CN107652026B - Special disease-resistant fertilizer for fingered citron and Chinese yam and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Special disease-resistant fertilizer for fingered citron and Chinese yam and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fingered citron and Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer and a preparation method thereof, wherein the special fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 200-500 parts of bio-organic fertilizer, 15-30 parts of biochar, 16-30 parts of urea, 70-200 parts of calcium superphosphate, 30-60 parts of potassium magnesium sulfate, 1.5-3 parts of borax and 1.5-3 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate. The raw materials are uniformly mixed according to the weight proportion, ground and extruded and granulated by a granulator to prepare the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer. Compared with the common fertilizer, the disease-resistant special fertilizer for the fingered citron Chinese yam prepared by the invention has the functions of increasing the yield of the fingered citron Chinese yam and resisting anthracnose and brown spot of the Chinese yam, the yield is increased by over 600 kilograms per mu on average, and the morbidity is reduced by over 30 percent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soil fertilizers, and particularly relates to a special fertilizer mainly prepared from a biological organic fertilizer, in particular to a disease-resistant special fertilizer for fingered citron and Chinese yam and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Dioscorea opposita protoname, belonging to the family Dioscoreaceae, the genus Dioscorea, and the perennial winding grass vine. The underground root tuber is cylindrical, leaves are grown, and the plants are male and female. Yam is mainly grown in temperate zones, is widely cultivated around the world as food and has a long history; it can also be used as a medicine for invigorating spleen and replenishing qi. Chinese yam is widely distributed, recorded in Shanhai Jing (Shanhai Jing) more than two thousand years ago, and is abundant in variety and native to Shanxi. The main varieties planted at present are dioscorea opposita, rhizoma dioscoreae taigu, dioscorea opposita in pepertree, phoenix tree, dioscorea villosa and the like. The yam has two species, five varieties and ten quality groups classified in the plant science. Common yam and sweet potato or big potato are two species. The common yam varieties include two varieties of fingered citron yam and stick yam, and the large yam variety includes three varieties of long column yam, cylindrical yam and flat yam. The 10 varieties of Chinese yam are respectively the white meat population and the light yellow meat population of the light-splitting triangular leaf, the deep-splitting triangular leaf and the long heart-shaped leaf, the stick Chinese yam variety and the long column-shaped variety, the white meat population and the purplish red meat population of the cylindrical variety and the white meat population and the purplish red meat population of the flat variety.
Yam is warm and moist, contraindicated for water accumulation and afraid of drought. Is suitable for being planted on sandy loam which is fertile, loose, deep in soil layer and good in drainage. The stem leaves are hot, dry and frost-resistant, and the optimum growth temperature is 25-28 ℃. Tubers are extremely drought-resistant, and are preferably sandy loam with good drainage and fertility. The clay is easy to cause more tubers, big roots, irregular shape, and easy generation of flat heads and branches. The yam is favored by organic fertilizer, but the manure must be thoroughly decomposed and uniformly mixed with soil, otherwise, the tender tissue at the tip of the tuber can cause bifurcation and even necrosis due to dehydration once touching the raw manure or manure group. Nitrogen fertilizer is supplied in the early growth stage, which is beneficial to the growth of stems and leaves; in the middle and later growth period, nitrogen fertilizer is supplied properly to keep stem and leaf from becoming weak, and phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is also applied to facilitate tuber expansion. After seedling emergence, the tubers need little water in the early growth stage so as to be beneficial to the tubers to penetrate into soil layers and form tubers, and the tubers cannot lack water in the full growth stage. The growth process of the Chinese yam can be divided into the following four periods from bud germination to tuber harvest: (1) and (5) a germination period. It takes about 35 days from the germination of yam seedlings to the emergence of seedlings, while it takes about 50 days for yam segments. Sprout strips are extracted from the top of the sprouts, and tubers are extracted from the base of the sprouts. When the tuber is 1-3 cm long, the bud strips break out. (2) And a leaf-throwing and growing period. The period lasts 60 days, the growth is mainly stem and leaf, and the growth amount of tubers is very small. (3) The growth stage of the tuber is full. The growth of the stem and the leaf from bud to bud is basically stable, about 60 days are needed, the growth of the stem and the leaf and the growth of the tuber are extremely vigorous, but the growth center is in the tuber. (4) A sleep period. When stem leaves are frosted and damaged, tubers enter the dormant period.
