CN108250383A - 多交联度聚氨酯弹性体及其制备方法 - Google Patents

多交联度聚氨酯弹性体及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN108250383A
CN108250383A CN201810056963.1A CN201810056963A CN108250383A CN 108250383 A CN108250383 A CN 108250383A CN 201810056963 A CN201810056963 A CN 201810056963A CN 108250383 A CN108250383 A CN 108250383A
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谢正斌
王玲芳
陆琛
吉海军
张辰
谢嘉雨
吕凯
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Yangcheng Institute of Technology
Yancheng Institute of Technology
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Abstract

一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体及其制备方法,涉及聚合物材料领域,该多交联度聚氨酯弹性体采用多羟基大分子交联剂与多异氰酸酯、多元醇共同合成得到。该多羟基大分子交联剂的主链为丙烯酸酯类结构单元,侧臂含有大量羟基基团,能够显著提高聚氨酯材料的交联密度。同时,该多交联度聚氨酯弹性体各组分之间的相容性好,不存在相分离现象,具有较高的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,力学性能优异。该多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法操作过程简单,对设备要求低,适合大规模工业化生产。

Description

多交联度聚氨酯弹性体及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及聚合物材料领域,具体而言,涉及一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体及其制备方法。
背景技术
聚氨酯具有优异的附着力、耐磨性、高弹性等性能,因此被广泛的应用于涂料、胶黏剂及弹性体等领域。但聚氨酯材料在耐水性、耐溶剂性等方面存在缺陷。聚氨酯制备过程中常用的交联剂为小分子交联剂,包括多元醇和多元胺交联剂。用小分子交联剂制备聚氨酯弹性体操作简便,生产成本低,但小分子交联剂存在相容性差,在聚氨酯弹性体中易迁移,而使用大分子交联剂能改善上述问题。
丙烯酸酯类聚合物具有机械强度高、耐老化性、耐溶剂性和耐水性等特点。研究表明将丙烯酸酯用于聚氨酯制备,聚氨酯材料性能将能得到明显改善。但现有技术中,丙烯酸酯类聚合物的合成工艺参差不齐,合成过程可控性不强,导致合成的丙烯酸酯在聚氨酯制备中的应用受到了很大的限制,制备得到的聚氨酯品质难以控制。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的在于提供一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其相容性好,不会出现相分离现象,并且拉伸强度高,断裂伸长率大,具有拉伸结晶性和透明性。
本发明的第二目的在于提供一种上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法,其操作过程简单,对设备要求低,能够高效地生产上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体。
本发明的实施例是这样实现的:
一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,按重量份数计,其原料包括:多异氰酸酯10~30份,聚醚多元醇35~70份,大分子交联剂5~40份,小分子扩链剂0.3~5份;大分子交联剂的结构式为
式中,R1和R3彼此相同或不同,分别选自氢或C1~C6的烷基;R2选自C1~C6的烷基;R4选自C1~C4的羟基取代烷基;
x、y、z均为正整数。
一种上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法,其包括:
将多异氰酸酯与聚醚多元醇混合反应,得到聚氨酯预聚体;将聚氨酯预聚体与多羟基大分子交联剂、小分子扩链剂混合反应。
本发明实施例的有益效果是:
本发明实施例还提供一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其采用多羟基大分子交联剂与多异氰酸酯、多元醇共同合成得到。该多羟基大分子交联剂的主链为丙烯酸酯类结构单元,侧臂含有大量羟基基团,能够显著提高聚氨酯材料的交联密度。同时,该多交联度聚氨酯弹性体各组分之间的相容性好,不存在相分离现象,具有较高的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,力学性能优异。
本发明实施例还提供一种上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法,其操作过程简单,对设备要求低,能够高效地生产上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
下面对本发明实施例的一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体及其制备方法进行具体说明。
本发明实施例提供了一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,按重量份数计,其原料包括:多异氰酸酯10~30份,聚醚多元醇35~70份,大分子交联剂5~40份,小分子扩链剂0.3~5份。
