CN1082062A - 含氨基甲酸酯基且主要含异氰酸酯基的硬质泡沫塑料的生产方法 - Google Patents

含氨基甲酸酯基且主要含异氰酸酯基的硬质泡沫塑料的生产方法 Download PDF

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CN1082062A
CN1082062A CN93108426A CN93108426A CN1082062A CN 1082062 A CN1082062 A CN 1082062A CN 93108426 A CN93108426 A CN 93108426A CN 93108426 A CN93108426 A CN 93108426A CN 1082062 A CN1082062 A CN 1082062A
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R·韦达曼
S·文德尔
W·施米兹
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Abstract

含氨基甲酸酯基且主要含异氰酸酯基的硬质泡 沫塑料的生产方法。

Description

本发明涉及耐火、无CFC的硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫塑料的生产方法。
用水和烃类作发泡剂生产无卤素的硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫塑料已为人们所公知。用水作发泡剂的缺点在于聚脲结构的形成（由于异氰酸酯与水反应伴随消除二氧化碳所收）使泡沫的表面变脆（表面脆性），因此对泡沫和表皮间的粘合不利。
另一方面，尽管用和烃类作发泡剂可以降低表面脆性，但通常用作增塑剂的防火剂的百分含量必须增加以确保防火性，因此纯烃发泡的硬质泡沫塑料一般尺寸不稳定并显示出收缩作用。
另人惊奇的是，现在发现如果使用支链多元醇，纯烃发泡的硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫塑料不收缩，对所需耐火性亦无任何不利影响。
在本发明上下文中，“支”链被认为是从直链分支出的一个或一个以上侧链;除碳原子外，杂原子也可以存在于该直链和该侧链中。该定义也包括连有甲基取代基的直链。
本发明涉及含氨基甲酸乙酯基并主要含异氰脲酸酯基的硬质泡沫塑料的生产方法，所述方法为：聚异氰酸酯（1）与含至少两个异氰酸酯活性氢原子且分子量为400-1000的化合物（2）在有机发泡剂（3）和防火剂（4）以及作为交联剂的含至少两个异氰酸酯活性氢原子且分子量为32-399的化合物（5）存在下并可以在本文已知的助剂和添加剂（6）存在下反应，其特征在于：成分（2）有支链;成分（2）、防火剂（4）和交联成分（5）被用作制剂，其中成分（2）的含量为30-90重量份，成分（4）的含量为10-60重量份以及成分（5）的含量为10-20重量份，这些成分的重量份加起来为100;以及该反应在200-600的指数范围内进行。
在本发明优选的实例中，
用C1-6烃类作有机发泡剂，
用戊烷作有机发泡剂，
用环戊烷作有机发泡剂，
用15-50%（重量）正戊烷和/或异戊烷和85-50%（重量）环戊烷的混合物作有机发泡剂，
用己烷作有机发泡剂，
用环己烷作有机发泡剂，
用戊烷、环戊烷、己烷和/或环己烷的混合物作有机发泡剂。
下列原料组分用于生产硬质聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫塑料：
1.脂族;环脂族;芳脂族;芳族和一类杂环聚异氰酸酯类如由W.Siefken在Justus  Liebigs  Annalen  der.Chemie，562，75-136页中所述的例如符合下式的化合物：
Q（NCO）n
式中
n＝2-4，2为佳，
以及
Q是含2-18且最好为6-10个碳原子的脂肪烃基，含4-15且最好是5-10个碳原子的环脂烃基，含6-15且最好是6-13个碳原子的芳烃基或含8-15且最好为8-13个碳原子的芳基脂肪烃基;例如在DE-OS2832253，10-11页中所述的一类聚异氰酸酯。
一般来说，特别优选易工业规模得到的聚异氰酸酯，例如2，4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和2，6-甲苯二异氰酸酯以及这些异构体（“TDI”）的混合物;由苯胺-甲醛缩合物（“粗MDI”）的光气化得到的一类聚苯基聚亚甲基聚异氰酸酯和碳化二亚胺一、氨基甲酸酯-、脲基甲酸酯-、异氰脲酸酯、脲-和缩二脲-改性的聚异氰酸酯类（“改性聚异氰酸酯类”），更具体地讲是衍生自甲苯2，4-二异氰酸酯和/或甲苯2，6-二异氰酸酯或衍生自二苯基甲烷-4，4′-二异氰酸酯和/或二苯基甲烷-2，4′-二异氰酸酯的改性聚异氰酸酯。
2.其它原料组分是具支链分子并含至少两个异氢酸酯活性氢原子且分子量一般为400-10000的化合物。除含氨基基团、硫醇基基团或羧基基团的化合物外，优选的这一类化合物是含羟基基团、特别是含2-8个羟基基团的化合物，特别是分子量在1000-8000且最好是在2000-4000范围内的化合物，例如含至少2个但一般是2-8个且最好是2-4个羟基基团的这类本文已知的用于生产均匀微孔聚氨酯的化合物，例如在DE-OS  2832253，第11-18页中所述的化合物。
该原料组分的聚酯含量达混合物总重量的50%为佳。
3.所用的发泡剂是有机发泡剂，C1-6烃类为佳，更好的是戊烷、特别是正戊烷和/或异戊烷，以及环戊烷及其与正戊烷和/或异戊烷的混合物。
4.所用的防火剂是本身已知的防火剂，最好在20℃时是液体产物。
5.其它的原料成分是含至少两个异氰酸酯活性氢原子且分子量在32-399范围之内的化合物。如果这样，所述化合物也是用作交联剂的含羟基基团和/或氨基基团和/或硫醇基团和/或羧基基团的化合物，最好是含羟基基团和/或氨基基团的化合物。这些化合物一般含2-8且最好是含2-4个异氰酸酯活性氢原子。这样的化合物的例子可以在DE-OS2832253，第19-20页中找到。
6.可以使用本身已知的助剂和添加剂例如乳化剂和定泡剂。优选的乳化剂是基于烷氧基化的脂肪酸和高碳醇的乳化剂。
适宜的定泡剂首先是聚醚硅氧烷，特别是水溶性的一类。这些化合物一般具有环氧乙烷和1，2-环氧丙烷的共聚物连接在聚二甲基硅氧烷基团上的结构。象这些定泡剂例如己在US-PSS2834748，2917480和3629308中作了说明。也可以使用聚氨酯化学中本身已知的催化剂例如叔胺和/或有机金属化合物。
