CN108191504B - Preparation method and use method of special fertilizer for konjak - Google Patents
Preparation method and use method of special fertilizer for konjak Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop fertilizers, and particularly discloses a preparation method and a use method of a fertilizer special for konjak. The preparation method of the fertilizer special for konjak comprises the following steps: (1) sterilization and extraction: adjusting the pH value of the diosgenin wastewater by using water, mixing the dioscin wastewater with the konjac skin residue, heating, preserving heat, squeezing and filtering to obtain filtrate A and filter residue B; (2) preparing materials before fermentation: mixing the filter residue B, the dioscorea sapogenin waste residues, the rapeseed cakes, the vinasse and the cow dung to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the moisture content and the pH value of the mixture C, adding a leavening agent, stirring, and piling into a cuboid material pile; (3) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation to obtain a fermented fertilizer D; (4) compounding: and uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer, and airing. The special fertilizer for konjak prepared by the invention has high humification degree, plant germination index and effective bacteria activity number, enhances the disease resistance of konjak plants, and improves the yield and corm quality of konjak.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop fertilizers, and particularly relates to a preparation method and a use method of a fertilizer special for konjak.
Background
The konjak is a perennial herb of the genus amorphophallus of the family Araceae, originates from a tropical rain forest climate zone, is a forest lower layer herb, and is suitable for growth and development under the ecological conditions of warmness and wetness, little direct light, and loose and fertile soil with rich organic matters. The underground tuber of konjak is an economic organ, the root of konjak is fleshy wiry fibrous root, the root system is shallow, most of the root system is horizontally distributed in the soil 10 cm below the soil surface, and the soil is required to be loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose texture, rich organic matters and good permeability.
The maximum soil limiting conditions suitable for cultivating konjak are two points: the first is to require slightly acidic soil conditions; secondly, the organic fertilizer has special hobbies and needs, so that a large amount of organic fertilizer or farmyard manure is applied in the cultivation as one of the main technical measures for fertilizing soil. However, with the increase of working staff outside rural areas and the change of agricultural industrial structures, livestock and poultry farmers are greatly reduced, and konjak production bases are mostly in hilly and mountainous areas, so that available organic fertilizer sources such as human and livestock excreta and the like are greatly reduced, and the use amount of chemical fertilizers is increased in konjak planting, the use amount of the chemical fertilizers is increased, the soil is hardened, the nutrients are single, konjak diseases are serious, the yield is low, and the product quality is reduced.
Meanwhile, in the processing process of the konjak, 5-7% of peel residues such as skins and buds and the like and 3-5% of silt waste can be generated for each ton of fresh konjak, and a large amount of konjak peel residues have strong inhibition and harm effects on the growth and development of plants due to the fact that the konjak residues contain konjak germs and 0.27-0.30% of alkaloids, and direct waste treatment often causes soil pollution, so that the konjak peel residues become the largest environmental pollution problem in konjak industrial production as waste.
Diosgenin is a raw material of hormone drugs with higher medicinal value,dioscorea plants such as yellow ginger and dioscorea nipponica, as well as sisal hemp and senna, can be used as raw materials, diluted sulfuric acid is added, and the finished product saponin is produced by a biochemical method. Although the economic value of saponin is high, the process of producing diosgenin puts a great pressure on the environment. Every 1t of saponin is produced, 721t of waste water is produced. Moreover, the diosgenin wastewater has large chroma (up to thousands) and high organic pollutant concentration (chemical oxygen demand COD is more than 10 g.L)-1) Large acidity (pH =1-2, SO)4 2-The content is 400-800 mg.L-1) High temperature (55-65 ℃), high treatment difficulty, and serious pollution to surrounding water extraction and soil if the waste water is discharged into the environment only through simple neutralization and precipitation.
Therefore, the applicant develops a special fertilizer suitable for konjak cultivation according to the characteristics of abundant local rapeseed and vinasse resources, konjak peel residue, yam saponin waste residue and waste water, and the combination of soil conditions and fertilizer requirement rules required by konjak growth.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the special fertilizer for the konjak, which can meet the requirements of growth and development of the konjak, improve the growth coefficient and the yield of the konjak, enhance the disease resistance of konjak plants and improve the quality of the konjak.
