CN108138669B - 工程机械 - Google Patents

工程机械 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108138669B
CN108138669B CN201680055853.2A CN201680055853A CN108138669B CN 108138669 B CN108138669 B CN 108138669B CN 201680055853 A CN201680055853 A CN 201680055853A CN 108138669 B CN108138669 B CN 108138669B
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engine
rotation speed
controls
exhaust
circuit
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CN108138669A (zh
Inventor
中村笃史
片山智崇
岛崎浩司
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Hitachi Construction Machinery Co Ltd
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Hitachi Construction Machinery Co Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/18009—Propelling the vehicle related to particular drive situations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K11/00—Arrangement in connection with cooling of propulsion units
    • B60K11/06—Arrangement in connection with cooling of propulsion units with air cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/02—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches
    • B60W10/024—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches including control of torque converters
    • B60W10/026—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of driveline clutches including control of torque converters of lock-up clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/04—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units
    • B60W10/06—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of propulsion units including control of combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/18—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of braking systems
    • B60W10/198—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of braking systems with exhaust brakes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/30—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of auxiliary equipment, e.g. air-conditioning compressors or oil pumps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/18009—Propelling the vehicle related to particular drive situations
    • B60W30/18109—Braking
    • B60W30/18136—Engine braking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/188—Controlling power parameters of the driveline, e.g. determining the required power
    • B60W30/1884—Avoiding stall or overspeed of the engine
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/08—Superstructures; Supports for superstructures
    • E02F9/0858—Arrangement of component parts installed on superstructures not otherwise provided for, e.g. electric components, fenders, air-conditioning units
