CN107439191B - high-efficiency intercropping mode for severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta - Google Patents
high-efficiency intercropping mode for severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
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Abstract
the invention relates to a high-efficiency planting mode for intercropping corn and cotton sorghum in severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta, and mainly designs a cotton sorghum intercropping mode which is suitable for the severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in the yellow river delta and has the advantages of wind prevention, salt reduction, combined use and cultivation and light and simple whole process. When sowing is carried out in spring, 6-8 rows of corns are planted on the north side of the plot, cotton and sorghum with strong salt tolerance are used for intercropping, and the ridge number of the planted cotton and the sorghum is in accordance with the harvesting conditions of a cotton picker or a sorghum harvester. After the alkali is pressed by large water, the characteristic of high growth speed of the film-covered corn is fully utilized, and a corn wind-shield zone is established on the north side of the land; the sorghum varieties with the similar plant height to the cotton are planted in the mulching film, a sorghum wind-slowing zone is established in the field according to the direction vertical to the wind, the water evaporation of the crop canopy is reduced, the water dissipation in the field in early spring is reduced, and the early seedling, early seedling fixing, early bud emergence and early boll formation of the cotton are promoted.
Description
Technical Field
the invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and relates to a high-efficiency interplanting mode for corn, cotton and sorghum in severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta.
Technical Field
The land resources are seriously insufficient, and the land quality is poor, so that the development of agriculture in China is always restricted. With the development of scientific technology, the utilization of saline-alkali soil is more and more important as a precious land resource, and about 3500 million hectares of saline-alkali soil exist in China, wherein 80% of saline-alkali soil is not developed and utilized. The improvement of the saline-alkali soil for the planting of crops is the best way for effectively utilizing the saline-alkali soil, and has great economic value and environmental protection value.
2013 science and technologyThe technical demonstration project of the Bohai sea granary is started by department of China and Chinese academy in combination with Ji, Lu, Liao and jin, and aims to solve the problems that barren saline and alkaline and freshwater resources are deficient in land of the low plain area of the Bohai and Bohai, saline and alkaline wasteland is transformed and utilized by adopting a technological means, and the productivity of middle and low-yield fields is improved. The Bohai sea granary scientific and technological demonstration engineering Shandong project area mainly relates to about more than 20 million hectares in three cities of east Ying, Binzhou and Dezhou, wherein a great part of the engineering Shandong project area is medium-heavy chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil with the salt content of more than 0.3 percent, the area is maximally characterized by large wind in spring, the maximum average wind speed in April is 3.5m/s in the year of April, the maximum wind speed in the month of the year is more than or equal to 5.0m/s in the year of the year and the number of days of the year is 24.6 days, the average monthly rainfall in April is 24.9mm in the month of the year, the average temperature in the year of the year is only 14.2 ℃, and the local perennial climate factors cause+、K+the ion content is high, the protective forest net is difficult to survive, the sandy soil moisture loss is fast, and in recent years, the yellow water diversion and irrigation quota is small and untimely, so that the problems of fast soil alkali return, difficult crop seedling formation and the like after high water pressure alkali due to fast moisture dissipation in moderate and severe saline-alkali soil are often caused.
At present, the large-scale planting of crops such as wheat, corn, rice, sweet sorghum, cotton, watermelon, sunflower, peanut, oat, alfalfa and the like is carried out in the yellow river delta area, wherein the average yield per unit area of the wheat in a large area reaches 150-440 kg/666.7m2the average yield per unit area of the corn is up to 315-2the average yield per unit area of rice reaches 300kg/666.7m2however, the influence of climate conditions is large, and the difference between years is large. Relevant experimental research mainly focuses on single crop planting or annual crop rotation of wheat and corn, and does not consider the sustainable development of combination of reasonable matching of different types of crop planting modes and land use and cultivation.
disclosure of Invention
the invention aims to provide a cotton sorghum intercropping rotation efficient planting mode for medium and heavy chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil, aiming at the defects and shortcomings of the existing planting mode for the medium and heavy chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil.