A preparation method of a fertilizer special for konjak comprises the following steps:
(1) sterilization and extraction: adjusting the pH value of the diosgenin wastewater to 2-2.5 by using water, mixing the adjusted diosgenin wastewater with the konjac skin residue according to the mass ratio of 1:3, heating to 60-65 ℃, preserving heat for 2-3 days for sterilization and extraction of konjac alkaloids, and then squeezing and filtering to obtain filtrate A and filter residue B for later use;
(2) preparing materials before fermentation: mixing the filter residue B, the dioscorea opposita saponin waste residue, the rapeseed cake, the vinasse and the cow dung to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the water content of the mixture C to be 45-50% by using the filtrate A, adjusting the pH of the mixture C to be 5.0-5.5 by using ammonia water, adding a leavening agent accounting for 0.2-0.3% of the mass of the mixture C after uniform mixing, stirring and mixing, and then piling up into a cuboid material pile;
(3) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation, and turning the material pile for 1-2 times every day when the pile temperature of the material pile reaches 65-70 ℃; when the volume of the pile body of the pile is reduced to 1/3-1/2 of the original volume and the pile temperature is lower than 39 ℃, taking off the plastic film, cooling the pile for 2-3D, controlling the pile temperature to be lower than 30 ℃, and naturally airing to obtain a fermented fertilizer D;
(4) compounding: uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:5:10, and airing to obtain the fertilizer special for konjak.
Preferably, the diosgenin wastewater in the step (1) is a liquid waste obtained by crushing dioscorea zingiberensis into powder and extracting diosgenin by sulfuric acid, the pH value is 1-2, and the chemical oxygen demand COD is 30000-60000 mg.L-1。
Preferably, the oven-dry mass ratio of the filter residue B, the yam saponin waste residue, the rapeseed cake, the vinasse and the cow dung in the step (2) is (5-10): (6-10): 25:35: 20.
Preferably, the diosgenin waste residue in the step (2) is dioscorea zingiberensis diosgenin waste residue, which is a solid waste obtained by crushing dioscorea zingiberensis and extracting dioscin with sulfuric acid.
Preferably, the height of the rectangular stockpile in the step (2) is 1 meter, and the width of the rectangular stockpile is 2 meters.
Preferably, the leavening agent in the step (2) is a mixture of bacillus, actinomycetes and mould with equal mass.
The application method of the fertilizer special for konjak prepared by the method comprises the following steps: the special fertilizer for the konjac is used as a base fertilizer for one time, 150-200 kilograms of the special fertilizer is used per mu, ditching and hole application are adopted, the fertilizer is applied between two konjac seeds or the konjac seeds are sowed between two hole fertilizer fertilizers, so that the konjac seeds cannot be in direct contact with the fertilizer, and the konjac seeds are prevented from being burnt by the special fertilizer for the konjac.
The invention has the advantages that:
the invention further utilizes the waste water and waste residue of konjak peel residue, yam saponin waste water, yam saponin waste residue and the like, and the finally prepared special fertilizer for konjak has high humification degree, plant germination index and effective bacteria activity number, contains a small amount of konjak alkaloid, can inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, enhances the disease resistance of konjak plants, can promote the robust growth of roots, stems and leaves of konjak, and improves the yield and corm quality of konjak; in addition, the microorganisms in the fertilizer can generate anti-active substances, and the anti-active substances are quickly propagated into dominant flora after being applied to soil, so that the growth of the konjak is promoted.
Detailed Description
The raw materials used are as follows (% refer to mass percent):
konjak husk dreg: removing bud eyes of rhizoma Amorphophalli, and peeling the outer skin of rhizoma Amorphophalli with a peeler to obtain rhizoma Amorphophalli skin residue with a thickness of 1-3 mm;
waste residue of dioscorea zingiberensis diosgenin: according to the prior art, the solid waste after dioscorea zingiberensis is crushed and diosgenin is extracted by sulfuric acid contains 40.23% of crude fiber and 45.09% of lignin;
and (3) dioscin wastewater: according to the prior art, the dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. is crushed into liquid waste which is extracted from dioscin by sulfuric acid, the pH is 1-2, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is 30000-60000 mg.L-1；
Vinasse: the dregs after the white spirit distillation contain 26 percent of crude fiber, 15 percent of crude starch, 12 percent of crude protein, 3 percent of crude fat, 0.3 percent of calcium and 0.2 percent of total phosphorus;
rapeseed cake: contains 36 percent of crude protein, 92 percent of organic matters and 6.5 percent of crude fat;
calcium superphosphate fertilizer: commercial grade fertilizer, containing 12% phosphorus pentoxide;
silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer: the commercial grade fertilizer contains 21.7% of silicon oxide, 27.3% of calcium oxide, 2.6% of magnesium oxide and 7.0% of potassium oxide.
