CN107397076A - 一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用 - Google Patents
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用,所述饲料由以下质量百分数的各组分组成:蛋白源原料65~75%,脂肪源原料2~4%,糖源原料10~16%,抗氧化剂0.65%,复合维生素1%,复合矿物盐1%,诱食剂1.5%,未破壁裂壶藻粉4.6~9.2%,氯化胆碱1%、磷酸二氢钙3%,赖氨酸0.1%。本发明通过在南美白对虾的标粗期饲料中添加合适量的未破壁裂壶藻粉即可以显著提高对虾的抗低温应激性能,而且同时还可以保证对虾的营养需求,提高对虾的成活率,缩短标粗期。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及对虾饲料技术领域,具体地,涉及一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料及其应用。
背景技术
上世纪八十年代末,南美白对虾被引进我国,由于生长快,抗病力强而深受养虾者欢迎,目前是我国重要的海水及咸淡水养殖虾类,养殖范围普及全国且主要分布在南方沿海地区,由于它生长速度快、饲料效率高和经济效益大而成为广大农户增产增收的主要经济来源,具有广阔的市场前景。近两年来随着养殖环境越来越恶劣,更多的养殖户选择小棚养殖模式,在虾进大塘之前先让虾苗在小棚中进行大约20天的标粗,这样能大大提高虾苗入塘的成活率,同时降低了饵料系数以及水体的氮磷排放。在此模式之下,虾苗在标粗期的营养需求及饲料越来越重要,然而在这一块的研究并不多,现阶段的标粗期饲料是否能真正满足虾苗的营养需求还未可知。所以对于标粗期的饲料研究具有越来越强的社会经济效益价值。
标粗期仔虾在营养需求上除了生长及成活率的指标外,还有很重要的一点在于对外界的应激抵抗能力。相对于对虾其他的生长时期,标粗期阶段将面对较多的环境刺激,如缺氧、盐度急剧变化、低温胁迫等。以2017年上半年为例,因为气温变化太大导致对虾应激偷死严重,造成很大的经济损失。现有技术中一般通过在饲料中添加高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)来促进虾的抗应激性能。高不饱和脂肪酸目前主要来源于鱼油,进入21世纪以来,鱼油价格伴随着捕捞量的骤减和养殖业规模的扩大而快速上涨,导致海水鱼饲料的成本随之上升,“以鱼养鱼”的养殖模式已经显现出不可持续的趋势,寻找鱼油替代原料已成为当务之急。植物油价格低、产量高,是替代鱼油的首选。然而,由于植物油不含HUFA,完全以植物油替代鱼油往往不利于对虾的健康和肌肉品质。
申请号为201510285873.6的专利公开一种南美白对虾的配合饲料及其加工方法,该饲料通过添加裂壶藻粉替代了部分鱼粉,降低了饲料成本;裂壶藻粉的加入使得配合饲料中的氨基酸更加均衡,起到氨基酸互补作用,提高饲料效率;裂壶藻粉含有丰富的活性物质,增强对虾免疫机能,预防病害发生,减少养虾用药,提高成活率和生长速度;裂壶藻粉含有DHA,大幅度减少或者完全不添加鱼油;减少对鱼粉和鱼油的过度依赖,保护海洋鱼类资源,同时降低饲料成本,提高养虾效益。然而该专利中关于裂壶藻粉对于提高对虾的抗应激性能,尤其是抗低温应激性能并没有做具体数据研究。
发明内容
本发明为了克服现有技术的上述不足,提供一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,该饲料不仅可以显著提高南美白对虾的抗低温应激性能,同时还能保证对虾的营养需求,提高对虾的成活率,缩短标粗期。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料在提高南美白对虾抗低温应激性能中的应用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明是通过以下方案予以实现的:
