CN107112592A - 二次电池用电解液和二次电池 - Google Patents
二次电池用电解液和二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107112592A CN107112592A CN201580070131.XA CN201580070131A CN107112592A CN 107112592 A CN107112592 A CN 107112592A CN 201580070131 A CN201580070131 A CN 201580070131A CN 107112592 A CN107112592 A CN 107112592A
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- Prior art keywords
- secondary cell
- electrolyte
- lithium
- cell electrolyte
- ionic liquid
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 fluorosulfonyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-prop-2-enylphenol Chemical group C1=C(CC=C)C(O)=CC=C1C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=C(O)C(CC=C)=C1 QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 18
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- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005082 etohexadiol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002462 imidazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940031993 lithium benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LDJNSLOKTFFLSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;benzoate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LDJNSLOKTFFLSL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001925 ruthenium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004832 voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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Abstract
通过使用下述二次电池用电解液,从而得到特别是高温环境下的性能良好的二次电池,该二次电池用电解液的特征在于,包含由式(1)表示的离子液体、和锂盐。式中,R1和R2相互独立地表示碳数1~5的烷基,n表示1或2。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及二次电池用电解液和二次电池,更详细地说,涉及包含特定的离子液体和锂盐的二次电池用电解液和使用了其的二次电池。
背景技术
近年来,数码相机、智能手机、平板设备等便携电子设备的普及尤为突出,与其相伴,用作这些设备的电源的、能够通过充电而反复使用的二次电池的需求大幅地扩展,同时其高容量化、高能量密度化的要求日益高涨。
其中,具有3V以上的高电池电压、单位重量的能量密度大的锂系二次电池尤其受到关注,正集中精力进行开发。
在该锂系二次电池中,一般地,使用在非质子性的有机溶剂中使LiBF4、LiPF6等离子导电性盐溶解而成的产物作为电解质溶液。