其中,大分子交联剂的结构式为
式中,R1和R3彼此相同或不同,分别选自氢或C1~C6的烷基;R2选自C1~C6的烷基;R4选自C1~C4的羟基取代烷基;
x、y、z均为正整数。
该多羟基大分子交联剂以丙烯酸酯类结构单元构成主链,侧臂含有大量羟基基团,可作为交联剂应用于聚氨酯的制备中。该多羟基大分子交联剂中的大分子长链与聚氨酯中其它组分之间的结合力更强,从而让聚氨酯中的各组分更好的结合在一起,增强聚氨酯的力学性能。
进一步地,上述多羟基大分子交联剂由第一丙烯酸酯单体和第二丙烯酸酯单体聚合而成,其中,第一丙烯酸酯单体的结构式为第二丙烯酸酯单体的结构式为
式中,R1和R3彼此相同或不同,分别选自氢或C1~C6的烷基;R2选自C1~C6的烷基;R4选自C1~C4的羟基取代烷基。该多羟基大分子交联剂为无规聚合物或嵌段聚合物。
其中,C1~C6的烷基包括碳原子数为1~6的直链烷基或支链烷基,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基等。C1~C4的羟基取代烷基包括碳原子数为1~4的具有羟基取代基的直链烷基或支链烷基,例如羟乙基、羟丙基等。羟基取代基的数量可以是单个也可以是多个。
在该多羟基大分子交联剂中,由第二丙烯酸酯单体形成的结构单元的摩尔分数为5%~80%。用以合成聚氨酯的聚氨酯单体多种多样,针对不同种类的聚氨酯单体,可以通过调整第二丙烯酸酯单体的含量,来调节该多羟基大分子交联剂中羟基的数量,来进一步提高相容性。
优选地,多羟基大分子交联剂的分子量为2000~40000,分子量分布为1.01~1.50。通过合成工艺的控制,该多羟基大分子交联剂的分子量可在上述范围内实现精准控制,以针对不同种类的聚氨酯单体获得更好的相容性。同时,该多羟基大分子交联剂的分子量分布窄,利于对聚氨酯产品质量的把控。
在本发明其它较佳实施例中,该多羟基大分子交联剂是将第一丙烯酸酯单体和第二丙烯酸酯单体在催化剂和引发剂的作用下,发生聚合反应得到的。上述聚合反应采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)。ATRP是一种新型的高分子合成方法,与传统自由基聚合不同,ATRP可以控制聚合物分子量,合成出了各种预定结构的聚合物(嵌段共聚物、接枝共聚物、星型聚合物、梳型聚合物、超支化聚合物、交联网络聚合物、端官能团聚合物等)。
该多羟基大分子交联剂为无规聚合物或嵌段聚合物。例如,可以是以下聚合物中的任一种:丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸羟丙酯嵌段共聚物、丙烯酸乙酯与丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、丙烯酸乙酯与甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯嵌段共聚物、丙烯酸丙酯与丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、丙烯酸丙酯与甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯嵌段共聚物、丙烯酸丁酯与甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、丙烯酸丁酯与甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯与丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯与甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯与甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸乙酯与丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸乙酯与甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸丙酯与丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸丙酯与甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸丁酯与丙烯酸羟丙酯无规共聚物、甲基丙烯酸丁酯与甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯无规共聚物。
第一丙烯酸酯单体与第二丙烯酸酯单体的摩尔比为1:0.1~10。通过调整投料比等合成参数,可以对该多羟基大分子交联剂的羟基含量进行调整。
催化剂包括金属化合物与有机配体。可选地,金属化合物包括溴化亚铜和氯化亚铜中的至少一种。可选地,配体包括2,2’-联吡啶和五甲基二乙烯三胺中的至少一种。可选地,金属化合物与有机配的摩尔比为1:2~5,进一步地,催化剂与第一丙烯酸酯单体的摩尔比为1:1~100。发明人经过自身创造性劳动发现,在上述比例范围内,催化剂的催化效率较高,产品的分子量分布较窄。
进一步地,引发剂包括有机卤化物;可选地,引发剂包括2-溴丙酸乙酯和氯化苄或氯乙腈中的至少一种。对ATRP聚合反应来说,所有α位上含有诱导共轭基团的卤代烷都能引发ATRP反应。由这种引发剂制备所得的ATRP产物一端为引发剂上的烷基部分,另一端则为引发剂上的卤元素。通过亲核取代,原子转移自由基加成(ATRA)等方式,聚合物的卤素部分可转化为其他官能团。
聚合反应的反应温度为60~100℃,反应时间为6~10h。在上述温度和时间范围内,聚合反应的转化率较高,且副反应较少,对产物分子量的控制更为精确。
进一步地,聚合反应完成后,对其产物进行纯化,并将纯化后的产物在醇溶剂中沉降。优选地,醇溶剂包括甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇中的至少一种。纯化可以采用柱层析的方式进行,优选采用氧化铝柱进行柱层析,柱层析可以除去产品中残留的催化剂。沉降得到的固体组分经过干燥后即可得到所需的多羟基大分子交联剂。
