CN108207488B - Method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of morel cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating morel in sandy soil. Before the method is used for sowing, a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material is paved in the soil in the greenhouse, and then plowing is carried out to obtain loose soil; ridging, namely paving a layer of mulching film on the ridges, forming air holes in the mulching film, paving a layer of growth nutrient material on the mulching film, and sowing morchella cultivars; and the water absorption nutrient material and the growth nutrient material with special formulas are adopted, so that the loss of soil moisture in the cultivation process of the morchella esculenta is reduced, and the high-yield and stable-yield cultivation of the morchella esculenta in sandy soil is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of morel cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating morel in sandy soil.
Background
Morchella esculenta is a rare edible fungus variety and one of important medicinal fungi, is named as Morchella esculenta due to uneven surface of fungus cap and is named as grass bamboo, and has the effects of treating dyspepsia, abdominal distention, phlegm stagnation, reversed flow of qi, cough and asthma and the like. The research on morchella esculenta has progressed in nearly a hundred years, and the research on physiology, biochemistry, ecology and cultivation technology is more and the result is more abundant.
At present, the morchella can be artificially cultured, but most of the culture environments of the morchella are in regions with more rainfall, high humidity, short winter time and warmer, and most of the adopted culture soil is combined with high-quality soil and humus, so that the culture places of the morchella and the culture of the morchella in sandy soil are limited.
The sand content of the soil particles of the sandy soil is about 80 percent, the clay content is about 20 percent, and although the soil still has certain nutrient content, the soil is not beneficial to the maintenance of water, and brings difficulty to the cultivation of the morchella esculenta. The Chinese patent CN 106538241A discloses an artificial cultivation method of morchella in a sand blown area, screens military suitable for the growth of the sand blown area, adopts three-stage seed production, utilizes facilities such as a sunlight greenhouse, a plastic greenhouse and the like to increase a shading and micro-sprinkling irrigation system, and cultivates the morchella under the environment conditions of artificially controlling temperature, humidity, illumination, ventilation and the like, thereby filling the blank of the morchella cultivated in the sand blown area. However, when the morchella in the patent is planted in a greenhouse, a measure for keeping moisture is lacked, and a large amount of water resources are consumed.
Disclosure of Invention
The method for cultivating the morchella in the sandy soil solves the problems that in the prior art, when the morchella is planted in a greenhouse in a windy and sandy area, a measure for keeping moisture is lacked, and a large amount of water resources are consumed.
The invention provides a method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing cultivars: before sowing, mixing morchella strains into a substrate bag filled with a seed culture substrate, and culturing until hyphae grow over the substrate bag to obtain cultivated strains;
wherein the seed culture substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 20-30% of bran, 30-55% of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips, 1% of gypsum powder, 5% of wheat and the balance of humus, wherein the water content of the seed culture medium is 60-65%; the seed culture medium is filled into a medium bag and then sterilized, and is used for inoculating morchella strains after being cooled;
the mass ratio of the toadstool strains to the seed culture medium is 1: 5-7;
s2, building a greenhouse;
s3, soil preparation and sowing: paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material in the soil in the greenhouse, and then ploughing to obtain loose soil; ridging, namely paving a layer of mulching film on the ridges, forming air holes in the mulching film, paving a layer of growth nutrient material on the mulching film, and sowing the cultivated species S1;
the water-absorbing nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30-40% of bran, 5-10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder and the balance of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips and leaves; the water content of the water-absorbing nutrient material is 85-95%;
the growth nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30-40% of bran, 5-10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder, 1-2% of MS liquid culture medium and the balance of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips and leaves; the moisture content of the growth nutrient material is 70-85%;
s4, hypha culture and fruiting management: supplementing growth nutrients during the growth period of the morchella until fruiting bodies are harvested.
Preferably, in the method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, in S1, the crop straw is tobacco straw or wheat straw.
Preferably, in the method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, in S3, the thickness of the water-absorbing nutrient material is 5-10 cm, and the thickness of the growth nutrient material is 4-6 cm.
Preferably, in the method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, in S3, the distance between adjacent air holes is 5-10 cm, and the diameter of each air hole is 3-5 cm.
Preferably, in the method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, in S3, after the cultivar of S1 is sown, a layer of broad leaf leaves or sugarcane tail tip leaves with the thickness less than or equal to 3cm is paved on the growth nutrient material.