另一方面,多数锂系二次电池被设计成在满充电电池电压4.2V、放电终止电压2.7V左右的范围进行充放电,但对于4V以上的高电压二次电池而言,使用的有机溶剂、电极活性物质被暴露于高电压,有时被电分解。
从解决这样的问题的观点出发,目前为止尝试了各种构成锂系二次电池的材料的改进,作为这样的技术之一,有使用离子液体作为电解液的一成分的技术。
例如,专利文献1中公开了使用了包含锂盐、离子液体和有机溶剂的电解质的二次电源,具体地,公开了使用1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓四氟硼酸盐(以下称为EMIBF4)作为离子液体、使其相对于锂盐的摩尔比为特定范围的二次电源,EMIBF4虽然具有粘度比较低这样的性质,但存在如下问题:由于耐电压低,因此无法提高充电电压,在高电压区域中不能使用。
专利文献2中公开了包含含有在氮原子上具有特定的烷氧基烷基的脂环式铵阳离子的离子液体和常温固体的离子导电性盐的电解液,具体地,公开了包含N-甲氧基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓四氟硼酸盐(以下称为MEMPBF4)等作为离子液体的电解液和使用了其的双电层电容器,但MEMPBF4由于锂盐的溶解能力不充分,因此难以提高锂盐浓度,另外,由于粘度高,因此在只使用离子液体作为电解液的情况下,存在内部电阻上升的问题。
专利文献3中公开了使用包含锂盐和离子液体、使这些锂盐与离子液体的阴离子相同的电解液的锂离子电容器,具体地,公开了使用N-甲基-N-丁基吡咯烷鎓双(氟磺酰基)胺(以下称为MBPYFSA)等作为离子液体、使用双(氟磺酰基)胺锂作为锂盐的电容器,但MBPYFSA等与EMIBF4相比离子液体自身的粘性高,因此如果添加锂盐,则粘性进一步增加,存在在锂离子电池中组装时的充放电特性降低的问题。
专利文献4中公开了具有双(氟磺酰基)胺阴离子的各种离子液体及其合成法,同时公开了这些离子液体可用作二次电池等的电解质材料,虽然作为具体的离子液体,公开了N-甲氧基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓双(氟磺酰基)胺(以下称为MEMP·FSA),但对于应用了其的二次电池等的特性尚未查明。
另外,二次电池等蓄电器件由于因使用环境、使用状态,有时暴露于高温下,因此也要求这样的高温下的稳定性,在上述的任一文献中有关高温环境下的二次电池的性能的见解都尚未明确。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利第4617727号公报
专利文献2:日本专利第5083577号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2014-183161号公报
专利文献4:中国专利申请公开第101747243号说明书
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
本发明鉴于这样的实际情况而完成,目的在于提供二次电池用电解液,其包含离子液体和锂盐,给予特别是高温环境下的性能良好的二次电池。
用于解决课题的手段
本发明人为了实现上述目的,反复进行了深入研究,结果发现就由规定的吡咯烷鎓阳离子和双(氟磺酰基)胺阴离子构成的离子液体而言,锂盐的溶解能力优异,即使与锂盐混合的情况下也不损害离子液体的优异的特性,同时发现使用包含该离子液体和锂盐的电解液得到的二次电池在高温环境下也发挥良好的电池性能,完成了本发明。
即,本发明提供:
1.二次电池用电解液,其特征在于,包含由式(1)表示的离子液体和锂盐;
[化1]
(式中,R1和R2相互独立地表示碳数1~5的烷基,n表示1或2。)
2. 1的二次电池用电解液,其中,上述R1和R2相互独立地表示甲基或乙基;
3. 1或2的二次电池用电解液,其中,上述R1和R2都为甲基;
4. 1~3的任一项的二次电池用电解液,其中,不含有有机溶剂;
5. 1~4的任一项的二次电池用电解液,其中,只包含由上述式(1)表示的离子液体和锂盐;
6. 1~5的任一项的二次电池用电解液,其中,上述锂盐为选自四氟硼酸锂、六氟磷酸锂、双(三氟甲磺酰基)胺锂和双(氟磺酰基)胺锂中的1种或2种以上;
7.二次电池,其特征在于,具有1~6的任一项的二次电池用电解液;