进一步地,在本发明实施方式中,多异氰酸酯包括但不限于异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)、4,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯(HMDI)中的任一种。多元醇包括但不限于聚四氢呋喃(PTMG)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚丙二醇(PPG)中的任一种。多元醇的羟基与多异氰酸酯的-NCO基团发生反应,得到具有氨基甲酸酯基团的聚氨酯预聚体。聚氨酯预聚体的端部由-NCO基团封闭,-NCO基团能够进一步与多羟基大分子交联剂的羟基反应,从而实现高度交联。
小分子扩链剂包括1,4-丁二醇和乙二醇中的至少一种。小分子扩链剂可以与聚氨酯预聚体的端部-NCO反应,从而增加聚氨酯预聚体的链长度。
本发明实施例还提供了一种上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法,其包括:
S1.将多异氰酸酯与聚醚多元醇混合反应,得到聚氨酯预聚体。
S2.将聚氨酯预聚体与多羟基大分子交联剂、小分子扩链剂混合反应。
进一步地,多异氰酸酯与所述聚醚多元醇混合反应的温度为70~100℃,反应时间为2~5h。聚氨酯预聚体与多羟基大分子交联剂、小分子扩链剂混合反应的温度为室温,反应时间为1~3h。发明人经过自身创造性劳动发现,在上述温度范围内反应,交联反应效果较好,利于得到高交联度的聚氨酯弹性体。
进一步地,可以先将多元醇加入装有搅拌器、温度计的三颈烧瓶中,加热到100~120℃,真空脱水2~3h。再将脱水后的多元醇降温至70~100℃,加入多异氰酸酯,在氮气保护下搅拌反应2.5~3.5h制备聚氨酯预聚体。随后,降温至室温,向预聚体中加入上述合成的多羟基大分子交联剂的丙酮溶液和0.05%~0.15%催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡,反应1~3h,反应结束后倒入已预热的聚四氟乙烯模具中,将模具放入真空干燥箱中进行脱溶剂处理后,固化得到聚氨酯弹性体。
以下结合实施例对本发明的特征和性能作进一步的详细描述。如无特殊说明,以下实施例的分子量Mn均通过GPC分析得到。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种多羟基大分子交联剂,其制备方法如下:
S1.将4.8mmol有机配体(2,2’-联吡啶)、72mmol第一丙烯酸酯单体(丙烯酸甲酯)、8mmol第二丙烯酸酯单体(丙烯酸羟乙酯)溶于四氢呋喃中。
S2.加入1.6mmol金属化合物(CuCl)与1.6mmol引发剂(2-溴丙酸乙酯),于80℃下反应6h。
S3.于-15℃下淬灭反应,将产物过中性氧化铝层析柱,四氢呋喃为洗脱剂,脱除产物中的催化剂。
S4.旋蒸浓缩,并在工业乙醇中沉淀。
S5.沉淀产物于40℃真空干燥箱中干燥48h,得到白色粉末产物(产率95.1%,Mn=7621,分子量分布Mn/Mw=1.24。)
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种多羟基大分子交联剂,其制备方法如下:
S1.将4.8mmol有机配体(五甲基二乙烯三胺)、64mmol第一丙烯酸酯单体(丙烯酸甲酯)、16mmol第二丙烯酸酯单体(丙烯酸羟丙酯)溶于四氢呋喃中。
S2.加入1.6mmol金属化合物(CuCl)与1.6mmol引发剂(氯乙腈),于80℃下反应6h。
S3.于-15℃下淬灭反应,将产物过中性氧化铝层析柱,四氢呋喃为洗脱剂,脱除产物中的催化剂。
S4.旋蒸浓缩,并在工业乙醇中沉淀。
S5.沉淀产物于40℃真空干燥箱中干燥48h,得到白色粉末产物(产率95.4%,Mn=7903,分子量分布Mn/Mw=1.16。)
实施例3~29
实施例3~29分别提供了一种多羟基大分子交联剂,其制备方法与实施例1基本类似,其与实施例1的区别在于反应底物、催化剂、引发剂的种类及用量、反应温度、时间等。具体制备方法可参照实施例1进行,具体反应参数如表1所示,反应结果如表2所示。
表1.制备多羟基大分子交联剂的反应参数
注:[a].M1为第一丙烯酸酯单体,M2为第二丙烯酸酯单体,MA为丙烯酸甲酯,EA为丙烯酸乙酯,PA为丙烯酸丙酯,BA为丙烯酸丁酯,MMA为甲基丙烯酸甲酯,MEA为甲基丙烯酸乙酯,MPA为甲基丙烯酸丙酯,HEA为丙烯酸羟乙酯,HPA为丙烯酸羟丙酯,HMEA为甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯,HMPA为甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯;A1为氯化亚铜,A2为溴化亚铜;L1为2,2’-联吡啶,L2为五甲基二乙烯三胺,I1为氯化苄,I2为氯乙腈,I3为2-溴丙酸乙酯。
表2.制备多羟基大分子交联剂的反应结果
由表2可以看出,本发明实施例3~26所提供的多羟基大分子交联剂的制备方法,转化率达到95%以上,反应效率非常高。同时,分子量在7000~37000之间,分子量分布在1.0~1.4之间,分子分布量窄。同时,由实施例19~26可以看出,在共聚单体、催化剂、引发剂一致的情况下,通过调整共聚单体、催化剂、引发剂之间比例的情况下,即可对该多羟基大分子交联剂的分子量进行调整,实现对分子量的精准控制。
实施例30
本实施例提供了一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其制备方法如下:
S1.将17.8g聚乙二醇(PEG 1000)加热到120℃,真空脱水2h。
S2.将脱水后的PEG 1000降温至85℃,加入8.6g异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,搅拌反应3.5h,得到聚氨酯预聚体。