Preferably, in the method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, in S4, the environmental temperature is controlled to be 10-20 ℃ and the relative humidity of air is controlled to be 60-70% during the hypha cultivation period; and during fruiting management period after the mycelia are mature, controlling the environmental temperature to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 80-95%.
Preferably, in the preparation method of the morchella esculenta cultured in sandy soil, in S4, when the mycelium is cultured to be mature, the growth nutrient is supplemented once, and 500 jin per mu is added; the growth nutrient materials are supplemented every 7 days in the fruiting management period, and 800 jin per mu is added.
Compared with the prior art, the method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the method of the invention comprises the steps of paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material in the soil in a greenhouse before morchella esculenta strains are sown, then ploughing to obtain loose soil, wherein bran, gypsum powder, crop straws or sugarcane tail and tip leaves in the water-absorbing nutrient material have good water-retaining function, the water-retaining rate of the sandy soil is improved, the volatilization of surface water is reduced after the mulching film is paved, and the mulching film has a heat-insulating effect.
(2) The MS liquid culture medium is added into the growth nutrient material to replace substances such as wheat, oat and the like, so that various trace elements required by growth of morchella can be supplemented, growth of hypha and growth of fruiting bodies of morchella can be promoted, the using amount of the nutrient material is greatly reduced compared with that of wheat, oat and the like, and the cost is reduced.
(3) The lowest winter average temperature of Shaanxi, Wuhan and other regions is about 0 ℃, and the method for cultivating the morchella by utilizing the greenhouse to simulate the field growth environment has the advantages of high yield, stable fruiting rate and low cost compared with indoor cultivation.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to specific examples, but the present invention should not be construed as being limited thereto. The experimental procedures, in which specific conditions are not indicated in the examples below, were carried out according to the conventional methods and conditions in the art.
The invention provides a method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil, which comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing cultivars: before sowing, mixing morchella strains into a substrate bag filled with a seed culture substrate, and culturing until hyphae grow over the substrate bag to obtain cultivated strains;
wherein the seed culture substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 20-30% of bran, 30-55% of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips, 1% of gypsum powder, 5% of wheat and the balance of humus, wherein the water content of the seed culture medium is 60-65%; the seed culture medium is filled into a medium bag and then sterilized, and is used for inoculating morchella strains after being cooled;
the mass ratio of the toadstool strains to the seed culture medium is 1: 5-7;
s2, building a greenhouse: the height of the greenhouse at room temperature is 3 m;
s3, soil preparation and sowing: paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material in the soil in the greenhouse, and then ploughing to obtain loose soil, wherein the ploughing depth is at least 20 cm; ridging, wherein the ridge width is 80-100 cm, the ridge depth is 10-15 cm, a layer of mulching film is laid on the ridges, air holes are formed in the mulching film, then a layer of growth nutrient material is laid on the mulching film, and S1 cultivated seeds are sown;
the water-absorbing nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30-40% of bran, 5-10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder and the balance of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips and leaves; the water content of the water-absorbing nutrient material is 85-95%;
the growth nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30-40% of bran, 5-10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder, 1-2% of MS liquid culture medium and the balance of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips and leaves; the moisture content of the growth nutrient material is 70-85%;
s4, hypha culture and fruiting management: supplementing growth nutrients during the growth period of the morchella until fruiting bodies are harvested.
The following examples are specifically included.