in order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
An efficient planting mode for intercropping corn, cotton and sorghum in moderate-severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta comprises the following steps:
1) Selecting land parcels: in the severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in the yellow river delta, sand is adhered alternately, the ground is flat, the soil layer is in a land block of 40-50 cm, and irrigation and drainage are convenient;
2) Preparation before broadcasting: deep ploughing the land for more than 30cm before sowing in the early 3 months, and applying farmyard manure for 2000-3000 kg/666.7m before ploughing2Irrigating water and pressing alkali until the land can be mechanically rotary-tilled;
3) Seed preparation: the cotton is selected from saline-alkali tolerant varieties, and the seeds are selected from fine-selected coated fine varieties; selecting dwarf sorghum varieties with the plant height of 1.5 +/-0.1 m for the sorghum; selecting a semi-scattering corn variety with high seedling growth speed and large biomass and strong salt tolerance for the corn;
4) Sowing in proper time: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, when the soil moisture content is suitable for the mechanical operation, the corn, the cotton and the sorghum are sown in the east and west directions simultaneously;
5) planting mode: firstly, arranging a corn wind-shield zone on the north side of a plot, planting 6-8 rows of corns in the east-west direction, and then intercropping the corns from the north to the south according to a row ratio of cotton to sorghum of 8: 4;
6) field management: after sowing, performing field management on the corn, the cotton and the sorghum according to growth conditions;
7) harvesting in a proper period: the corn is harvested at the bottom of 9 months at one time by a corn harvester, the cotton is harvested at the middle 10 months at one time by a cotton picker, and the sorghum is harvested at the middle 10 months at one time by a wheat harvester;
8) Straw nitrogen spraying and returning to field: the harvested cotton straws, the corn straws and the sorghum straws are mechanically crushed and then uniformly scattered in the field, 5kg of urea is dissolved by adding 40kg of water, and then the urea is uniformly sprayed on the surfaces of the straws, and the straws are quickly decomposed by rotary tillage with a rotary cultivator and uniformly mixed with soil.
Further, in the step 1), the saline-alkali content of the soil of the root system layer of the crops in the severe saline-alkali soil of the severe chloride salt in the yellow river delta is more than 0.3%.
further, in the step 3), the cotton is selected from Shandong cotton No. 37, the sorghum is selected from Shibataea chinensis No. 1, and the corn is selected from Shandong single 9066 which is a dual-purpose grain and feed.
further, in the step 4), during sowing, the sowing is preferably completed by adopting an integrated machine of fertilizing, sowing, herbicide spraying, film covering and soil compacting at one time; the fertilization is preferably performed by adopting NPK15-15-15 compound fertilizer with the dosage of 30-40 kg/666.7m2(ii) a The specification of a seed tray of the seeder is adjusted according to different crops for seeding; the film thickness of the coating is preferably 0.004 mm; the herbicide is preferably acetochlor.
Further, in the step 5), the row spacing of the corns is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 15 cm; the row spacing of the cotton is 76cm, and the plant spacing is 20-25 cm; the row spacing of sorghum is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 20 cm.
further, in the step 5), a corn wind-shielding zone is arranged according to every 50 mu of land, and 6 rows of corns are preferably planted.
Further, in the step 6), the field management of cotton is preferably carried out by the following steps:
(1) early management: when the cotton breaks the ground and drum membranes, the membranes are broken in time, and the cotton seedlings are prevented from being burnt by herbicide steam in the membranes;
(2) And (4) medium-term management:
Chemical vigorous control: one week after cotton buds, spraying 5% of prohexadione calcium wettable powder with the dosage of 1.0-1.5 g/666.7m230kg of aqueous solution, then spraying the aqueous solution once every 7 days, continuously spraying the aqueous solution for 3 times, and supplementing spraying the aqueous solution in rainy days;
B, controlling diseases, pests and weeds:
spraying 30% hymexazol in the amount of 3000 times of water solution per 10ml to prevent and treat cotton verticillium wilt and blight, spraying 3000 times of 30% imidacloprid wettable powder to prevent and treat cotton aphid, spraying 1500 times of 20% trichloromite-killing alcohol to prevent and treat cotton leaf mite, spraying 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin 2000 times of solution to prevent and treat plant bug, and spraying 1% emamectin benzoate microemulsion 2000 times of solution to prevent and treat cotton bollworm;
(3) and (4) post management: 50kg of 0.2 percent monopotassium phosphate aqueous solution is sprayed per mu; adding 50kg of 40% ethephon into 100-150 g of water, mixing with 40-60 ml of 40% thidiazuron, and spraying to promote the falling leaves and boll opening of cotton.
further, the (2) middle management: and (4) performing chemical vigorous culture for multiple times by combining topping according to actual conditions.