也可以使用本身已知的反应延缓剂例如显示酸性反应的化合物如盐酸或有机酰囟，本为已知的泡孔调节剂例如石蜡或脂肪醇或二甲基聚硅氧烷，色素或染料，抗老化和抗天候老化的稳定剂，增塑剂，防霉剂和抑菌剂，以及填充剂例如硫酸钡、硅藻土、碳黑或白垩。
按照本发明以及有关这些添加剂的用途和作用方式可被选用的表面活性添加剂和定泡剂、泡孔调节剂、反应延缓剂、稳定剂、发泡剂、增塑剂、染料、填充剂、防霉剂和抑菌剂的更多的例子可在Kunststoff-Handbuck，Ⅶ卷，由Vieweg和Hochtlen编辑，Carl  Hanser-Verlag出版，慕尼黑1966，例如第103-113页中找到。
按照本发明的方法实施如下：
按照本发明，反应组分常用注塑机如在US-PS2764565中所述的类型按本身已知的一步法，预聚物法或半预聚体工艺反应。按照本发明也可以使用的加工机械的详细资料可在Kunststoff-Handbuck，Ⅷ卷，由Vieweg和Hochtlen编辑，Carl-Hanser-Verlag出版，慕尼黑1966，例如第121-205页中找到。
按照本发明，该反应在200-600指数范围内进行，在250-450指数范围内进行为佳。
按照本发明，发泡也可以在闭模中进行。为此，将反应混合物导入模具中。适宜的模具材料是金属如铝，或塑料例如环氧树脂。
可发泡反应混合物在模具中发泡并形成模制品。模具内的发泡反应可以通过在模制品表面产生微孔结构的方式来进行，但也可以通过使模制品具致密表皮和微孔核的方式来进行。按照本发明，关于这一点可以将可发泡反应混合物按能使形成的泡沫塑料刚好填满模具的量导入该模具中。然而也可以将经用泡沫塑料填满模具的内面所需量多的可发泡反应混合物导入模具中，该技术被称为超装料法并且在例如US-PSS3178490和3182104中有说明。
本文已知的“外脱模剂”例如有机硅油常用于模具内的发泡。然而，也可以将如DE-OSS2121670和2307589中所述的通常所说的“内脱模剂”可选地用在与外模剂的混合物中。
然而，泡沫塑料也可以用块料发泡或本身已知的层合机方法来生产。
按照本发明得到的硬质泡沫塑料用于例如建筑工业中需要高阻燃性的用途，用作具高阻燃性的覆盖材料隔离卡车和小汽车的发动机室，以及用于发动机罩的表面隔离以防噪音。
实施例
原料产品：
多元醇A（比较）：
制备含下列组分的混合物（制剂）：
在OH值为198的多元醇混合物中，以重量计含45%由乙二醇与环氧乙烷反应制得的OH值为185的聚醚，8%OH值为1060的二甘醇，5%由邻苯二甲酸酐与苄醇和丁醇反应制得的聚酯，27%市售防火剂Disflamoll DRK（Ciba Geigy Plastics and Additives Co.的产品），15%由己二酸和邻苯二甲酸酐与二甘醇反应制得的OH值为200的聚酯。
多元醇B（发明）：
制备含下列组分的混合物（制剂）：
在OH值为168的多元醇混合物中，按重量计含27%市售防火剂Disflamoll DRK（Ciba Geigy Plastics and Additives Co.的产品），12%由三羟甲基丙烷与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的OH值为880的聚醚，50.5%由三羟甲基丙烷与1，2-环氧丙烷和环氧乙烷反应制得的OH值为45的聚醚，10.5%由三羟甲基丙烷与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的OH值为380的聚醚。
多元醇C（发明）：
制备含下述组分的混合物（制剂）：
在OH为212的多元醇混合物中，按重量计含27%市售防火剂Disflamoll
Figure 931084261_IMG3
DRK（Ciba Geigy Plestics and Additives Co.的产品），13%由三羟甲基丙烷与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的OH值为880的聚醚，40%由丙二醇与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的OH值为56的聚醚，10%由三羟甲基丙烷与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的值OH为380的聚醚，10%由己二酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、油酸和三羟甲基丙烷反应制得的OH值为370的聚酯。
多元醇D（发明）：
制备含下列组分的混合物（制剂）：
在OH值为215的多元醇混合物中，按重量计含27%市售防火剂DEEP（乙基膦酸二乙酯），13%由己二酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、油酸和三羟甲基丙烷反应制得的OH值为370的聚酯，10%由三羟甲基丙烷与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的OH值为880的聚醚，25%由己二酸酐，邻苯二甲酸酐，甘油和丙二醇反应制得的OH值为210的聚酯，20%由丙二醇与1，2-环氧丙烷反应制得的OH值为56的聚醚，25%由邻苯二甲酸酐与二甘醇和环氧乙烷反应制得的OH值为300的聚酯。
表1（比较）
制剂（按重量百分数计）
对比实施例  1  2
多元醇A  98  98
二甲基环已基胺  0.14  0.18
乙酸钾溶液(1)  0.54  0.7
环戊烷  8  12.5
稳定剂 B1605(Bayer AG)  2  2
聚异氰酸酯(粗MDI,Desmodur 44V20
Bayer AG的产品)  103  166
指数  219  351
密度(Kg/m3) 42 39
24小时后纸覆
盖层的粘合力  好  好
在小燃烧器试验的
火焰高度φ按DIN4102[mm]  130  120
DIN 4102分类  B2  B2
尺寸稳定性  脆裂  较少
脆裂
表面脆性  无  无
（1）25%二甘醇溶液
表1结果表明，尽管在非支链分子的多元醇与聚异氰酸酯生成聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫塑料的发泡过程中通过仅使用烃类作发泡剂可以完全消除表面脆性，但得到的泡沫塑料无尺寸稳定性。
Figure 931084261_IMG4
表2中实施例1-4的结果表明，按照本发明的多元醇达到了B2  DIN4102火焰级并且用环戊烷作出泡剂时尺寸稳定。表中的实施例5表明指数需在200以上。