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,由以下质量百分数的各组分组成:蛋白源原料65~75%,脂肪源原料2~4%,糖源原料10~16%,抗氧化剂0.65%,复合维生素1%,复合矿物盐1%,诱食剂1.5%,未破壁裂壶藻粉4.6~9.2%,氯化胆碱1%、磷酸二氢钙3%,赖氨酸0.1%。
本发明通过研究发现,在南美白对虾的标粗期饲料中添加合适量的未破壁裂壶藻粉即可以显著提高对虾的抗低温应激性能,而且同时还可以保证对虾的营养需求,提高对虾的生长及成活率,缩短标粗期。原因在于温度是影响细胞生长、细胞内脂肪酸种类组成和含量的重要因素之一。改变膜脂中不饱和脂肪酸的比例是生物耐受低温胁迫的重要机制之一。生物在低温胁迫下,通常会提高细胞内各类生物膜中不饱和脂肪酸的含量或增加比例,来增强膜的流动性,从而保证膜的物质运输、能量转换、信息代谢和代谢调节等生理过程的正常进行。多篇文献报道,多种生物的脱饱和酶都是明显的温度敏感因子。裂殖壶菌是一类低等的海洋真菌,又称裂壶藻,属于真菌门、网粘菌纲、破囊壶菌目、破囊壶菌科的一类海洋真菌,单细胞、球形。具有培养简单、生长速度快,不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富组成简单易纯化等特点,是发酵生产高不饱和脂肪酸二十二碳六烯(DHA)的理想菌种,因此其对于生物抵抗低温应激具有重要的作用。
另外,本发明还发现未破壁裂壶藻粉中具有提高对虾抗应激性能的物质除了DHA之外,还一定存在其他物质或因素包括裂壶藻细胞壁中存在的一些寡糖类等,因为当饲料中添加未破壁的裂壶藻粉,使得DHA的含量和添加破壁裂壶藻粉的DHA含量相同时,添加未破壁裂壶藻粉饲料无论是在抗低温性能方面还是在生长率以及增重率方面,都总体优于破壁裂壶藻粉。优选地,所述未破壁裂壶藻粉的加入量为4.6~9.2%。
南美白对虾标粗期饲料中的氯化胆碱、磷酸二氢钙,赖氨酸各自的作用分别为氯化胆碱可以促进虾对饲料脂肪的利用,防止出现脂肪肝的问题;磷酸二氢钙可以补充仔虾快速生长对钙和磷的大量需要;赖氨酸与蛋白质的合成有关,添加赖氨酸可以提高仔虾的生长速度。
优选地,所述蛋白源原料由鱼粉,蛋白水解物,磷虾粉和啤酒酵母组成,其添加量按重量比分别为,鱼粉46~50%,蛋白水解物5~7%,磷虾粉5~7%,啤酒酵母9~11%。
优选地,所述脂肪源原料由豆油、卵磷脂组成,其添加量按重量比分别为,豆油0~2%,卵磷脂2%。
优选地,所述糖源原料为面粉。
优选地,所述抗氧化剂为维生素C磷酸酯。
优选地,所述诱食剂由蛋氨酸和色氨酸组成,其添加量按重量比分别为,蛋氨酸1%,色氨酸0.5%。
更优选地,所述南美白对虾标粗期饲料由以下质量百分数的各组分组成:鱼粉48%,蛋白水解物6%,磷虾粉6%,啤酒酵母10%,豆油1~2%,卵磷脂2%,面粉11.85~13.15%,维生素C磷酸酯0.65%,赖氨酸0.1%,蛋氨酸1%,色氨酸0.5%,磷酸二氢钙3%,复合维生素1%,复合矿物盐1%,氯化胆碱1%,未破壁裂壶藻粉的添加量为4.6~9.2%。
本发明还请求保护所述南美白对虾标粗期饲料在提高南美白对虾抗低温应激性能中的应用。
本发明所述复合维生素为水产饲料领域常规使用的复合维生素,所述复合维生素的成分组成按重量比一般为:维生素B10.025wt%,核黄素0.1wt%,维生素B6盐酸盐0.075wt%,烟酸0.25wt%,肌醇39.9wt%,泛酸钙0.5wt%,生物素0.25wt%,叶酸0.025wt%,维生素K30.5wt%,维生素B12 0.25wt%,维生素A醋酸酯0.25wt%,维生素D3 0.625wt%,维生素E醋酸盐7.25wt%,介质纤维素50wt%。
本发明所述复合矿物盐为水产饲料领域常规使用的复合矿物盐,优选为202矿物盐,所述复合矿物盐的成分组成按重量比一般为:镁离子≥1wt%,铁离子≥0.2wt%,碘离子≥0.08wt%,铜离子≥0.3wt%,锌离子≥2wt%,硒离子≥0.004wt%,钴离子≥0.022wt%。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益效果:
