CN108539265A - 一种锂硫电池 - Google Patents

一种锂硫电池 Download PDF

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CN108539265A
CN108539265A CN201710120216.5A CN201710120216A CN108539265A CN 108539265 A CN108539265 A CN 108539265A CN 201710120216 A CN201710120216 A CN 201710120216A CN 108539265 A CN108539265 A CN 108539265A
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lithium
anode
sulphur
sulfur cell
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李义
李国敏
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Dongguan Grind Energy Co ltd
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Shenzhen Green's Moral Ltd Energy Co
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    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种锂硫电池,该电池打破常规不将全部的硫装在正极,仅留一小部分在正极作为种子,用来引导硫在正极的析出,负极也不使用单质锂,而是采用常规石墨或者硅等材料,锂和硫以盐的形式溶解在电解液溶剂中,充电时各自来到负极和正极,放电时返回溶液,采用本发明制造的锂硫电池可以避免常规锂硫电池放电后正极溶解问题,且能量密度高,循环寿命长。

Description

一种锂硫电池
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池领域,具体涉及一种锂硫电池。
背景技术
锂硫电池是近年来大家研究比较火热的一种锂离子电池,其采用硫元素单质正极材料,锂元素单质为负极材料,由于硫的理论克容量高达1672mAh/g,锂的理论克容量高达3850mAh/g,因而锂硫电池理论能量密度高达2600Wh/kg,是常规锂离子电池能量密度的10~20倍,并且硫在自然界中储量丰富,价格便宜,还有硫是一种对环境友好的元素,对环境基本没有污染,是一种非常有前景的锂电池。
但是锂硫电池目前技术尚未成熟,不能大批量生产的主要原因是锂硫电池放电后形成的硫化锂会溶解在电解液中,向负极迁移造成活性物质的损失;另外,锂离子进入硫晶格以及从硫晶格中脱嵌会导致硫的体积较大的变化,从而造成硫的坍陷和脱落;还有,硫作为非金属元素,导电性非常差,在室温条件下,其电导率只有5.0×10-30S·cm-1,电池放电形成的产物产物Li2S2和Li2S也是电子绝缘体,不利于电池的高倍率性能。
发明内容
针对以上问题,本发明采取了很多改进措施,逆其道而行之,既然硫化锂容易溶解到电解液中,那就将硫和锂以硫化锂的形式藏在电解液中。充电时,硫在正极中析出,锂在负极石墨析出,放电时,硫从正极进入电解液形成硫离子,锂从负极进入溶液变成锂离子。为了防止硫进入正极导致正极片的体积变化,同时改善硫的导电性,在正极材料中加入石墨烯和碳纳米管,石墨烯可以构筑平面状导电网络,而碳纳米管可以构筑线状导电网络,二者结合构筑成三维立体导电空间,从而大大加强硫的导电性。另外,用碳酸氢铵等发孔剂在室温环境下和其他正极料混合成浆料,在涂布烘干时挥发掉,在极片中留下大量孔洞给硫析出,从而有效改善硫进入正极导致体积变化问题。
还有,本发明电池的容量与电解液的用量有很大关系,因为正负极材料主要以硫化锂的形式储藏在电解液中,相对来说,电解液用量越大电池容量越高,所以电池外壳可以预留一定空间用来盛放电解液,预留空间越大,可以容纳电解液越多,可以溶解的硫化锂就越多,相应的电池容量就越大。
本发明具体的技术方案是:
一种锂硫电池,该电池由正极、负极和电解液组成,所述的正极不将全部的硫装在正极中,仅留一小部分硫在正极中作为种子,用来引导硫在正极的析出,所述负极采用石墨或者硅材料,所述的电解液溶解有锂和硫的盐。
作为优选的,所述正极是将少量硫、石墨烯、碳纳米管、发孔剂和粘结剂混合成浆状,然后涂布在集流体上烘干后制成的。
作为优选的,所述负极是将石墨或硅材料和导电剂、粘结剂混合成浆状,然后涂布在集流体上烘干制成的。
作为优选的,所述电解液为抗分解电压在3.0V以上的可以溶解硫化锂的醇、酯、醚的有机物;所述电解液的溶质为硫化锂。
一种锂硫电池的制备工艺是将正极片、负极片与隔膜通过卷绕或者叠片的方式制成卷芯,然后将卷芯装配到金属壳、塑壳或者铝塑膜壳外壳中,烘烤后加入硫化锂盐电解液,浸液后化成抽气封口制成锂硫电池。
作为优选的,所述电池外壳内部留有储液空间。
本发明的锂硫电池外壳内部预留一定空间用来盛放电解液,预留空间的大小和电池容量成正比,预留空间越大,可以容纳电解液越多,可以溶解的硫化锂就越多,相应的电池容量就越大。
本发明的锂硫电池的工作原理为:
(1)正极:充电时硫离子进入正极同时失去电子在种子引导下以单质形式析出在正极中,放电时硫单质得到电子形成硫离子进入溶液;
(2)负极:电式锂离子进入负极石墨或者硅等中,并得到电子形成锂单质或者化合物,放电时锂失去电子形成锂离子进入溶液。
本发明的锂硫电池打破常规不将全部的硫装在正极,仅留一小部分在正极作为种子,用来引导硫在正极的析出,负极也不使用单质锂,而是采用常规石墨或者硅等材料,锂和硫以盐的形式溶解在电解液溶剂中,充电时各自来到负极和正极,放电时返回溶液,采用本发明制造的锂硫电池可以避免常规锂硫电池放电后正极溶解问题,且能量密度高,循环寿命长。
附图说明
附图1:本发明的锂硫电池结构示意图。
附图2:本发明的锂硫电池内部结构示意图,图中1为正极片,2为负极片,3为隔膜,4为铝壳,5为极柱,6为储液空间。
具体实施方式
下面所述的案例是对本发明的补充说明,而非对本发明的限制。
实施例
正极片制造:取硫粉5.5千克,碳酸氢铵2千克,石墨烯1千克,碳纳米管1千克,PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)500克混合,用冷却系统,保持温度在室温左右,加NMP(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)搅拌成浆料,然后涂布到厚度为20微米的铝箔上,90-130℃烘干,然后以适当压力辊轧制成极片。
负极片制造:取石墨1千克、碳黑50克、CMC(羧甲基纤维素钠)16克,混合,加水搅拌成浆料,再加SBR(丁苯橡胶)23克继续搅拌,最后将浆料涂布在10微米厚的铜箔上,烘干,辊轧制成极片。
电芯装配:将正极片和负极片裁切好与隔膜通过叠片机叠成卷芯,然后将卷芯通过超声波焊接机装配到铝壳极柱上,再用激光焊接机把电池上盖焊接到底盖上,将电池烘烤后注入硫化锂的乙二醇溶液,浸液后化成,再封好注液口,即可做成本发明锂硫电池,如附图1、2所示。