    • E02F9/0883—Tanks, e.g. oil tank, urea tank, fuel tank
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/2058—Electric or electro-mechanical or mechanical control devices of vehicle sub-units
    • E02F9/2083—Control of vehicle braking systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2217—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives with energy recovery arrangements, e.g. using accumulators, flywheels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F9/00—Component parts of dredgers or soil-shifting machines, not restricted to one of the kinds covered by groups E02F3/00 - E02F7/00
    • E02F9/20—Drives; Control devices
    • E02F9/22—Hydraulic or pneumatic drives
    • E02F9/2253—Controlling the travelling speed of vehicles, e.g. adjusting travelling speed according to implement loads, control of hydrostatic transmission
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P5/00—Pumping cooling-air or liquid coolants
    • F01P5/02—Pumping cooling-air; Arrangements of cooling-air pumps, e.g. fans or blowers
    • F01P5/04—Pump-driving arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/12—Control of the pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • F02B37/12—Control of the pumps
    • F02B37/24—Control of the pumps by using pumps or turbines with adjustable guide vanes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D29/00—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D29/00—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto
    • F02D29/04—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto peculiar to engines driving pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/04—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits concerning exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/06—Exhaust brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
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    • F16H59/60—Inputs being a function of ambient conditions
    • F16H59/66—Road conditions, e.g. slope, slippery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16H61/21—Providing engine brake control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
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    • E02F3/283—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging tools mounted on a dipper- or bucket-arm, i.e. there is either one arm or a pair of arms, e.g. dippers, buckets with a single arm pivoted directly on the chassis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/60—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the driver demands or status
    • F02D2200/602—Pedal position
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