the invention relates to a high-efficiency planting mode for intercropping corn and cotton sorghum in severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta, and mainly designs a cotton sorghum intercropping mode which is suitable for the severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in the yellow river delta, and has the advantages of wind prevention, salt reduction, combination of use and cultivation and light and simple whole process. When sowing is carried out in spring, 6-8 rows of corns are planted on the north side of the land (a windproof forest net is simulated, the bandwidth is not counted, a corn wind-blocking belt is arranged in every 50 mu of land), cotton and sorghum with strong salt resistance are intercropped, and the ridge number of the planted cotton and the sorghum conforms to the harvesting conditions of a cotton picker or a sorghum harvester. After the alkali is pressed by large water, the characteristic of high growth speed of the film-covered corn is fully utilized, and a corn wind-shield zone is established on the north side of the land; the sorghum varieties with the similar plant height to the cotton are planted in the mulching film, a sorghum wind-slowing zone is established in the field according to the direction vertical to the wind, the water evaporation of the crop canopy is reduced, the water dissipation in the field in early spring is reduced, and the early seedling, early seedling fixing, early bud emergence and early boll formation of the cotton are promoted.
The key of the crop growth of the medium and heavy chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil is to reduce the rhizosphere water dissipation of the soil in the seedling stage, and the key of the maintenance of the rhizosphere water of the soil in the seedling stage is to reduce the wind speed. Therefore, on one hand, a mulching film is completely covered on the surface of the rhizosphere soil of field crops during sowing in spring, on the other hand, crop intercropping with different growth speeds and heights is adopted, a corn wind-blocking zone of a high-stalk crop in the north of a plot and a field sorghum wind-blocking zone of crops such as cotton and the like are arranged, the field microclimate is remarkably stabilized, a windbreak forest net is simulated to block wind for cotton seedlings through the characteristic of fast growth of spring corn plants, and early setting and seedling formation of the cotton seedlings are promoted; through the arrangement of the sorghum wind-slowing zone which is as high as the cotton, the sorghum does not shade the cotton, dwarf sorghum plants are large, large in biomass and high in density, the population density higher than that of the cotton is formed in the field, and the wind speed of the crop canopy in the field is slowed down.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) Starting from the agricultural technology and planting mode, the field moisture evapotranspiration is reduced through the growth speed difference, the plant height difference and the population density difference formed by film covering and intercropping of different crops, and the early setting of cotton is ensured.
(2) By adopting the straw nitrogen spraying and returning to the field, soil organic matters are supplemented, the soil texture and structure are improved, the combination of land utilization and soil cultivation is realized, and the stable crop yield and the sustainable development of the land between the years are ensured.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the intercropping of corn, cotton and sorghum in a field in example 1.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. The embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the present invention.
Example 1
in 2016, a moderate and severe high-efficiency planting mode test of the saline-alkali soil in the saline-alkali soil depression of Rijin county, Dongying is carried out. The test site belongs to a temperate zone semi-humid monsoon climate with clear four seasons, sufficient illumination, rain and heat in the same season, the annual average temperature is 13.5 ℃, and the annual average rainfall is 486.5 mm. The soil is between light loam and clay, the thickness of the soil layer is 40-50 cm, the saline-alkali content of moderate and severe saline-alkali soil is 0.35%, the organic matter content is 5.52g/kg, and the pH value is 8.70.
the test plots were randomly divided into three groups, one: the corn, cotton and sorghum intercropping mode is characterized in that the method is adopted, and the specific steps are as follows; two groups are as follows: cotton is singly planted and planted by adopting a conventional method suitable for local use; three groups: the sorghum is separately planted by adopting a locally applicable conventional method; the planting results of each group are shown in table 1.