At present, the main problems of fertilization in the main production area of the fingered citron Chinese yam are mainly that a chemical fertilizer is applied to a large part, an organic fertilizer is applied to a small part, a micro fertilizer is ignored, and bacterial manure is slightly looked at. As a result, the ecological quality of the potato field soil is poor, the content of organic matters is low, the soil microorganism index is not high, such as soil microbial community and microorganism amount can be affected, the effectiveness of potato rhizosphere nutrients is reduced, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is reduced, especially, the number of actinomycete flora formed in plough layer soil for planting Chinese yam for many years is reduced year by year, and soil-borne pathogenic bacteria have a tendency of increasing year by year. In the production period of the Chinese yam in summer, the Chinese yam anthracnose caused by the fungal infection of the Colletotrichum (Colletotrichum spp.) is common in onset and serious in harm. Because the pathogenic bacteria of yam anthracnose are complex, yam anthracnose control in production is blind, disease development cannot be effectively controlled under the condition of using a large amount of pesticides for control, yam plants die in the retransmission years, and yield is reduced by more than 50%, even the yam plants are completely harvested. In addition, the yam brown spot mainly damages leaves, generally, the disease starts to occur in the last 6 th of the month, diseased leaves expand from bottom to top, the disease spots are mostly round to oval, the edges are dark brown, the center is dark brown to grey white, the disease spots become obvious brown annuluses, the leaf surfaces of the later stage are full of large and small dark brown disease spots, and the middle parts of the disease spots crack and perforate. The diseases seriously affect the quality and the yield of the Chinese yam and cause great economic loss to farmers.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the fact that anthracnose and brown spot seriously affect the quality and the yield of Chinese yam, the invention aims to provide the disease-resistant special fertilizer for the fingered citron Chinese yam, which is economic, effective and simple to prepare, and is suitable for cultivation, disease prevention and disease resistance of the fingered citron Chinese yam.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the inventor finally obtains the following special fertilizer taking the biological organic fertilizer as the main component and a preparation method thereof through a great deal of experimental research and exploration:
the special disease-resistant fertilizer for the fingered citron and the Chinese yam comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
further preferably, the fingered citron and Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
still further preferably, the fingered citron and Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight:
the inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that a composite bacterial solution containing sphingomonas and brevibacillus borstelensis has an extremely significant inhibitory effect on anthrax when screening antagonistic bacteria inhibiting the proliferation of anthrax. Based on the discovery, the inventor obtains the fermentation liquor of the sphingolipid monad and the Brevibacillus borstelensis through cultivation, and inserts the two fermentation liquors into cured livestock and poultry manure according to a certain proportion for composting and fermentation to form the biological organic fertilizer for preventing and controlling the anthracnose disease of the fingered citron and the Chinese yam.
Still further preferably, the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer contains more than 0.2 × 10 of bio-organic fertilizer per gram8The biocontrol bacterium consists of sphingolipid monad and Brevibacillus borstelensis.
Still further preferably, the fingered citron yam disease-resistant special fertilizer is prepared by inoculating sphingolipid monad and Brevibacillus borstelensis into a solid fermentation substrate and performing solid fermentation.
Still further preferably, the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer is obtained by composting and decomposing livestock and poultry manure as the solid fermentation substrate.
Still further preferably, the organic matter content of the bio-organic fertilizer is not less than 45%, and the water content of the bio-organic fertilizer is not more than 30%.
Still further preferably, the bergamot yam disease-resistant special fertilizer is characterized in that the biochar is black carbon powder particles generated by incomplete combustion of biomass under a low oxygen condition. The biochar has the advantages of stable property, strong adsorption capacity and water and fertilizer retention.
Still further preferably, the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer is characterized in that the biomass is one or more than two of straw, corncob and peanut shell.
In addition, the invention provides a preparation method of the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer, which comprises the following steps: the raw materials are uniformly mixed according to the weight proportion, ground and extruded and granulated by a granulator to prepare the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer.
Compared with the prior art, the disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam provided by the invention has the following advantages and remarkable progress:
(1) compared with the common fertilizer, the disease-resistant special fertilizer for the fingered citron Chinese yam prepared by the invention has the effect of increasing the yield of the fingered citron Chinese yam by over 600 kilograms per mu on average.
(2) The prepared disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron Chinese yam has the effect of resisting anthracnose and brown spot of Chinese yam, and the morbidity is reduced by more than 30%.
(3) The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam has the advantages of simple preparation method and low cost, can be used as a fertilizer and a medicine for one-time application, and saves time and labor.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is clearly and completely described by the following specific embodiments. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the present embodiment, belong to the scope of the present invention.