Example 1
A method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing cultivars: 15 days before sowing, mixing the morchella strain into a substrate bag filled with a seed culture substrate, and culturing until hypha grows over the substrate bag to obtain a cultivated species;
wherein the seed culture substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 20% of bran, 55% of crop straw, 1% of gypsum powder, 5% of wheat and the balance of humus soil, wherein the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the seed culture medium to 60%;
putting the seed culture medium into a medium bag, sterilizing at high temperature according to a conventional method, and cooling for inoculating morchella strains;
the mass ratio of the toadstool strains to the seed culture medium is 1: 5;
s2, building a greenhouse: the height of the greenhouse at room temperature is 3 m;
s3, soil preparation and sowing: paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material with the thickness of 5cm in the soil in the greenhouse, and then ploughing to obtain loose soil, wherein the ploughing depth is at least 20 cm; ridging, wherein the ridge width is 80cm, the furrow depth is 10cm, a layer of mulching film is laid on the ridge, air holes are formed in the mulching film, the distance between every two adjacent air holes is 5cm, the diameter of each air hole is 3cm, then a layer of growth nutrient material with the thickness of 4cm is laid on the mulching film, and S1 cultivated seeds are sowed;
the water-absorbing nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 40% of bran, 10% of humus, 1% of gypsum powder and the balance of crop straws; the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the water-absorbing nutrient material to 85 percent;
the growth nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 40% of bran, 10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder, 1% of MS liquid culture medium and the balance of crop straws; the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the growth nutrient material to 70 percent;
s4, hypha culture and fruiting management: supplementing growth nutrients during the growth period of the morchella until sporocarp is harvested;
during the hypha culture period, controlling the environmental temperature to be 10-15 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 60%; controlling the environmental temperature to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 80% during fruiting management period after hypha is mature;
when the hypha is cultured to be mature, supplementing the growth nutrient material for one time, wherein each mu is 500 jin; the growth nutrient materials are supplemented every 7 days in the fruiting management period, and 800 jin per mu is added.
The crop straw in example 1 was wheat straw, which was pulverized into 40 mesh powder when used.
The morchella is planted by the method of example 1, the yield is stable for 3 years continuously, and the average yield per mu of the fresh morchella is 182 kilograms.
Example 2
A method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing cultivars: 20 days before sowing, mixing morchella strains into a substrate bag filled with a seed culture substrate, and culturing until hyphae grow over the substrate bag to obtain cultivated strains;
wherein the seed culture substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30% of bran, 30% of crop straw, 1% of gypsum powder, 5% of wheat and the balance of humus soil, wherein the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the seed culture medium to 62%;
putting the seed culture medium into a medium bag, sterilizing at high temperature according to a conventional method, and cooling for inoculating morchella strains;
the mass ratio of the toadstool strains to the seed culture medium is 1: 6;
s2, building a greenhouse: the height of the greenhouse at room temperature is 3 m;
s3, soil preparation and sowing: paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material with the thickness of 10cm in the soil in the greenhouse, and then ploughing to obtain loose soil, wherein the ploughing depth is at least 20 cm; ridging, wherein the ridge width is 100cm, the furrow depth is 10cm, a layer of mulching film is laid on the ridge, air holes are formed in the mulching film, the distance between every two adjacent air holes is 10cm, the diameter of each air hole is 5cm, then a layer of growth nutrient material with the thickness of 6cm is laid on the mulching film, and S1 cultivated seeds are sowed;
the water-absorbing nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30% of bran, 5% of humus, 1% of gypsum powder and the balance of crop straws; the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the water-absorbing nutrient material to 85 percent;
the growth nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 40% of bran, 10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder, 1.5% of MS liquid culture medium and the balance of crop straws; the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the growth nutrient material to 70 percent;
s4, hypha culture and fruiting management: supplementing growth nutrients during the growth period of the morchella until sporocarp is harvested;
during the hypha culture period, controlling the environmental temperature to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 70%; controlling the environmental temperature to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 95% during the fruiting management period after the mycelia are mature;
when the hypha is cultured to be mature, supplementing the growth nutrient material for one time, wherein each mu is 500 jin; the growth nutrient materials are supplemented every 7 days in the fruiting management period, and 800 jin per mu is added.
The crop straw in example 2 was tobacco straw, which was pulverized into 40 mesh powder when used.
The method of example 2 is utilized to plant the morchella esculenta, the yield is stable for 3 years continuously, and the average yield per mu of the fresh morchella esculenta is 195 kilograms.