    • F02D2200/70—Input parameters for engine control said parameters being related to the vehicle exterior
    • F02D2200/702—Road conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/21—Providing engine brake control
    • F16H2061/216—Providing engine brake control by using exhaust brakes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Vehicle Engines Or Engines For Specific Uses (AREA)
  • Supercharger (AREA)
  • Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Control Of Fluid Gearings (AREA)
  • Control Of Driving Devices And Active Controlling Of Vehicle (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种工程机械，其具备对将工作油供给到液压致动器的至少1个液压泵进行驱动的发动机、对来自发动机的排气的流量进行调整的排气调整机构以及控制排气调整机构的控制装置，其特征在于，控制装置判定是否满足第1下坡条件以及/或者第2下坡条件，当满足第1下坡条件和第2下坡条件中的至少一个时，控制排气调整机构来执行排气制动。

Description

工程机械
技术领域
本发明涉及包含对至少1个液压泵进行驱动的发动机的工程机械。
背景技术
在包含液压致动器的工程机械中，将工作油供给到所述液压致动器的液压泵被发动机驱动(例如，参照专利文献1)。在此种工程机械中，若过度提高发动机转速，则液压泵等设备可能损坏。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:美国专利第7849688号说明书
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
例如，为了防止发动机转速变得过高，考虑当发动机转速为阈值以上时，降低来自发动机的排气的流量，增加发动机的负载(所谓的排气制动)。
然而，当将发动机转速与阈值进行比较来自动执行排气制动时，会频繁地切换排气制动的开启/关闭。从发动机部件(例如，涡轮增压器)的耐久性的观点出发，此种排气制动的开启/关闭的频繁切换是不理想的。
因此，本发明目的在于提供一种不频繁切换排气制动的开启/关闭，且能够利用排气制动来防止发动机转速变得过高的工程机械。
用于解决课题的手段
为了解决所述课题，本发明的发明者们，根据深入研究的结果可知，若在下坡时，则着眼于维持转速较高的状态(车速高的状态)或者持续发动机不使用用于行驶的能量的状况，根据本判断，认为在下坡时自动执行排气制动。这样一来，则认为能够防止排气制动的开启/关闭的频繁的切换。本发明根据此种观点而制成。
即，本发明的工程机械具备：对将工作油供给到液压致动器的至少1个液压泵进行驱动的发动机；对来自所述发动机的排气的流量进行调整的排气调整机构；控制所述排气调整机构的控制装置，所述控制装置判定是否满足第1下坡条件以及/或者第2下坡条件，当满足所述第1下坡条件和所述第2下坡条件中的至少一个时，控制所述排气调整机构来执行排气制动，该第1下坡条件为所述发动机的实际转速为设定转速以上，且所述发动机的负载率为设定比例以下，该第2下坡条件为在所述发动机经由变速器与车轮连结的情况下，实际车速为由操纵者选择的车速模式的允许车速以上。
根据上述的结构，由于下坡时自动执行排气制动，因而无需频繁地切换排气制动的开启/关闭，能够利用排气制动防止发动机转速变得过高。并且，由于在下坡时脚制动以外的制动力发挥作用，因而能够降低脚制动的使用频率。
例如，所述车速可以是所述变速器的输出轴的转速。
在所述发动机的实际转速低于所述设定转速以下的第2设定转速，并且实际车速低于所述允许车速以下的设定车速时，或者在踩下加速器踏板时，所述控制装置可以控制所述排气调整机构来解除所述排气制动。根据此种结构，能够在适当的定时解除排气制动。
所述至少1个液压泵包括风扇用泵，上述工程机械还具备风扇用电动机和风扇回路，该风扇用电动机从所述风扇用泵供给工作油，用于冷却所述发动机，该风扇回路设定所述风扇用电动机的转速，在满足所述第1下坡条件和所述第2下坡条件的至少一个的情况下，所述控制装置可以控制所述风扇回路，以使所述风扇用电动机的转速为预定值以上。根据此种结构，在下坡时的加速度较大时等仅通过排气制动而不够充分时，也能够防止发动机转速变得过高。
所述至少1个液压泵包含主泵，上述工程机械还具备：循环管路，其从所述主泵经由装卸回路到达油箱；退让管路，其在所述装卸回路的上游侧从所述循环管路分支且到达油箱，在该退让管路上设置有释放阀；开闭阀，其在所述退让管路的分支点的下游侧被设置于所述循环管路上，在满足所述第1下坡条件和所述第2下坡条件的至少一个的情况下，所述控制装置控制所述开闭阀来阻断所述循环管路。根据此种结构，在下坡时的加速度较大时等仅通过排气制动而不够充分时，也能够防止发动机转速变得过高。
上述的工程机械还具备：车轮，其经由作为液力耦合器的液力变矩器以及变速器与所述发动机连结；以及锁定装置，其切换是否将所述液力变矩器的输出轴和输入轴进行约束，当满足所述第1下坡条件和所述第2下坡条件中的至少一个时，所述控制装置控制所述锁定装置，从而将所述液力变矩器的输出轴与输入轴进行约束。根据此种结构，在下坡时的加速度较大时等仅通过排气制动而不够充分时，也能够防止发动机转速变得过高。
例如，上述的工程机械还具备与所述发动机连接的包含压缩机以及涡轮的涡轮增压器，所述涡轮为可变喷嘴涡轮，所述排气调整机构通过变更所述涡轮的喷嘴的开度来调整来自所述发动机的排气的流量。
发明效果
根据本发明，无需频繁地切换排气制动的开启/关闭，能够利用排气制动防止发动机转速变得过高。
附图说明
图1是示意性地表示本发明的一实施方式涉及的工程机械的概略结构的图。