In addition, the sphingolipid monad used in the embodiments of the invention is sphingolipid monad (Sphingobiumjaponicum) L Z-2, which is preserved in China general microbiological culture collection center No.3 of the North West Lu No. 1 of the sunward area in Beijing with the preservation number of CGMCC No.3540, and the Brevibacillus borstelensis (Brevibacillus borstelensis) GIGAN1 which is preserved in China center for type culture collection of Wuhan university in Hubei province in China with the preservation number of CCTCC NO: M2012451.
Example 1: antagonism of different strains against anthrax pathogens
Inoculating Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) in the center of PDA culture medium plate, culturing at 25 deg.C, cutting colony round block at colony edge with 1cm diameter puncher in grown Colletotrichum gloeosporioides plate, diluting Colophonium unicellular bacteria liquid and Brevibacillus borstelensis liquid in logarithmic phase with sterile water to thallus concentration of 1 × 105Adding 100 mu L test bacteria diluent into a sterilized PDA plate, uniformly coating by using a coater, and repeating each treatment for 4 times, wherein the composite bacteria liquid treatment group is formed by mixing sphingolipid monad and short-bacillus borsteinz according to the bacteria ratio of 1:1, inoculating cut colletotrichum gloeosporioides (diameter is 1cm) in the center of the coated plate, culturing the mixture at 25 ℃ for 4 days in an inverted mode with hypha facing downwards, measuring the colony diameter (unit is cm) of colletotrichum gloeosporioides by using a straight ruler cross method, taking the average value of the colony diameter, taking sterile supernatant liquid of the colletotrichum gloeosporioides and short-bacillus borsteinz, taking the sterile supernatant liquid as a control treatment, and calculating the bacteriostasis rate according to the following formula (D is the bacteriostasis rate)Control-DTreatment of)/DControl×1O0％。
According to the test results in Table 1, it can be seen that Brevibacillus borstelensis or Sphingomonas sphingolipid has a certain inhibitory effect on colletotrichum gloeosporioides when used alone, but the effect is not ideal. Compared with single bacteria, when the two bacteria are used in a combined mode according to the quantity of 1:1, the two bacteria have extremely obvious inhibition effect on the growth of colletotrichum gloeosporioides hyphae, and the statistical difference (P is less than 0.01) exists between groups.
TABLE 1 inhibitory Effect of different antagonistic bacteria on the hyphal growth of colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Compared with the group treated with sphingolipid monad,*P＜0.01；
compared with the Brevibacillus borstelensis treatment group,#P＜0.01。
example 2: preparation of disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam
(1) Stacking the livestock and poultry manure by 1.0-1.2 meters, turning the manure when the temperature of the manure rises to 80 ℃, adding water to keep the water content of the compost within the range of 30-32%, and decomposing the manure after turning the manure for 2 times to form a solid fermentation substrate;
(2) the solid fermentation substrate is flattened to be cooled to normal temperature, then sphingolipid monad fermentation liquor and Brevibacillus borstelensis fermentation liquor in logarithmic growth phase are respectively inoculated according to the standard of 25L per ton substrate, the mixture is stirred and uniformly mixed, then the pile height is 0.4-0.5 m, the pile is turned when the pile temperature reaches 35 ℃, the mixture is flattened after continuous fermentation for 6 days, the water content of the fertilizer is evaporated to be below 30 percent, and the biological organic fertilizer is obtained, wherein each gram of the fertilizer contains effective viable bacteria not less than 0.4 hundred million, the organic matter content is not less than 45 percent, and the water content is not more than 30 percent.
(3) 21.74kg of urea, 100kg of calcium superphosphate, 50kg of potassium magnesium sulfate, 300kg of bio-organic fertilizer, 20kg of charcoal, 2kg of borax and 2kg of zinc sulfate heptahydrate are respectively weighed, uniformly mixed according to the weight proportion, ground and extruded and granulated by a granulator to prepare the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron yam contains 2.62 percent of N and 3.63 percent of P2O5， 3.63％K2O, 0.08 percent of B, 0.09 percent of Zn and 31.27 percent of organic matters, and the effective viable count of each gram of fertilizer is not less than 0.2 hundred million.
Example 3: disease-resistant yield-increasing field test of special disease-resistant fertilizer for finger citron and Chinese yam
A field fertilizer efficiency test was carried out in 2016, month 4 and 10. Before planting, fertilizing in soil ditches according to the fertilizing mode of each treatment, working a bed after filling soil, and opening small ditches on the bed for planting, wherein the row spacing is 30 cm, the depth is about 10 cm, and the plant spacing is about 15 cm. Leveling is needed when soil preparation and furrow preparation are carried out, so as to avoid uneven watering when watering. When planting, the fingered citron and Chinese yam plantlets are placed in the same direction, and covered with soil after being placed. In summer, water and fertilizer management needs to be enhanced, a drainage design is made, no accumulated water exists in the field, and the occurrence and spread of plant diseases and insect pests are reduced. Wu acupoint fingered citron Chinese yam is harvested after winter. The management measures of all treatments are the same except that the fertilizing amount and the types of the treatments are different.