8.二次电池,其特征在于,构造成具有:具有正极集电体和在其表面形成的正极活性物质层的正极、具有负极集电体和在其表面形成的负极活性物质层的负极、介于这些各极间的隔膜、和电解液,上述电解液为1~6的任一项的二次电池用电解液,上述负极活性物质层包含锂复合氧化物。
发明的效果
根据本发明,能够提供可在不损害离子液体的优异的特性的情况下将锂盐溶解、给予高温环境下的性能良好的二次电池的电解液。
该电解液中使用的离子液体由于耐电压高,因此在电解液的电位成为高电压区域的二次电池中劣化也小,另外使用该电解液得到的二次电池具有如下的特性:高温时的内部电阻降低,即使在高温环境下进行反复充放电,劣化也小。
进而,本发明的电解液中使用的离子液体由于锂盐的溶解能力优异,同时粘度比较低,因此能够不使用有机溶剂,或者即使使用的情况下也能够使其量为极少量,因此能够提供安全性优异的二次电池。
附图说明
图1为合成例1中得到的MEMP·FSA的1H-NMR波谱图。
图2为合成例2中得到的MMMP·FSA的1H-NMR波谱图。
图3为表示实施例1-1、1-2和比较例1-1中制备的各电解液的电位窗测定结果的图。
具体实施方式
以下对本发明更为详细地说明。
本发明涉及的二次电池用电解液包含由式(1)表示的离子液体、和锂盐。
[化2]
式中,R1和R2相互独立地表示碳数1~5的烷基,n表示1或2。
作为碳数1~5的烷基,可以是直链、分支、环状的任一种,例如可列举出甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、环丙基(c-プロピル)、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、环丁基(c-ブチル)、正戊基、环戊基(c-ペンチル)等,但优选直链状的烷基,其中更优选甲基、乙基,进一步优选甲基。
本发明中使用的离子液体能够采用上述专利文献4中记载的方法等制造,例如能够使按照常规方法制造的N-烷氧基烷基-N-烷基吡咯烷鎓卤化物(例如氯化物、溴化物等)与碱金属(例如钠、钾等)的双(氟磺酰基)胺盐在水溶剂中进行阴离子交换反应而得到。
作为本发明中能够优选地使用的离子液体的阳离子结构,可列举出下述的结构,但并不限定于这些。
[化3]
其中,从热稳定性更为优异的方面出发,优选下述(A)的阳离子结构,另外,从更低粘度的方面出发,优选下述(B)的阳离子结构。
[化4]
作为构成本发明的二次电池用电解液的其他成分的锂盐,可列举出以往在锂二次电池等二次电池中通用的各种锂盐,作为其具体例,可列举出四氟硼酸锂、六氟磷酸锂、双(三氟甲磺酰基)胺锂、双(氟磺酰基)胺锂、高氯酸锂、醋酸锂、三氟醋酸锂、苯甲酸锂、对甲苯磺酸锂、硝酸锂、溴化锂、碘化锂等,这些中,优选四氟硼酸锂、六氟磷酸锂、双(三氟甲磺酰基)胺锂、双(氟磺酰基)胺锂。
对二次电池用电解液中的锂盐浓度并无特别限定,但通常为0.5~3mol/L左右,优选0.8~2mol/L左右,更优选0.9~1.5mol/L左右。
本发明的二次电池用电解液中,也能够使用在电解液制备中一般使用的非水系有机溶剂,本发明中使用的上述离子液体由于其自身粘度比较低,另外,锂盐的溶解能力也良好,因此即使在使用非水系溶剂的情况下,其使用量在电解液中也优选10质量%以下,更优选5质量%以下,最佳为0质量%(即,液体成分只是离子液体)。
将非水系有机溶剂并用的情况下,作为其具体例,可列举出二丁基醚、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-乙氧基甲氧基乙烷、甲基二甘醇二甲醚、甲基三甘醇二甲醚、甲基四甘醇二甲醚、乙基乙二醇二甲醚、乙基二甘醇二甲醚、丁基二甘醇二甲醚、乙基溶纤剂、乙基卡必醇、丁基溶纤剂、丁基卡必醇等链状醚类;四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧戊环、4,4-二甲基-1,3-二噁烷等杂环式醚类;γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、δ-戊内酯、3-甲基-1,3-噁唑烷-2-酮、3-乙基-1,3-噁唑烷-2-酮等内酯类;N-甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮等酰胺类;碳酸二乙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯等碳酸酯类;1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮等咪唑啉类、乙腈、丙腈等腈类等,这些能够单独地使用,或者将2种以上混合使用。