Example 3
A method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing cultivars: 15 days before sowing, mixing the morchella strain into a substrate bag filled with a seed culture substrate, and culturing until hypha grows over the substrate bag to obtain a cultivated species;
wherein the seed culture substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 25% of bran, 40% of sugarcane tail tip leaves, 1% of gypsum powder, 5% of wheat and the balance of humus soil, wherein the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the seed culture medium to 65%;
putting the seed culture medium into a medium bag, sterilizing at high temperature according to a conventional method, and cooling for inoculating morchella strains;
the mass ratio of the toadstool strains to the seed culture medium is 1: 7;
s2, building a greenhouse: the height of the greenhouse at room temperature is 3 m;
s3, soil preparation and sowing: paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material with the thickness of 8cm in the soil in the greenhouse, and then ploughing to obtain loose soil, wherein the ploughing depth is at least 20 cm; ridging, wherein the ridge width is 80cm, the furrow depth is 10cm, a layer of mulching film is laid on the ridge, air holes are formed in the mulching film, the distance between every two adjacent air holes is 8cm, the diameter of each air hole is 4cm, then a layer of growth nutrient material with the thickness of 5cm is laid on the mulching film, and S1 cultivated seeds are sowed;
the water-absorbing nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of bran, 8% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder and the balance of sugarcane tail tips; the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the water-absorbing nutrient material to be 90 percent;
the growth nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 35% of bran, 6% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder, 2% of MS liquid culture medium and the balance of sugarcane tail and tip leaves; the components are fully mixed and added with water to adjust the water content of the growth nutrient material to 80 percent;
s4, hypha culture and fruiting management: supplementing growth nutrients during the growth period of the morchella until sporocarp is harvested;
during the hypha culture period, controlling the environmental temperature to be 10-15 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 65%; controlling the environmental temperature to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 90% during fruiting management period after hypha is mature;
when the hypha is cultured to be mature, supplementing the growth nutrient material for one time, wherein each mu is 500 jin; the growth nutrient materials are supplemented every 7 days in the fruiting management period, and 800 jin per mu is added.
In example 3, the sugarcane tail tip leaves were pulverized into 40 mesh powder for use.
The method of example 3 is utilized to plant the morchella esculenta, the yield is stable for 3 years continuously, and the average yield per mu of the fresh morchella esculenta is 190 kilograms.
Example 4
A method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil is basically the same as the method in the example 1, and the difference is that in S3, after a cultivated species of S1 is sown, a layer of broad leaf leaves with the thickness less than or equal to 3cm is paved on a growing nutrient material.
The method of example 4 is utilized to plant the morchella esculenta, the yield is stable for 3 years continuously, and the average yield per mu of the fresh morchella esculenta is 170 kilograms.
Example 5
A method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil is basically the same as the method in the example 1, and is characterized in that in S3, after a cultivated species of S1 is sown, a layer of sugarcane tail tip leaves with the thickness less than or equal to 3cm is paved on a growth nutrient material.
The method of example 5 is utilized to plant the morchella esculenta, the yield is stable for 3 years continuously, and the average yield per mu of the fresh morchella esculenta is 179 kilograms.
The following is a description of the beneficial effects of the present invention in conjunction with some experimental data.
Soil water loss experiment
Experiment 1 group
Sandy soil: the sand content of the soil particles is about 80 percent, and the clay content is about 20 percent
Experiment 2 groups
Improving soil A: the sandy soil was mixed with the water-absorbing nutrient feed of example 1 in a ratio of 2: 1.
Experiment 3 groups
Improving soil B: the soil formula is the same as that of experiment 2 group, and the difference is that the wheat straw is used for replacing gypsum powder in the water-absorbing nutrient material.
And (3) measuring the water content of each group of soil after the soil surface moisture is stable, wherein the soil is paved on sandy soil with the thickness of 10cm and is irrigated fully, and the results are as follows: the water contents of the soils of the experiment 1 group, the experiment 2 group and the experiment 3 group are respectively 20.5%, 28.1% and 25.3%, and the water content of the soil of the experiment 2 group is close to the field water holding capacity of light clay, which shows that the water holding rate of the soil can be obviously improved after the water-absorbing nutrient material of the embodiment 1 is added into the sandy soil.
Second, influence of different growth nutrient formula on yield of morchella esculenta
Experiment 4 groups
The growth nutrient formulation of example 1 was used.
Experiment 5 groups
The growth nutrient formulation was similar to example 1, except that the MS liquid medium was replaced with equal mass wheat.
Experiment 6 groups
The growth nutrient formulation was similar to example 1, except that the MS liquid medium was replaced with 100-fold mass of wheat.
The morchella esculenta is cultivated by using the formulas in the embodiments 4-6 respectively, and the cultivation method is the same as that in the embodiment 1, and the result shows that the per mu yield of the fresh morchella esculenta of the experiment 4 groups is 182 kg, the per mu yield of the fresh morchella esculenta of the experiment 5 groups is 32 kg, and the per mu yield of the fresh morchella esculenta of the experiment 4 groups is 157 kg. The result shows that the nutrition of the MS liquid culture medium is higher than that of wheat with the mass of 100 times, the MS liquid culture medium can replace the wheat, and the wheat can be saved.