No fertilization treatment: i.e. a control without any fertilizer applied;
treating a common fertilizer: 21.74kg of urea, 100kg of calcium superphosphate and 50kg of potassium magnesium sulfate are applied to each mu.
Treating the special fertilizer: 495.74kg of a fertilizer special for Chinese yam (prepared in example 2) is applied to each mu.
As can be seen from Table 2, the yield of Chinese yam in the treatment group applied with the disease-resistant fertilizer special for Chinese yam is improved by 1947.64 kg/mu and increased by 151.30% compared with the control group without fertilizer; compared with the common fertilizer, the fertilizer is increased by 648.22 kg/mu and increased by 25.06 percent. The disease-resistant special fertilizer for Chinese yam is applied, the content of crude protein is improved by 1.43 percent compared with that of the non-applied reference, and the amplification is increased by 19.70 percent; compared with the common fertilizer, the fertilizer has the advantages that the fertilizer is improved by 1.38 percent and the amplification is 18.88 percent. The disease-resistant special fertilizer for Chinese yam is reduced by 43.10 percent and the amplitude is reduced by 70.77 percent compared with the disease-resistant special fertilizer for Chinese yam without fertilizer; compared with the common fertilizer, the morbidity is reduced by 36.90 percent, and the amplitude is reduced by 67.46 percent.
TABLE 2 Sedum edulis Yam yield, crude protein content and morbidity for different fertilization treatments
| Treatment of | Chinese yam yield (kg/mu) | Crude protein content (%) | Incidence (%) |
| Does not need to be fertilized | 1287.31 | 7.26 | 60.90 |
| Ordinary fertilizer | 2586.73 | 7.31 | 54.70 |
| Special fertilizer | 3234.95 | 8.69 | 17.80 |
As can be seen from Table 3, the application of the disease-resistant fertilizer for Chinese yam inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, increases the number of soil bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, increases the total number of microorganisms by 112.48% compared with the control without fertilizer application, and increases by 83.69% compared with the application of ordinary fertilizer.
TABLE 3 influence of different fertilization treatments on the microbial count of Dioscorea opposita in soil
Claims (8)
1. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight:
200-500 parts of bio-organic fertilizer
15-30 parts of biochar
16-30 parts of urea
70-200 parts of calcium superphosphate
30-60 parts of potassium magnesium sulfate
1.5-3 parts of borax
1.5-3 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate
The content of the biological organic fertilizer is more than 0.2 × 10 per gram8The biocontrol bacterium consists of sphingolipid monad and Brevibacillus borstelensis; the biological organic fertilizer is prepared by inoculating sphingolipid monad and Brevibacillus borstelensis into a solid fermentation substrate according to the quantity of 1:1 for solid fermentationAnd (4) preparing the composition.
2. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight:
260-350 parts of bio-organic fertilizer
18-23 parts of biochar
20-25 parts of urea
90-120 parts of calcium superphosphate
45-55 parts of potassium magnesium sulfate
1.8-2.2 parts of borax
1.8-2.2 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate.
3. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam according to claim 2, which is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight:
300 portions of bio-organic fertilizer
19-20 parts of biochar
21-22 parts of urea
98-105 parts of calcium superphosphate
49-52 parts of potassium magnesium sulfate
1.9-2.1 parts of borax
1.9-2.1 parts of zinc sulfate heptahydrate.
4. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam according to claim 1, wherein the solid fermentation substrate is obtained by composting livestock and poultry manure to maturity.
5. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam according to claim 4, wherein the content of organic matters in the biological organic fertilizer is not less than 45%, and the content of water in the biological organic fertilizer is not more than 30%.
6. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the biochar is black carbon powder particles generated by incomplete combustion of biomass under a low oxygen condition.
7. The disease-resistant fertilizer special for fingered citron and Chinese yam according to claim 6, wherein the biomass is one or more than two selected from straw, corncob and peanut shell.
8. A method for preparing the bergamot yam disease-resistant special fertilizer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: the raw materials are uniformly mixed according to the weight proportion, ground and extruded and granulated by a granulator to prepare the fingered citron Chinese yam disease-resistant special fertilizer.
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