本发明涉及的二次电池只要具有上述的二次电池用电解液,则并无特别限定,例如,可列举出在一般的二次电池、空气电池中应用了本发明的二次电池用电解液的电池,该一般的二次电池具有:具有正极集电体和在其表面形成的正极活性物质层的正极、具有负极集电体和在其表面形成的负极活性物质层的负极、和介于这些各极间的隔膜;该空气电池具有正极(空气极)层和负极层以及在各极间配置的电解液层。
作为构成上述二次电池的各材料,可从以往公知的材料中适当地选择使用,并无特别限定,如果列举其一例,则如下所述。
作为正极集电体的具体例,可列举出铝箔、铝合金箔等,也能够将它们的发泡体、无纺布状等的三维多孔体用于集电体。
作为正极活性物质的具体例,可列举出可可逆地负载锂的、活性炭、碳纳米管等碳质材料,具有橄榄石型的结晶结构、层状岩盐型的结晶结构、或尖晶石型的结晶结构的锂氧化物等。作为活性炭原料,可列举出椰子壳、酚醛树脂、石油焦炭等,另外,作为活性炭原料的活化方法,可列举出水蒸汽活化法、熔融碱活化法等。作为锂氧化物,可列举出通式LiMPO4(M为Fe(II)、Mn(II)、Co(II)、Ni(II)的一个以上)所示的复合氧化物、钴酸锂(LiCoO2)、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、Li2MnO3、LiNi0.8Co0.2O2等NiCo系等。
作为负极集电体的具体例,可列举出铜箔、铜合金箔、镍箔、镍合金箔、不锈钢箔、铝箔、铝合金箔等。
作为负极活性物质的具体例,只要是可吸藏-放出锂离子的物质,则并无特别限制,可列举出碳质材料(石墨等)、硅氧化物、硅合金、锡氧化物、锡合金、锂单质、能够形成锂合金的金属,例如铝、铅、锡、铟、铋、银、钡、钙、汞、钯、铂、碲、锌、镧等。这些可单独地使用1种,也可将2种以上组合使用。从安全性的观点出发,优选碳质材料或锂复合氧化物。进而,从高电流密度充放电特性的观点出发,优选含有Ti(钛)、Li(锂)或Ti和Li这两者的物质(例如,钛酸锂等)。
另外,上述正极活性物质和负极活性物质也可与导电助剂一起使用。
作为导电助剂,可列举出炭黑、科琴黑、乙炔黑、碳晶须、碳纤维、天然石墨、人造石墨、氧化钛、氧化钌、铝、镍等。
正极和负极活性物质层能够通过将包含以上说明的活性物质、粘结剂聚合物、以及根据需要添加的导电助剂和溶剂的电极浆料在集电体上涂布,根据需要在加热下干燥而形成。
作为粘结剂聚合物,能够从公知的材料中适当地选择而使用,例如可列举出聚偏氟乙烯(PVdF)、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚四氟乙烯、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物[P(VDF-HFP)]、偏氟乙烯-三氟氯乙烯共聚物[P(VDF-CTFE)]、聚乙烯醇、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)等。
作为溶剂,根据粘结剂聚合物的种类来选择,一般地,使用N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、水。
再有,对于形成了活性物质层的电极,可根据需要进行压制。
作为隔膜的具体例,可列举出聚乙烯、聚丙烯等聚烯烃系隔膜、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯等聚酯系隔膜、聚酰胺系隔膜、聚酰亚胺系隔膜、纤维素系隔膜、玻璃纤维系隔膜等。
本发明的二次电池例如能够通过将在正极与负极之间隔着隔膜而成的电池结构体层叠、折叠、或卷绕,根据需要形成为硬币型等,将其容纳于电池罐或层合体封装件等电池容器中后,填充本发明的二次电池用电解液,如果是电池罐,则封罐,如果是层合体封装件,则能够通过热熔敷(热封)而得到。
实施例
以下列举合成例、实施例和比较例,对本发明更具体地说明,但本发明并不限定于下述的实施例。
应予说明,实施例中使用的分析装置如下述所示。
[1]1H-NMR波谱
装置:日本电子(株)制AL-400
溶剂:重二甲基亚砜
[2]粘度计
装置:BROOK FIELD公司制Programmable Rheometer
[3]电导率
装置:东亚DKK(株)制电导率计CM-30R
[4]电位窗
装置:北斗电工(株)制Standard Voltammetry HSV-100