图2是图1中所示的工程机械的侧视图。
图3是控制装置进行的控制的流程图。
具体实施方式
图2中表示本发明的一实施方式涉及的工程机械1，在图1中示意性地表示工程机械1的概略结构。图2示出的工程机械1是车轮行驶式的工业用车辆之一，即轮式装载机。但是，本发明也能够适用于铲式装载机、叉车、卡车起重机等其他的工业用车辆。
如图2所示，工程机械1包含在水平方向上能够相互摆动地连结的前侧车体11以及后侧车体12。在前侧车体11上安装有前车轮16，在后侧车体12上安装有后车轮17。在前侧车体11和后侧车体12之间设置有行进方向变更用的左右一对的转向缸(液压致动器)34。
在后侧车体12上设置有驾驶室13以及发动机室18。在发动机室18内配置有发动机21、用于冷却发动机21的散热器19以及风扇用电动机(液压致动器)39。在前侧车体11上以能够在铅直方向上摆动的方式连结有悬臂14，在悬臂14的前端以能够在铅直方向摆动的方式连结有挖斗15。另外，在前侧车体11上设置有使悬臂14进行工作的左右一对的悬臂缸(液压致动器)36和使挖斗15工作的挖斗缸(液压致动器)37。
如图1以及图2所示，发动机21经由液力变矩器22、变速器23以及轮轴24、25与车轮16，17连结。另外，变速器23能够变更输入轴和输出轴的速度比，并且能够为了切换车辆的前进和后退而将输出轴的旋转方向切换成与输入轴同方向或者反方向。
液力变矩器22是液力耦合器。在本实施方式中设置有锁定装置26，该锁定装置26用于切换是否将液力变矩器22的输出轴和输入轴进行约束。
在液力变矩器22上也连接有液压泵即主泵31以及风扇用泵32。即，主泵31以及风扇用泵32被发动机21驱动。风扇用泵32也可以直接连结于发动机21。
主泵31经由装卸回路35将工作油供给到悬臂缸36以及挖斗缸37，并且经由转向回路33将工作油供给到转向缸34。另外，在图1中，为了简化附图，以1个缸符号表示一对悬臂缸36以及挖斗缸37，以1个缸符号表示一对转向缸34。
从主泵31延伸出循环管路41，该循环管路41经由装卸回路35到达油箱40。即，循环管路41构成装卸回路35的中心旁路管路。另外，在装卸回路35的上游侧，从循环管路41分支出分支管路44，该分支管路44与转向回路33连接。
装卸回路35包含悬臂控制阀(未图示)和挖斗控制阀(未图示)，悬臂控制阀控制对于悬臂缸36的工作油的供给以及排出，挖斗控制阀控制对于挖斗缸37的工作油的供给以及排出。例如，从包含操作杆的操作阀将先导压力输出到各控制阀。转向回路33包含用于控制对于转向缸34的工作油的供给以及排出的转向阀(未图示)。例如，从奥比托罗鲁(注册商标)等的转向信号输出装置向转向阀输出转向信号(先导流量)。
并且，在装卸回路35的上游侧，从循环管路41分支有退让管路45，该退让管路45到达油箱40。在退让管路45上设置有释放阀46。
在循环管路41上，在退让管路45的分支点的下游侧设置有开闭阀43。开闭阀43切换循环管路41的开放和阻断。在本实施方式中，开闭阀43被配置在装卸回路35的上游侧，但是，开闭阀43也可以配置在装卸回路35的下游侧。
另一方面，风扇用泵32经由风扇回路38，将工作油供给到上述的风扇用电动机39。风扇回路38是设定风扇用电动机39的转速的回路，例如，包含将任意的压力导向风扇用电动机39的流出管路的减压阀、将先导压力输出到该减压阀的电磁比例阀。
发动机21与涡轮增压器51的压缩机52以及涡轮53连接。在本实施方式中，涡轮53为可变喷嘴涡轮，涡轮53的喷嘴的开度通过排气调整机构54进行变更。即，排气调整机构54对来自发动机21的排气的流量进行调整。
排气调整机构54被控制装置6控制。控制装置6与检测发动机21的实际转速N的转速计61、检测工程机械1的实际车速S的车速计62、检测加速器踏板71的踩下量的踏板传感器72、以及车速模式选择装置73连接。在本实施方式中，车速计62为将变速器23的输出轴的转速作为车速进行检测的转速计。
车速模式选择装置73被配置于驾驶室13内，接受操纵者进行的多个车速模式的选择。在本实施方式中，车速模式以多个阶段(例如，第1段～第5段)指示变速器23中的速度比。但是，车速模式不需要一定以多个阶段指示变速器23中的速度比。例如，车速模式可以是手动切换变速器23中的速度比的手动模式和自动切换变速器23中的速度比的自动模式，可以是针对发动机转速确定不同的上限的多个驾驶模式。
控制装置6可以分为控制发动机关联设备的发动机控制装置和控制液压设备的车体控制器，还可以是整体控制全部设备的1个单元。
以下，参照图3示出的流程图来说明控制装置6进行的控制。
首先，控制装置6判定是否满足第1下坡条件(步骤S1)。第1下坡条件是由转速计61检测的发动机21的实际转速N为第1设定转速N1(例如，2000～2400rpm)以上，且发动机21的负载率为预定比例R(例如，5～20％)以下。发动机21的负载率例如能够根据向发动机21的燃料喷射量而算出。
满足第1下坡条件时(步骤S1中，是)，进入步骤S3，不满足第1下坡条件时(步骤S1中，否)进入步骤S2。
在步骤S2中，控制装置6判定是否满足第2下坡条件。第2下坡条件是由车速计62检测的实际车速S为车速模式选择装置73中选择的车速模式的允许车速SL以上。例如，允许车速SL能够根据按照各车速模式而决定的变速器23中的速度比和上述的第1设定转速求出。
满足第2下坡条件时(步骤S2中，是)进入步骤S3，不满足第2下坡条件时(步骤S2中，否)返回步骤S1。另外，在本实施方式中，先判定是否满足第1下坡条件，之后再判定是否满足第2下坡条件，但是也可以先判定是否满足第2下坡条件，之后再判定是否满足第1下坡条件。即，可以是若满足第1下坡条件和第2下坡条件中的任意一个，则进入步骤S3。或者，可以是采用步骤S1和步骤S2中的任意一个。仅采用第1下坡条件时，可以不设置车速模式选择装置73，而仅自动切换变速器23中的速度比。
在步骤S3中，控制装置6进行使发动机21的负载上升的处理，换言之，进行对发动机21施加制动力的处理。在本实施方式中，控制装置6进行以下4个处理1～4。
处理1：控制排气调整机构54来执行排气制动(减少来自发动机21的排气的流量来增加发动机21的负载)。
处理2：控制风扇回路38从而使风扇用电动机39的转速成为预定值(例如，平时的转速的2倍)以上。