Example 1
A preparation method of a fertilizer special for konjak comprises the following steps:
(1) sterilization and extraction: the pH of the waste water is 1, and the chemical oxygen demand COD is 30000 mg.L-1Adjusting the pH value of the diosgenin wastewater to 2 with water, mixing the adjusted diosgenin wastewater with the konjac skin residue according to the mass ratio of 1:3, heating to 60 ℃, preserving heat for 3 days for sterilization and extraction of konjac alkaloids, squeezing and filtering to obtain filtrate A and filter residue B for later use；
(2) Preparing materials before fermentation: mixing the filter residue B, the dioscorea sapogenin waste residues, the rapeseed cakes, the vinasse and the cow dung according to an absolute dry mass ratio of 5:6:25:35:20 to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the water content of the mixture C to be 45% by using the filtrate A, adjusting the pH of the mixture C to be 5.0 by using ammonia water, adding a leavening agent accounting for 0.2% of the mass of the mixture C after uniformly mixing, stirring and mixing, and then piling into a cuboid material pile with the height of 1 meter and the width of 2 meters; the dioscorea opposita saponin waste residue is dioscorea zingiberensis saponin waste residue; the leavening agent is a mixture of bacillus, actinomycetes and mould with equal mass;
(3) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation, and turning the material pile for 1-2 times every day when the pile temperature of the material pile reaches 65-70 ℃; when the volume of the pile body of the pile is reduced to 1/3-1/2 of the original volume and the pile temperature is lower than 39 ℃, taking off the plastic film, cooling the pile for 2 days, controlling the pile temperature to be lower than 30 ℃, and naturally airing to obtain a fermented fertilizer D;
(4) compounding: uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:5:10, and airing to obtain the fertilizer special for konjak.
Example 2
A preparation method of a fertilizer special for konjak comprises the following steps:
(1) sterilization and extraction: the pH of the waste water is 2, and the chemical oxygen demand COD is 60000 mg.L-1Adjusting the pH value of the diosgenin wastewater to 2.5 by using water, mixing the adjusted diosgenin wastewater with the konjac skin residue according to the mass ratio of 1:3, heating to 65 ℃, preserving heat for 2d for sterilization and extracting konjac alkaloids, and then squeezing and filtering to obtain filtrate A and filter residue B for later use;
(2) preparing materials before fermentation: mixing the filter residue B, the waste residue of the diosgenin, the rapeseed cake, the vinasse and the cow dung according to an absolute dry mass ratio of 10:10:25:35:20 to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the water content of the mixture C to be 50% by using the filtrate A, adjusting the pH of the mixture C to be 5.5 by using ammonia water, adding a leavening agent accounting for 0.3% of the mass of the mixture C after uniformly mixing, stirring and mixing, and then piling into a cuboid material pile with the height of 1 meter and the width of 2 meters; wherein the dioscorea opposita saponin waste residue is dioscorea zingiberensis saponin waste residue; the leavening agent is a mixture of bacillus, actinomycetes and mould with equal mass;
(3) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation, and turning the material pile for 1-2 times every day when the pile temperature of the material pile reaches 65-70 ℃; when the volume of the pile body of the pile is reduced to 1/3-1/2 of the original volume and the pile temperature is lower than 39 ℃, taking off the plastic film, cooling the pile for 3 days, controlling the pile temperature to be lower than 30 ℃, and naturally airing to obtain a fermented fertilizer D;
(4) compounding: uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:5:10, and airing to obtain the fertilizer special for konjak.