[5]内部电阻
装置:日置电气(株)制电阻计RM3548
[1]离子液体的合成
[合成例1]MEMP·FSA的合成
[化5]
将吡咯烷(和光纯药工业(株)制造)1.51质量份和2-甲氧基乙基氯(关东化学(株)制造)1.00质量份混合,边回流边使其反应1小时。反应后,反应液分离为2层,放冷一会儿,则下层固化。通过倾析只将上层回收,通过减压蒸馏进行精制,得到了作为目标物的N-2-甲氧基乙基吡咯烷(沸点76℃/蒸气压45mmHg)0.96质量份(收率70%)。
将得到的N-2-甲氧基乙基吡咯烷1.00质量份和相对于其为2倍容量的甲苯(和光纯药工业(株)制造)混合,放入高压釜中,对体系内进行了氮置换。成为密闭体系后,在室温搅拌下加入了甲基氯气体(日本特殊化学工业(株)制)约1.00质量份。甲基氯气体导入时观察到温度和内压的上升,最高时温度上升到约53℃,内压上升到5.5kgf/cm2(约5.4×105Pa)。在这种状态下没有加热地使其反应,2天后加入了甲基氯气体约0.75质量份。进而,使其反应1天后,解除加压,通过减压过滤将体系中生成的结晶过滤分离,使用真空泵使其干燥,得到了N-2-甲氧基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓氯化物1.29质量份(收率92%)。
在得到的N-2-甲氧基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓氯化物1.00质量份中加入当倍容量的离子交换水,搅拌使其溶解。在搅拌下将该溶液加入使双(氟磺酰基)胺钾(关东化学(株)制造)1.29质量份溶解于当倍容量的离子交换水而成的溶液中。在室温下使其反应,经过了3小时以上后,对分离为2层的反应液进行分液,将下层的有机层用离子交换水清洗2次后,使用真空泵使其干燥,得到了作为目标物的N-2-甲氧基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓双(氟磺酰基)胺(MEMP·FSA)1.50质量份(收率83%)。将MEMP·FSA的1H-NMR波谱示于图1中。再有,25℃下的粘度为35cP。
[合成例2]MMMP·FSA的合成
[化6]
将N-甲基吡咯烷(和光纯药工业(株)制造)14.4质量份溶解于四氢呋喃(和光纯药工业(株)制造)200质量份而成的溶液冰冷,在搅拌下加入了氯甲基甲基醚(东京化成工业(株)制造)17.1质量份。使其反应了一晚后,使用桐山漏斗将析出的固体减压过滤。使用真空泵使得到的白色固体干燥,得到了中间体N-甲氧基甲基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓氯化物26.7质量份(收率96%)。
使得到的N-甲氧基甲基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓氯化物8.58质量份溶解于离子交换水10质量份。在搅拌下将该溶液加入使双(氟磺酰基)胺钾(关东化学(株)制造)12.5质量份溶解于离子交换水5质量份而成的溶液。在室温持续搅拌一晚后,对分成2层的反应液进行分液,将下层的有机层用离子交换水清洗4次后,使用真空泵使其干燥,得到了作为目标物的N-甲氧基甲基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓双(氟磺酰基)胺(MMMP·FSA))10.2质量份(收率63%)。将MMMP·FSA的1H-NMR波谱示于图2中。应予说明,25℃下的粘度为20cP。
[2]二次电池用电解液的制备
[实施例1-1]
在合成例1中得到的MEMP·FSA中添加双(氟磺酰基)胺锂(Li·FSA、关东化学(株)制造),制备了Li·FSA浓度为1mol/L的二次电池用电解液。
[实施例1-2]
除了使用了合成例2中得到的MMMP·FSA以外,采用与实施例1-1同样的方法制备了二次电池用电解液。
[比较例1-1]
除了代替MEMP·FSA而使用了1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓四氟硼酸盐(EMI·BF4、关东化学(株)制造)以外,采用与实施例1-1同样的方法制备了二次电池用电解液。
[比较例1-2]
除了代替MEMP·FSA而使用了采用专利文献2记载的方法合成的2-甲氧基乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷鎓四氟硼酸盐(MEMP·BF4)以外,要采用与实施例1-1同样的方法制备二次电池用电解液,但不能使Li·FSA溶解至1mol/L,为悬浊液。
