳酸酯、内酯、醚、酯、亚砜、乙腈、内酰胺、酮和它们的卤素衍生物构成的组中的一种或更多种。
12.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述锂盐是选自由LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、LiAlO4、LiAlCl4、LiCo0.2Ni0.56Mn0.27O2、LiCoO2、LiSO3CF3和LiClO4构成的组中的一种或更多种。
13.一种正极,包括:
锂过渡金属氧化物;和
位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物表面上的包括由下式2表示的含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物在内的涂层:
[式2]
在式2中,R为C1-5烷基、C1-20芳基、或包括丙烯酸酯基或甲基丙烯酸酯基在内的C1-5烷基或C1-20芳基,并且n为1至3的整数。
14.根据权利要求13所述的正极,其中所述涂层包括由下式3或式4表示的含有氨基甲酸酯键的低聚物:
[式3]
[式4]
15.一种锂二次电池,包括根据权利要求13或权利要求14所述的正极、负极、隔板和凝胶聚合物电解质。
16.一种电池模块,包括根据权利要求15所述的锂二次电池作为单元电池。
17.一种电池组,包括根据权利要求16所述的电池模块。
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