A corn-cotton-sorghum intercropping mode (set) comprising the steps of:
1) Preparation before broadcasting: deep ploughing the land for more than 30cm before sowing in the early 3 months, and applying 3000kg of farmyard manure/666.7 m before ploughing2Irrigating yellow river water and pressing alkali until the land can be mechanically rotary-tilled;
2) Seed preparation: the cotton is Shandong cotton research center selected Shandong cotton research center, and the Shandong cotton research center selects Shandong cotton research No. 37, and the seed is selected from selected improved seed; sorghum is selected from Shihuaji beam No. 1 bred by crop research institute of Shandong province academy of agricultural sciences; the corn is selected from Ludan 9066 of corn with strong salt tolerance bred by corn research institute of academy of agricultural sciences of Shandong province;
3) Sowing in proper time: in late 4 months (25 days in 4 months), after the water is pressed for alkali, when the soil moisture content is suitable for the mechanical operation, the corn, the cotton and the sorghum are sown in the east-west direction at the same time; the three crops adopt fertilization (NPK 15-15-15 compound fertilizer, the dosage is 35kg/666.7m2) The seeding (the specification of a seed tray of the seeder is adjusted according to different crops), herbicide spraying (acetochlor), film covering (the film thickness is 0.004 mm) and soil compacting integrated machine are completed at one time;
4) Planting mode: firstly, arranging a corn wind-shield zone on every 50 mu of land on the north side of a land block, planting 6 rows of corns in the east-west direction, and then intercropping the corns from the north to the south according to a mode that the row ratio of cotton to sorghum is 8: 4; the row spacing of the corn is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 15 cm; the row spacing of the cotton is 76cm, and the plant spacing is 20-25 cm; the sorghum row spacing is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 20 cm; the density of corn is 6500 strain/666.7 m2The density of the cotton is 3800 strains/666.7 m2Sorghum density of 8200 strain/666.7 m2；
5) field management: after sowing, performing field management on the corn, the cotton and the sorghum according to growth conditions; the field management method of the cotton comprises the following steps:
(1) Early management: when the cotton breaks the ground and drum membranes, the membranes are broken in time, and the cotton seedlings are prevented from being burnt by herbicide steam in the membranes;
(2) And (4) medium-term management:
Chemical vigorous control: one week after cotton buds, spraying 5% of prohexadione calcium wettable powder with the dosage of 1.0-1.5 g/666.7m230kg of aqueous solution, then spraying the aqueous solution once every 7 days, continuously spraying the aqueous solution for 3 times, and supplementing spraying the aqueous solution in rainy days; performing topping for multiple times according to actual conditions to control vigorous growth chemically;
b, controlling diseases, pests and weeds:
Spraying 30% hymexazol in the amount of 3000 times of water solution per 10ml to prevent and treat cotton verticillium wilt and blight, spraying 3000 times of 30% imidacloprid wettable powder to prevent and treat cotton aphid, spraying 1500 times of 20% trichloromite-killing alcohol to prevent and treat cotton leaf mite, spraying 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin 2000 times of solution to prevent and treat plant bug, and spraying 1% emamectin benzoate microemulsion 2000 times of solution to prevent and treat cotton bollworm;
(3) and (4) post management: 50kg of 0.2 percent monopotassium phosphate aqueous solution is sprayed per mu; adding 50kg of 40% ethephon into 125g of water, mixing with 50ml of 40% thidiazuron, and spraying to promote the falling leaves and boll opening of cotton;
7) Harvesting in a proper period: the corn is harvested at the bottom of 9 months at one time by a corn harvester, the cotton is harvested at the middle 10 months at one time by a cotton picker, and the sorghum is harvested at the middle 10 months at one time by a wheat harvester;
8) Straw nitrogen spraying and returning to field: the harvested cotton straws, the corn straws and the sorghum straws are mechanically crushed and then uniformly scattered in the field, 5kg of urea is dissolved by adding 40kg of water, and then the urea is uniformly sprayed on the surfaces of the straws, and the straws are quickly decomposed by rotary tillage with a rotary cultivator and uniformly mixed with soil.
TABLE 1 sorghum and Cotton to Cotton monocultures, sorghum monocultures yield and benefit comparisons of corn sorghum cotton intercropping Pattern
as shown in table 1, in the intercropping of corn, cotton and sorghum, the number of ears per mu of sorghum is higher because high-density sorghum is mainly used for setting a field windbreaker, but the number of ears per mu and the thousand kernel weight of sorghum are significantly reduced by 12.9% and 19.4% compared with that of single-cropping sorghum. The average boll weight and the coat-rate of intercropping cotton are not much different from those of single-cropping cotton. Although the planting area of the intercropping cotton on the unit land is small, the summer yield of the intercropping of the two crops reaches 811.1 yuan, and compared with the yield increase of the single cropping cotton and the yield increase of the sorghum single cropping cotton by 22.1 percent and 14.0 percent, the increase of the boll number of the single cropping cotton in the mode is the main reason of the yield increase of the intercropping cotton.