[比较例1-3]
除了代替MEMP·FSA而使用碳酸亚丙酯(KISHIDA CHEMICAL Co.,Ltd.制造),同时代替Li·FSA而使用了四氟硼酸锂盐(Li·BF4、KISHIDA CHEMICAL Co.,Ltd.制造)以外,采用与实施例1-1同样的方法制备了二次电池用电解液。
对于以上制作的各电解液(比较例1-2为悬浊液),测定了电导率。测定使用电导率计(CM-30R、东亚DKK(株)制造)、在25℃的恒温槽内计测。将结果示于表1中。
[表1]
另外,对于实施例1-1、实施例1-2和比较例1-1中制备的电解液,测定了电解液的电位窗。将它们的结果示于图3中。
如图3中所示那样,确认了实施例1-1和实施例1-2的电解液的电位窗要比比较例1-1的电解液的电位窗宽。
[3]二次电池的制作
[实施例2-1]锂离子电容器
(1)正的电极结构体的制作
将活性炭Maxsorb MSP20(关西热化学(株)制造)、导电剂(HS-100、电气化学工业(株)制造)和作为粘结剂的PVDF(Aldrich公司制造)以成为85:8:7的质量组成的方式在作为涂布溶剂的N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(以下记为NMP)中混合,制备了正的电极用涂布液。
将得到的涂布液涂布于作为正的集电体的蚀刻铝箔(30CB、日本蓄电器工业(株)制造)后,用辊压机压延,进而将NMP干燥除去,形成正的电极,得到正的电极结构体。
(2)负的电极结构体的制作
将钛酸锂粉末(钛酸锂尖晶石、Sigma-Aldrich制造)、导电剂(HS-100)和粘结剂(PVDF)以成为83:8:9的质量组成的方式在作为涂布溶剂的NMP中混合,制备了负的电极用涂布液。
与正的电极结构体同样地将得到的涂布液涂布于蚀刻铝箔(30CB)后,用辊压机压延,进而将NMP干燥除去,形成负的电极,得到了负的电极结构体。
(3)二次电池的制作
将铝制的电极取出端子分别点焊至上述得到的正的电极结构体和负的电极结构体,经由隔膜(TF40-35、日本高度纸工业(株)制造)组装电池,插入由铝层合体(大日本印刷(株)制造)构成的外装容器中。向其中注入规定量的实施例1-1中制备的二次电池用电解液后,在25℃、10kPa以下的减压下静置12小时以上,使电解液浸渍后,通过热熔敷进行密封,得到了二次电池。
[实施例2-2]
除了使用了实施例1-2中制备的二次电池用电解液以外,采用与实施例2-1同样的方法制作了二次电池。
[比较例2-1]
除了使用了比较例1-1中制备的二次电池用电解液以外,采用与实施例2-1同样的方法制作了二次电池。
[比较例2-2]
除了使用了比较例1-2中制备的二次电池用电解液(悬浊液)以外,采用与实施例2-1同样的方法制作了二次电池。
[比较例2-3]
除了使用了比较例1-3中制备的二次电池用电解液以外,采用与实施例2-1同样的方法制作了二次电池。
采用下述手法测定了上述制作的二次电池的初期特性。将其结果示于表2中。
首先,以一时间率的电流值进行恒电流充电直至3.2V,这样进行30分钟恒电压充电,接着,以一时间率的电流值从3.2V恒电流放电至1.8V,由此时的总放电能量算出静电容量。测定实施2个循环,将第2循环的值作为静电容量值。内部电阻采用电阻计(RM3548、日置电气(株)制造)在充放电试验后进行了测定。各测定都是在25℃的恒温槽中放置了2小时以上后进行了计测。
[表2]
接着,将得到的二次电池在60℃的恒温槽中放置2小时以上,与初期性能测定同样地计测了静电容量和内部电阻。将其结果示于表3中。
如表3中所示那样,通过提高温度,在各二次电池中看到了静电容量的增加。另外,就实施例2-1和2-2中得到的二次电池而言,60℃下的内部电阻大幅地降低,降低至初期性能测定时的约1/6。
[表3]
进而,将得到的二次电池在60℃的恒温槽中加热,进行了循环充放电。就循环次数而言,将初期性能的充放电作为1个循环,实施了20个循环。循环实施后,使恒温槽恢复至25℃,放置了2小时后,与初期性能测定同样地进行了性能测定。将初期测定的静电容量和内部电阻的测定值设为100%,算出了它们的变化率。将其结果示于表4中。