(1)从饲料原料可以看出,添加未破壁DHA裂壶藻粉对仔虾抗低温应激能力有很强的提高,且实验证明在饲料中添加4.6wt%未破壁裂壶藻粉对仔虾成活率有显著性提高,添加6.9wt%未破壁裂壶藻粉对仔虾生长有显著性提高,能有效缩短标粗期。
(2)本饲料生产工艺简单可行,便于大规模推广。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作出进一步地详细阐述,所述实施例只用于解释本发明,并非用于限定本发明的范围。下述实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所使用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,为可从商业途径得到的试剂和材料。
各实施例中所述的增重率和成活率分别按以下公式计算:
增重率(%)=100%×(末重-初重)/初重;
成活率(%)=(实验结束时的条数/实验开始时的条数)×100%;
实施例1
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1配方1配制成微颗粒饲料,培育糠虾后期虾苗至仔虾后25天,实验设置4组重复以保证结果的准确性。在水质、管理及初始体重(初始体重1.7mg,下同)相同的情况下,配方1未添加破壁或未破壁裂弧藻粉,该组仔虾的成活率为87.8%,平均末增重为89.89mg,平均增重率为5287.5%。通过低温应激实验评判虾苗对于环境变化的耐受能力发现,配方1仔虾在温度为15℃时总死亡率为83.3%,在11℃时总死亡率为100%。
实施例2
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方2配制微颗粒饲料,配方2添加有破壁裂壶藻粉2.5wt%,饲料中含微藻DHA 0.38wt%,饲养仔虾25天,成活率90.3%,平均末增重为106.87mg,平均增重率为6286.3%,与未添加裂壶藻粉的对照组相比,成活率提高了2.8%,平均末增重与平均增重率均提高了18.9%,且在统计学上相比于对照组有显著的提高。通过低温应激实验评判虾苗对于环境变化的耐受能力发现,配方2仔虾在温度为15℃时总死亡率为22.77%,在11℃时总死亡率为22.77%。
实施例3
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方3配制成微颗粒饲料,配方3添加有破壁裂壶藻粉5wt%,饲料中含微藻DHA 0.75wt%,饲养仔虾25天,成活率94%,平均末增重为88.86mg,平均增重率为5227.28%,与未添加裂壶藻粉的对照组相比,成活率提高了7.1%,且在统计学上相比于对照组有显著的提高,平均末增重与平均增重率与对照组无显著性差异。通过低温应激实验评判虾苗对于环境变化的耐受能力发现,配方3仔虾在温度为15℃时总死亡率为2.5%,在11℃时总死亡率为12.12%。
实施例4
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方4配制微颗粒饲料,配方4添加有未破壁裂壶藻粉2.3wt%,饲料中含微藻DHA 0.38wt%,饲养仔虾25天,成活率87.8%,平均末增重为92.29mg,平均增重率为5428.99%,与未添加裂壶藻粉的对照组相比,成活率没有显著性差异,平均末增重与平均增重率均提高了2.7%。通过低温应激实验评判虾苗对于环境变化的耐受能力发现,配方4仔虾在温度为15℃时总死亡率为15%,在11℃时总死亡率为67.5%。
实施例5
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方5配制微颗粒饲料,配方5添加有未破壁裂壶藻粉4.6wt%,饲料中含微藻DHA 0.75wt%,饲养仔虾25天,成活率91.87%,平均末增重为107.45mg,平均增重率为6320.46%,与未添加裂壶藻粉的对照组相比,成活率提高了4.6%,平均末增重与平均增重率均提高了19.5%。通过低温应激实验评判虾苗对于环境变化的耐受能力发现,配方5仔虾在温度为15℃时总死亡率为0%,在11℃时总死亡率为5%。
实施例6