处理3：控制开闭阀43来阻断循环管路41。
处理4：控制锁定装置26来将液力变矩器22的输出轴和输入轴进行约束。
但是，控制装置6至少执行处理1即可，处理1以外，可以仅执行处理2～4中的1个或者2个，可以不执行处理2～4的全部。
之后，控制装置6维持进行了处理1～4的状态，直到负载上升处理的解除条件成立。在本实施方式中，控制装置6首先判定发动机21的实际转速N是否低于第2设定转速N2，且实际车速S是否低于设定车速Sd(步骤S4)。第2设定转速N2可以与上述的第1设定转速N1相等，也可以小于第1设定转速N1。设定车速Sd可以与上述的允许车速SL相等，也可以小于允许车速SL。若步骤S4为“是”则进入步骤S6，若步骤S4中为“否”则进入步骤S5。
在步骤S5中，控制装置6判定是否踩下加速器踏板71。若在步骤S5中为“是”则进入步骤S6，若在步骤S5中为“否”则返回步骤S4。另外，在本实施方式中，在步骤S4之后执行步骤S5，但是也可以在步骤S5之后执行步骤S4。或者，可以仅采用步骤S4和步骤S5中的某一个。
在步骤S6中，控制装置6停止处理1～4的全部。具体而言，控制装置6(1)控制排气调整机构54来解除排气制动，(2)控制风扇回路38使风扇用电动机39的转速复原，(3)控制开闭阀43来开放循环管路41，(4)控制锁定装置26来解除变速器23的输出轴相对于输入轴的约束。之后，返回步骤S1。
如以上说明，在本实施方式的工程机械1中，由于通过步骤S1，S2的判定而在下坡时自动执行排气制动，因而无需频繁地切换排气制动的开启/关闭，能够利用排气制动来防止发动机转速变得过高。并且，下坡时，由于脚制动以外的制动力起作用，因而能够降低脚制动的使用频率。
另外，在本实施方式中，通过步骤S4、S5的判定，能够在适当的定时解除排气制动。
并且，在本实施方式中，在下坡时，除了执行排气制动之外，将风扇用电动机39的转速设为预定值以上，工作油因循环管路41的阻断而通过释放阀46，通过开启锁定装置26使发动机制动进行工作。由此，即使在下坡时的加速度较大时等，仅进行排气制动而不够充分时(例如，坡的角度大时或在用挖斗15保持货物的状态下进行下坡时)，也能够防止发动机转速变得过高。例如，在工作油或冷却水的温度较低的平时，风扇用电动机39的转速为500rpm的情况下，若将下坡时风扇用电动机39的转速设为1500rpm左右，则能够将发动机21的转速降低300rpm左右。另外，根据状况，可以仅执行上述处理2～4中的一个或两个。
(变形例)
本发明不限于上述的实施方式，在不脱离本发明的主旨的范围中能够进行各种变形。
例如，本发明也能够适用于包含履带的液压铲等不是车轮行驶式的工程机械中。即，工程机械的行驶可以通过从主泵31供给工作油的液压电动机来进行。
另外，排气调整机构54只要能够调整来自发动机21的排气的流量，则可以是任意的排气调整机构。例如，在涡轮增压器51的涡轮53不是可变喷嘴涡轮时，或者不具有涡轮增压器51时，排气调整机构54可以是设置在从发动机21开始的排气路上的蝶阀。
符号说明
1-工程机械；
16、17-车轮；
21-发动机；
22-液力变矩器；
23-变速器；
26-锁定装置；
31-主泵(液压泵)；
32-风扇用泵(液压泵)；
34-转向缸(液压致动器)；
35-装卸回路；
36-悬臂缸(液压致动器)；
37-挖斗缸(液压致动器)；
38-风扇回路；
39-风扇用电动机(液压致动器)；
40-油箱；
41-循环管路；
43-开闭阀；
45-退让管路；
46-释放阀；
51-涡轮增压器；
52-压缩机；
53-涡轮；
54-排气调整机构；
6-控制装置。

Claims (4)

1.一种工程机械，其具备：
对将工作油供给到液压致动器的多个液压泵进行驱动的发动机；
经由变速器与所述发动机连结的车轮；
介于所述发动机和所述变速器之间、作为液力耦合器的液力变矩器；
与所述液力变矩器连结并被驱动且向使悬臂工作的悬臂缸、使挖斗工作的挖斗缸以及操作转向的转向缸分别供给工作油的作为所述液压泵的主泵；
与所述液力变矩器连结并被驱动且作为所述液压泵的风扇用泵；
从所述风扇用泵经由风扇回路供给工作油且用于冷却所述发动机的风扇用电动机；
对来自所述发动机的排气的流量进行调整的排气调整机构；以及
控制所述排气调整机构的控制装置；
所述主泵经由装卸回路将工作油供给到所述悬臂缸以及所述挖斗缸，
其特征在于，
所述工程机械还具备：
循环管路，其从所述主泵经由所述装卸回路到达油箱；
退让管路，其在所述装卸回路的上游侧从所述循环管路分支并到达油箱，在该退让管路上设置有释放阀；
开闭阀，其在所述装卸回路的上游侧且所述退让管路的分支点的下游侧被设置于所述循环管路上，以及
转向回路，其在所述开闭阀的上游侧从所述循环管路分支并且连接到所述转向缸，
所述控制装置判定是否满足下坡条件，当满足所述下坡条件，判定为所述工程机械正在下坡时，控制所述排气调整机构来执行排气制动，该下坡条件为所述发动机的实际转速为设定转速以上，且根据向所述发动机的燃料喷射量而算出的所述发动机的负载率为设定比例以下，并且控制所述风扇回路，以使所述风扇用电动机的转速为预定值以上，并且控制所述开闭阀来阻断所述循环管路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的工程机械，其特征在于，
在所述发动机的实际转速低于所述设定转速以下的第2设定转速，并且实际车速低于允许车速以下的设定车速时，或者在踩下加速器踏板时，所述控制装置控制所述排气调整机构来解除所述排气制动，并且控制所述风扇回路，以使所述风扇用电动机的转速为预定值以上，并且控制所述开闭阀来开放所述循环管路。
3.根据权利要求1所述的工程机械，其特征在于，
所述工程机械还具备：
锁定装置，其切换是否将所述液力变矩器的输出轴和输入轴进行约束，
当判定满足所述下坡条件时，所述控制装置控制所述锁定装置，从而将所述液力变矩器的输出轴与输入轴进行约束。
4.根据权利要求1所述的工程机械，其特征在于，
所述工程机械还具备与所述发动机连接的包含压缩机以及涡轮的涡轮增压器，
所述涡轮为可变喷嘴涡轮，
所述排气调整机构通过变更所述涡轮的喷嘴的开度来调整来自所述发动机的排气的流量。
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