如表4中所示那样,对于比较例2-1中制作的二次电池而言,通过在高温下进行循环,静电容量降低了。另外,就实施例2-1和2-2中制作的二次电池的内部电阻而言,确认了如果在60℃下进行循环则降低或者基本上维持的倾向,而就其他的二次电池的内部电阻而言,确认了如果在60℃进行循环则上升的倾向。
[表4]
[实施例2-3]锂离子电池
(1)正极的制作
对正极活性物质(LiCoO2、本庄化学(株)制造)、导电剂(乙炔黑、电气化学工业(株)制造)和PVDF分别进行调节以致成为91:3:6的质量组成,将溶解而成的溶液与NMP混合,制备了糊状的正极涂布液。采用刮刀将该正极涂布液在铝箔上涂布以致成为干燥膜厚115μm后,在80℃下干燥2小时,压延,形成LiCoO2正电极,得到了正的电极结构体。
(2)二次电池的制作
将上述得到的正极和负极即金属锂箔分别切取为12φ的大小,将作为隔膜的聚烯烃制平膜(ハイポア、Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation制造)夹持在切取的各正负极之间,使实施例1-1中得到的电解液注入·浸渍,制作了硬币型的锂二次电池。
对于上述得到的锂离子电池,使充电时的上限电压成为4.2V,使放电时的终止电压成为3V,用电流密度0.025mA/cm2的电流,在充电时采用恒电流低电压充电,在放电时采用恒电流放电进行了充放电试验。
其结果,单位LiCoO2的放电容量为122.5mAh/g,作为锂离子电池显示出充分的值。
[实施例2-4]空气电池
(1)正极的制作
对正极活性物质(MCMB、Osaka Gas Chemicals Co.,Ltd.制造)和PVDF进行调整以致成为88:12的质量组成,将适量的NMP混合,制备了糊状的正极涂布液。采用刮刀将该正极涂布液在铝箔上涂布以致成为干燥膜厚75μm后,在140℃下干燥72小时,将NMP和水分除去后,压延,形成正电极,得到了正的电极结构体。
(2)空气电池的制作
将上述得到的正极和负极即金属锂箔切取为正极12φ、负极15φ的大小。使实施例1-1中得到的电解液浸渍于作为隔膜的聚烯烃制平膜(ハイポア、Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation制造),夹持于前面切取的各正负极之间,制作了锂空气电池单元。将该单元配置在形成了空气孔的正极罐内以致正极集电体与空气孔相对后,将负极罐盖起来,将它们封罐,制作了空气电池。将得到的单元容纳于带有气体置换旋塞的玻璃干燥器(500mL)内。制成了向玻璃干燥器内可导入氧、能够将氧供给至正极的结构。
对于上述得到的空气电池,使充电时的上限电压为3.8V,使放电时的终止电压为2V,用电流密度67nA/cm2的电流,在充电时通过恒电流低电压充电,在放电时通过恒电流放电进行了充放电试验。得到的放电容量为3.3mAh。
如以上所述,本发明的二次电池用电解液的电位窗宽,耐电压性优异。另外,就使用该电解液制备的二次电池而言,高温时的内部电阻显著地降低,同时即使在高温时进行反复充放电,劣化也小,高温环境下的性能优异。
Claims (8)
1.二次电池用电解液,其特征在于,包含由式(1)表示的离子液体、和锂盐:
[化1]
式中,R1和R2相互独立地表示碳数1~5的烷基,n表示1或2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的二次电池用电解液,其中,所述R1和R2相互独立地表示甲基或乙基。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的二次电池用电解液,其中,所述R1和R2都为甲基。
4.根据权利要求1~3的任一项所述的二次电池用电解液,其中,不含有有机溶剂。
5.根据权利要求1~4的任一项所述的二次电池用电解液,其仅由所述式(1)表示的离子液体、和锂盐构成。
6.根据权利要求1~5的任一项所述的二次电池用电解液,其中,所述锂盐为选自四氟硼酸锂、六氟磷酸锂、双(三氟甲磺酰基)胺锂和双(氟磺酰基)胺锂中的1种或2种以上。
7.二次电池,其特征在于,具有权利要求1~6的任一项所述的二次电池用电解液。
8.二次电池,其特征在于,构造成具有:具有正极集电体和在其表面形成的正极活性物质层的正极、具有负极集电体和在其表面形成的负极活性物质层的负极、介于这些各极间的隔膜、和电解液,
所述电解液为权利要求1~6的任一项所述的二次电池用电解液,所述负极活性物质层包含锂复合氧化物。
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