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方6配制微颗粒饲料,配方6添加有未破壁裂壶藻粉6.9wt%,饲料中含微藻DHA 1.13wt%,饲养仔虾25天,成活率88.67%,平均末增重为122.43mg,平均增重率为7201.73%,与未添加裂壶藻粉的对照组相比,成活率提高了1%,平均末增重与平均增重率均提高了36.2%,且在统计学上相比于对照组有显著的提高。通过低温应激实验评判虾苗对于环境变化的耐受能力发现,配方6仔虾在温度为15℃时总死亡率为0%,在11℃时总死亡率为0%。
实施例7
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方7配制微颗粒饲料,配方7添加有未破壁裂壶藻粉9.2wt%,饲料中含微藻DHA 1.51wt%。
实施例8
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方8配制微颗粒饲料,配方8蛋白源原料质量百分数为65%,其中包含的蛋白源组成为白鱼粉、鱼蛋白水解物、磷虾粉和啤酒酵母,其添加量按重量比分别为白鱼粉43%,鱼蛋白水解物6%,磷虾粉6%,啤酒酵母10%。
实施例9
一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,按表1所示配方9配制微颗粒饲料,配方9蛋白源原料质量百分数为75%,其中包含的蛋白源组成为白鱼粉、鱼蛋白水解物、磷虾粉和啤酒酵母,其添加量按重量比分别为白鱼粉53%,鱼蛋白水解物6%,磷虾粉6%,啤酒酵母10%。
表1 各实施例饲料配方(g kg-1干物质)
注明:复合矿物盐即为202矿物盐
表2 各实施例饲料营养成分分析(g kg-1干物质)
。
Claims (9)
1.一种南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,由以下质量百分数的各组分组成:蛋白源原料65~75%,脂肪源原料2~4%,糖源原料10~16%,抗氧化剂0.65%,复合维生素1%,复合矿物盐1%,诱食剂1.5%,未破壁裂壶藻粉4.6~9.2%,氯化胆碱1%、磷酸二氢钙3%,赖氨酸0.1%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,所述未破壁裂壶藻粉的添加量为6.9%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,所述蛋白源原料由鱼粉,蛋白水解物,磷虾粉和啤酒酵母组成,其添加量按重量比分别为,鱼粉46~50%,蛋白水解物5~7%,磷虾粉5~7%,啤酒酵母9~11%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,所述脂肪源原料由豆油、卵磷脂,其添加量按重量比分别为,豆油0~2%,卵磷脂2%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,所述糖源原料为面粉。
6.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,所述抗氧化剂为维生素C磷酸酯。
7.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,所述诱食剂由蛋氨酸和色氨酸组成,其添加量按重量比分别为,蛋氨酸1%,色氨酸0.5%。
8.根据权利要求1所述的南美白对虾标粗期饲料,其特征在于,由以下质量百分数的各组分组成:鱼粉48%,蛋白水解物6%,磷虾粉6%,啤酒酵母10%,豆油1~2%,卵磷脂2%,面粉11.85~13.15%,维生素C磷酸酯0.65%,赖氨酸0.1%,蛋氨酸1%,色氨酸0.5%,磷酸二氢钙3%,复合维生素1%,复合矿物盐1%,氯化胆碱1%,未破壁裂壶藻粉4.6~9.2%。
9.权利要求1至8任一项所述南美白对虾标粗期饲料在提高南美白对虾抗低温应激性能中的应用。
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