S3.降温至室温,向聚氨酯预聚体中加入4.6g多羟基大分子交联剂(实施例1)、1.4g小分子扩链剂(BDO)、10ml丙酮溶液和重量比0.15%催化剂(二月桂酸二丁基锡),反应2h。
S4.反应结束后,将上述反应液倒入已预热的聚四氟乙烯模具中,将模具放入真空干燥箱中进行脱溶剂处理,温度为60℃,时间为3h。
S5.在120℃下固化6h,得到所需多交联度聚氨酯弹性体。
实施例31~60
实施例31~60分别提供了一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其制备方法与实施例31基本类似,其与实施例31的区别在于反应底物的种类及用量、反应温度、时间等。具体制备方法可参照实施例31进行,具体反应参数如表3所示,并根据国家标准GBT13022-1991对得到的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的性能进行测试,测试条件:20℃,夹持器移动速度为50mm/min,测试结果如表4所示。
表3.制备多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的反应参数
表4.多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的性能测试
由表4可以看出,本发明实施例30~60所提供的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其交联密度达到了120×10-3~632×10-3mol/cm-3,具有较高的交联度。同时,其拉伸强度达到了6~10MPa,断裂伸长率421%~1275%,拥有优秀的力学性能。
综上所述,本发明实施例还提供一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其采用多羟基大分子交联剂与多异氰酸酯、多元醇共同合成得到。该多羟基大分子交联剂的主链为丙烯酸酯类结构单元,侧臂含有大量羟基基团,能够显著提高聚氨酯材料的交联密度。同时,该多交联度聚氨酯弹性体各组分之间的相容性好,不存在相分离现象,具有较高的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,力学性能优异。
本发明实施例还提供一种上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法,其操作过程简单,对设备要求低,能够高效地生产上述多交联度聚氨酯弹性体。以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

1.一种多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其特征在于,按重量份数计,其原料包括:多异氰酸酯10~30份,聚醚多元醇35~70份,大分子交联剂5~40份,小分子扩链剂0.3~5份;所述大分子交联剂的结构式为
式中,R1和R3彼此相同或不同,分别选自氢或C1~C6的烷基;R2选自C1~C6的烷基;R4选自C1~C4的羟基取代烷基;
x、y、z均为正整数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其特征在于,所述多羟基大分子交联剂是由第一丙烯酸酯单体和第二丙烯酸酯单体聚合而成,其中,所述第一丙烯酸酯单体的结构式为所述第二丙烯酸酯单体的结构式为
式中,R1和R3彼此相同或不同,分别选自氢或C1~C6的烷基;R2选自C1~C6的烷基;R4选自C1~C4的羟基取代烷基;所述多羟基大分子交联剂为无规聚合物或嵌段聚合物。
3.一种如权利要求2所述的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其特征在于,所述多羟基大分子交联剂中,由所述第二丙烯酸酯单体形成的结构单元的摩尔分数为5%~80%;优选地,所述多羟基大分子交联剂的分子量为2000~40000,分子量分布为1.01~1.50。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其特征在于,所述的多异氰酸酯包括异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯和4,4’-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其特征在于,所述的聚醚多元醇包括聚四氢呋喃、聚乙二醇和聚丙二醇中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体,其特征在于,所述的小分子扩链剂包括1,4-丁二醇和乙二醇中的至少一种。
7.一种如权利要求1~6任一项所述的多交联度聚氨酯弹性体的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
将所述多异氰酸酯与所述聚醚多元醇混合反应,得到聚氨酯预聚体;将所述聚氨酯预聚体与所述多羟基大分子交联剂、所述小分子扩链剂混合反应。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述多异氰酸酯与所述聚醚多元醇混合反应的温度为70~100℃,反应时间为2~5h。
9.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述聚氨酯预聚体与所述多羟基大分子交联剂、所述小分子扩链剂混合反应的温度为室温,反应时间为1~3h。
10.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,还包括:在所述聚氨酯预聚体与所述多羟基大分子交联剂、所述小分子扩链剂混合反应时,加入占所述聚氨酯预聚体质量0.05%~0.15%的催化剂,所述催化剂包括二月桂酸二丁基锡。
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