Claims (6)

1.一种锂硫电池,其特征在于,该电池由正极、负极和电解液组成,所述的正极不将全部的硫装在正极中,仅留一小部分硫在正极中作为种子,用来引导硫在正极的析出,所述负极采用石墨或者硅材料,所述的电解液溶解有锂和硫的盐。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂硫电池,其特征在于,所述正极是将少量硫、石墨烯、碳纳米管、发孔剂和粘结剂混合成浆状,然后涂布在集流体上烘干后制成的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂硫电池,其特征在于,所述负极是将石墨或硅材料和导电剂、粘结剂混合成浆状,然后涂布在集流体上烘干制成的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种锂硫电池,其特征在于,所述电解液为抗分解电压在3.0V以上的可以溶解硫化锂的醇、酯、醚的有机物;所述电解液的溶质为硫化锂。
5.一种锂硫电池的制备工艺,其特征在于,该工艺是将正极片、负极片与隔膜通过卷绕或者叠片的方式制成卷芯,然后将卷芯装配到金属壳、塑壳或者铝塑膜壳外壳中,烘烤后加入硫化锂盐电解液,浸液后化成抽气封口制成锂硫电池。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种锂硫电池的制备工艺,其特征在于所述电池外壳内部留有储液空间。
CN201710120216.5A 2017-03-02 2017-03-02 一种锂硫电池 Pending CN108539265A (zh)

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