In the above examples and experiments, a commercially available MS culture medium is used as an MS liquid culture medium, and then the MS liquid culture medium is prepared according to product specifications, the formula of the MS liquid culture medium is well known in the art, and therefore, no further description is given here, freshly collected morchella esculenta fruiting bodies are washed with sterile water, tissue blocks of 0.5cm × 0.5cm × 0.5cm are cut by a scalpel, the tissue blocks are inoculated onto a PDA culture medium, the PDA culture medium is cultured in an incubator at 15-20 ℃ for 3-4 days until pure mycelium mother strains are obtained, then the pure mycelium mother strains are inoculated into the morchella esculenta fruiting bodies, the bottle filling culture is performed, and the culture medium is cultured in the incubator at 15-20 ℃ for 8-10 days, so that the morchella esculenta strain is obtained.
In the claims of the present invention referring to the numerical ranges, it should be understood that both end points of each numerical range and any value between the two end points can be selected, and since the steps and methods used are the same as those of the embodiments, the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described for the sake of avoiding redundancy, and although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, those skilled in the art can make further changes and modifications to these embodiments once they learn the basic inventive concept. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.
Claims (5)
1. A method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, preparing cultivars: before sowing, mixing morchella strains into a substrate bag filled with a seed culture substrate, and culturing until hyphae grow over the substrate bag to obtain cultivated strains;
wherein the seed culture substrate is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 20-30% of bran, 30-55% of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips, 1% of gypsum powder, 5% of wheat and the balance of humus, wherein the water content of the seed culture medium is 60-65%; the seed culture medium is filled into a medium bag and then sterilized, and is used for inoculating morchella strains after being cooled;
the mass ratio of the toadstool strains to the seed culture medium is 1: 5-7;
sowing the cultivated species of S1, and then spreading a layer of broad leaf leaves or sugarcane tail tips leaves with the thickness less than or equal to 3cm on the growing nutrient material;
s2, building a greenhouse;
s3, soil preparation and sowing: paving a layer of water-absorbing nutrient material in the soil in the greenhouse, and then ploughing to obtain loose soil; ridging, namely paving a layer of mulching film on the ridges, forming air holes in the mulching film, paving a layer of growth nutrient material on the mulching film, and sowing the cultivated species S1;
the water-absorbing nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30-40% of bran, 5-10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder and the balance of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips and leaves; the water content of the water-absorbing nutrient material is 85-95%;
the growth nutrient material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 30-40% of bran, 5-10% of humus soil, 1% of gypsum powder, 1-2% of MS liquid culture medium and the balance of crop straws or sugarcane tail tips and leaves; the moisture content of the growth nutrient material is 70-85%;
s4, hypha culture and fruiting management: supplementing growth nutrients during the growth period of morchella esculenta, and supplementing the growth nutrients for one time when hyphae are cultured to be mature, wherein each mu of the hyphae are 500 jin; supplementing growth nutrients once every 7 days in the fruiting management period, wherein 800 jin of the growth nutrients are added in each mu; until the fruit body is harvested.
2. The method for cultivating morchella in sandy soil according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the crop straw is tobacco straw or wheat straw.
3. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta in sandy soil according to claim 1, wherein in S3, the thickness of the water-absorbing nutrient is 5-10 cm, and the thickness of the growth nutrient is 4-6 cm.
4. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta in sandy soil according to claim 3, wherein in S3, a distance between adjacent vent holes is 5-10 cm, and a diameter of each vent hole is 3-5 cm.
5. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta in sandy soil according to claim 1, wherein in S4, the environmental temperature is controlled to be 10-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity is controlled to be 60-70% during the hypha cultivation period; and during fruiting management period after the mycelia are mature, controlling the environmental temperature to be 15-20 ℃ and the relative air humidity to be 80-95%.
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| CN102177774A (en) * | 2010-12-06 | 2011-09-14 | 西南大学 | Method for enhancing evaporation resisting and water preserving ability of sandy soil |
| CN104086326A (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2014-10-08 | 徐州绿维现代农业科技有限公司 | Fertilizer for rapidly improving sandy soil and preparation method thereof |
| CN106538241A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-29 | 郝哲 | A kind of Wind-sandy Area Morchella esculenta (L.) Perss artificial cultivation method |
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