Example 3
A preparation method of a fertilizer special for konjak comprises the following steps:
(1) sterilization and extraction: the pH of the waste water is 1, and the chemical oxygen demand COD is 40000 mg.L-1Adjusting the pH value of the diosgenin wastewater to 2.3 by using water, mixing the adjusted diosgenin wastewater with the konjac skin residue according to the mass ratio of 1:3, heating to 63 ℃, preserving heat for 2d for sterilization and extracting konjac alkaloids, and then squeezing and filtering to obtain filtrate A and filter residue B for later use;
(2) preparing materials before fermentation: mixing the filter residue B, the waste residue of the diosgenin, the rapeseed cake, the vinasse and the cow dung according to an absolute dry mass ratio of 8:8:25:35:20 to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the water content of the mixture C to 48% by using the filtrate A, adjusting the pH of the mixture C to 5.2 by using ammonia water, adding a leavening agent accounting for 0.3% of the mass of the mixture C after uniform mixing, stirring and mixing, and then piling into a cuboid material pile with the height of 1 meter and the width of 2 meters; wherein the dioscorea opposita saponin waste residue is dioscorea zingiberensis saponin waste residue; the leavening agent is a mixture of bacillus, actinomycetes and mould with equal mass;
(3) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation, and turning the material pile for 1-2 times every day when the pile temperature of the material pile reaches 65-70 ℃; when the volume of the pile body of the pile is reduced to 1/3-1/2 of the original volume and the pile temperature is lower than 39 ℃, taking off the plastic film, cooling the pile for 3 days, controlling the pile temperature to be lower than 30 ℃, and naturally airing to obtain a fermented fertilizer D;
(4) compounding: uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:5:10, and airing to obtain the fertilizer special for konjak.
Comparative example 1 (Water instead of filtrate A, residue B and diosgenin residue not present)
A preparation method of a konjak fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing materials before fermentation: mixing rapeseed cakes, vinasse and cow dung according to an absolute dry mass ratio of 25:35:20 to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the water content of the mixture C to 48% by using water, uniformly mixing, adding a leavening agent accounting for 0.3% of the mass of the mixture C, stirring and mixing, and then piling into a cuboid material pile with the height of 1 meter and the width of 2 meters; wherein the leavening agent is a mixture of bacillus, actinomycetes and mould with equal mass;
(2) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation, and turning the material pile for 1-2 times every day when the pile temperature of the material pile reaches 65-70 ℃; when the volume of the pile body of the pile is reduced to 1/3-1/2 of the original volume and the pile temperature is lower than 39 ℃, taking off the plastic film, cooling the pile for 3 days, controlling the pile temperature to be lower than 30 ℃, and naturally airing to obtain a fermented fertilizer D;
(3) compounding: and uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:5:10, and airing to obtain the fertilizer.
Comparative example 2
The nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer comprises N, P, K =15, 15 and 15.
Firstly, quality detection: the detection indexes are shown in Table 1
TABLE 1
As shown by table 1: examples 1, 2, and 3 the fertilizer for konjak prepared using the konjak husk residue, the saponin waste residue, and the saponin waste water contains a small amount of konjak alkaloid, and the humus degree, the plant germination index, and the effective bacteria activity number are higher than those of comparative examples 1 and 2.
Fertilizing effect of special fertilizer for konjak
The special fertilizer for the konjac is used as a base fertilizer for one time, ditching and hole application are adopted, and the konjac seeds are sowed between the two hole fertilizer fertilizers, so that the konjac seeds cannot be in direct contact with the fertilizer, and the konjac seeds are prevented from being burnt by the special fertilizer for the konjac. In late 4 months of 2017, konjak is planted in the three-ridge village of yellow Anzhen county in yellow county, the planting land is a gentle slope land, yellow mud soil and the cultivar is a flower konjak variety, konjak breeding is carried out, konjak interplanting and corn are adopted, ridge forming cultivation is carried out, the ridge width is 1.5 meters, 3 rows of konjak are planted in each ridge, the row spacing of the konjak is 50 centimeters, the plant spacing is 40 centimeters, the mu density is 3335 plants, 6 grams of single konjak are planted on average, and the corn is planted in ridge furrows to shade. The konjak planting is divided into 6 groups evenly, each group is 10 mu, the planting management method of each group of konjak is the same, each group uses 150 kg, 170 kg and 200 kg of the special fertilizer for konjak provided by the embodiment 3 of the invention and 200 kg of the fertilizer for konjak of the comparative example 1, and the growth condition of konjak is observed by comparing the konjak planting with 50 kg and 80 kg of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer of the comparative example 2, and the result is shown in table 2.