Claims (6)
1. A high-efficiency planting mode for intercropping corn, cotton and sorghum in moderate and severe chlorinated saline-alkali soil in yellow river delta is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: in the severe chloride sandy soil saline-alkali soil in the yellow river delta, sand is adhered alternately, the ground is flat, the soil layer is in a land block of 40-50 cm, and irrigation and drainage are convenient;
2) preparation before broadcasting: deep ploughing the land for more than 30cm before sowing in the early 3 months, and applying farmyard manure for 2000-3000 kg/666.7m before ploughing2irrigating water and pressing alkali until the land can be mechanically rotary-tilled;
3) Seed preparation: the cotton is selected from saline-alkali tolerant varieties, and the seeds are selected from fine-selected coated fine varieties; selecting dwarf sorghum varieties with the plant height of 1.5 +/-0.1 m for the sorghum; selecting a semi-scattering corn variety with high seedling growth speed and large biomass and strong salt tolerance for the corn;
4) Sowing in proper time: in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, when the soil moisture content is suitable for the mechanical operation, the corn, the cotton and the sorghum are sown in the east and west directions simultaneously;
5) Planting mode: firstly, arranging a corn wind-shield zone on the north side of a plot, planting 6-8 rows of corns in the east-west direction, and then intercropping the corns from the north to the south according to a row ratio of cotton to sorghum of 8: 4;
6) field management: after sowing, performing field management on the corn, the cotton and the sorghum according to growth conditions;
7) Harvesting in a proper period: the corn is harvested at the bottom of 9 months at one time by a corn harvester, the cotton is harvested at the middle 10 months at one time by a cotton picker, and the sorghum is harvested at the middle 10 months at one time by a wheat harvester;
8) Straw nitrogen spraying and returning to field: the harvested cotton straws, the corn straws and the sorghum straws are mechanically crushed and then uniformly scattered in the field, 5kg of urea is dissolved by adding 40kg of water, and then the mixture is uniformly sprayed on the surfaces of the straws, and the straws are quickly decomposed by rotary tillage with a rotary cultivator and uniformly mixed with soil;
the saline-alkali content of the soil of the root system layer of the crops in the saline-alkali soil of the severe chloride sandy soil in the yellow river delta is more than 0.3 percent;
In the step 4), during sowing, the integrated machine of fertilizing, sowing, spraying herbicide, laminating and pressing soil is adopted for one-time completion; the fertilizer application adopts NPK15-15-15 compound fertilizer, and the dosage is 30-40 kg/666.7m2(ii) a The specification of a seed tray of the seeder is adjusted according to different crops for seeding; the film thickness of the film is 0.004 mm; the herbicide is acetochlor.
2. the planting pattern of claim 1, wherein: in the step 3), the cotton is selected from Shandong cotton No. 37, the sorghum is selected from Shibataea chinensis No. 1, and the corn is selected from Shandong single 9066 which is a dual-purpose grain and feed.
3. The planting pattern of claim 1, wherein: in the step 5), the row spacing of the corn is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 15 cm; the row spacing of the cotton is 76cm, and the plant spacing is 20-25 cm; the row spacing of sorghum is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 20 cm.
4. The planting pattern of claim 1, wherein: in the step 5), a corn wind-shield zone is arranged in every 50 mu of land, and 6 rows of corns are planted.
5. the planting pattern of claim 1, wherein: in the step 6), the field management of cotton comprises the following steps:
(1) early management: when the cotton breaks the ground and drum membranes, the membranes are broken in time, and the cotton seedlings are prevented from being burnt by herbicide steam in the membranes;
(2) And (4) medium-term management:
Chemical vigorous control: one week after cotton buds, spraying 5% of prohexadione calcium wettable powder with the dosage of 1.0-1.5 g/666.7m230kg of aqueous solution, then spraying the aqueous solution once every 7 days, continuously spraying the aqueous solution for 3 times, and supplementing spraying the aqueous solution in rainy days;
b, controlling diseases, pests and weeds:
spraying 30% hymexazol in the amount of 3000 times of water solution per 10ml to prevent and treat cotton verticillium wilt and blight, spraying 3000 times of 30% imidacloprid wettable powder to prevent and treat cotton aphid, spraying 1500 times of 20% trichloromite-killing alcohol to prevent and treat cotton leaf mite, spraying 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin 2000 times of solution to prevent and treat plant bug, and spraying 1% emamectin benzoate microemulsion 2000 times of solution to prevent and treat cotton bollworm;
(3) and (4) post management: 50kg of 0.2 percent monopotassium phosphate aqueous solution is sprayed per mu; adding 50kg of 40% ethephon into 100-150 g of water, mixing with 40-60 ml of 40% thidiazuron, and spraying to promote the falling leaves and boll opening of cotton.
6. The planting pattern of claim 5, wherein: the (2) medium term management: and (4) performing chemical vigorous culture for multiple times by combining topping according to actual conditions.
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| CN108967081B (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2020-09-18 | 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 | Mixed planting method for forage sorghum and silage corn and application |
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| CN109661966B (en) * | 2019-03-04 | 2021-04-13 | 山东农业大学 | Saline-alkali soil forest and shrub symbiotic planting method |
| CN112616589A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-09 | 山东省烟台市农业科学研究院 | Two-year triple cropping water and fertilizer efficient cultivation method for grain crops in dry land of hilly land |
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