Claims (8)

1、含氨基甲酸酯基且主要含异氰酸酯基的硬质泡沫塑料的生产方法，所述方法为：聚异氰酸酯(1)与含至少两个异氰酸酯活性氢原子且分子量为400-1000的化合物(2)在有机发泡剂(3)和防火剂(4)以及作为交联剂的含至少两个异氰酸酯活性氢原子且分子量为32-399的化合物(5)存在下并可以在本文已知的助剂和添加剂(6)存在下反应，其特征在于：成分(2)有支链；成分(2)、防火剂(4)和交联成分(5)被用作制剂，其中成分(2)的含量为30-90重量份，成分(4)的含量为10-60重量份以及成分(5)的含量为10-20重量份，这些成分的重量份加起来为100；以及该反应在200-600的指数范围内进行。
2、按照权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：用C1-6烃类作有机发泡剂。
3、按照权利要求1和2的方法，其特征在于：用戊烷作有机发泡剂。
4、按照权利要求1和2的方法，其特征在于：用环戊烷作有机发泡剂。
5、按照权利要求1-4的方法，其特征在于：用15-50%（重量）正戊烷和/或异戊烷和85-50%（重量）环戊烷的混合物作有机发泡剂。
6、按照权利要求1和2的方法，其特征在于：用己烷作有机发泡剂。
7、按照权利要求1和2的方法，其特征在于：用环己烷作有机发泡剂。
8、按照权利要求1和2的方法，其特征在于：用戊烷、环戊烷、己烷和/或环己烷的混合物作有机发泡剂。
CN93108426A 1992-07-09 1993-07-09 含氨基甲酸酯基且主要含异氰酸酯基的硬质泡沫塑料的生产方法 Pending CN1082062A (zh)

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