Table 2 conditions of use of fertilizer for konjak
As can be seen from table 2, the fertilizer provided by the present invention can reduce the diseased plant rate of konjac and promote the yield increase of konjac.
Claims (7)
1. A preparation method of a fertilizer special for konjak is characterized by comprising the following steps: comprises the following steps:
(1) sterilization and extraction: adjusting the pH value of the diosgenin wastewater to 2-2.5 by using water, mixing the adjusted diosgenin wastewater with the konjac skin residue according to the mass ratio of 1:3, heating to 60-65 ℃, preserving heat for 2-3 days for sterilization and extraction of konjac alkaloids, and then squeezing and filtering to obtain filtrate A and filter residue B for later use;
(2) preparing materials before fermentation: mixing the filter residue B, the dioscorea opposita saponin waste residue, the rapeseed cake, the vinasse and the cow dung to obtain a mixture C, adjusting the water content of the mixture C to be 45-50% by using the filtrate A, adjusting the pH of the mixture C to be 5.0-5.5 by using ammonia water, adding a leavening agent accounting for 0.2-0.3% of the mass of the mixture C after uniform mixing, stirring and mixing, and then piling up into a cuboid material pile;
(3) fermentation: covering the material pile with a plastic film for fermentation, and turning the material pile for 1-2 times every day when the pile temperature of the material pile reaches 65-70 ℃; when the volume of the pile body of the pile is reduced to 1/3-1/2 of the original volume and the pile temperature is lower than 39 ℃, taking off the plastic film, cooling the pile for 2-3D, controlling the pile temperature to be lower than 30 ℃, and naturally airing to obtain a fermented fertilizer D;
(4) compounding: uniformly mixing the fermented fertilizer D, the calcium superphosphate and the silicon-calcium-magnesium-potassium fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 100:5:10, and airing to obtain the fertilizer special for konjak.
2. The preparation method of the fertilizer special for konjak according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer comprises: and (3) in the step (2), the oven-dry mass ratio of the filter residue B, the yam saponin waste residue, the rapeseed cake, the vinasse and the cow dung is (5-10): 6-10): 25:35: 20.
3. The preparation method of the fertilizer special for konjak according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer comprises: the diosgenin wastewater in the step (1) is liquid waste obtained by crushing dioscorea zingiberensis and extracting diosgenin by sulfuric acid, the pH is 1-2, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is 30000-60000 mg.L-1。
4. The preparation method of the fertilizer special for konjak according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer comprises: the dioscorea zingiberensis diosgenin waste residue in the step (2) is dioscorea zingiberensis diosgenin waste residue, which is solid waste obtained after dioscorea zingiberensis is crushed and diosgenin is extracted by sulfuric acid.
5. The preparation method of the fertilizer special for konjak according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer comprises: and (3) the height of the cuboid material pile in the step (2) is 1 meter, and the width of the cuboid material pile is 2 meters.
6. The preparation method of the fertilizer special for konjak according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer comprises: in the step (2), the leavening agent is a mixture of bacillus, actinomycetes and mould with equal mass.
7. The application method of the fertilizer special for konjak is characterized by comprising the following steps: the fertilizer special for the konjak is prepared by the method of claim 1, is used as a base fertilizer for one time, uses 150-200 kg of fertilizer per mu, adopts ditching and hole application, applies fertilizer between two konjak seed tubers or seeds the konjak seed tubers in the middle of the fertilizer in the two holes, prevents the konjak seed tubers from directly contacting the fertilizer, and prevents the fertilizer special for the konjak from burning the konjak seed tubers.
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| 优质魔芋安全生产技术;江微等;《安康学院学报》;20081215;第20卷(第06期);85-86、92 * |
| 秦巴山区魔芋防病丰产栽培技术;闫鹏 等;《西北园艺（蔬菜）》;20151110;32-33 * |
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Effective date of registration: 20210705 Address after: 723300 organic industrial park of Mingzhu community, Yangzhou town sub district office, Yangxian County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province Applicant after: Shaanxi Ibis Zhiyuan Organic Food Engineering Center Co.,Ltd. Address before: 723300 Tianning Temple bridgehead in the east of Yang County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province Applicant before: YANGXIAN YUXING KONJAC FARMERS PROFESSIONAL COOPERATIVES |
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