CN106938963A - Under-film drip irrigation area promotes formula maize straw method - Google Patents
Under-film drip irrigation area promotes formula maize straw method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106938963A CN106938963A CN201710170082.8A CN201710170082A CN106938963A CN 106938963 A CN106938963 A CN 106938963A CN 201710170082 A CN201710170082 A CN 201710170082A CN 106938963 A CN106938963 A CN 106938963A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of under-film drip irrigation area and promotes formula maize straw method.This method is combined drip irrigation system under decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent and degradable mulch cover layer using stalk, adjust the speed of straw decomposition, according to demand rule of the under-film drip irrigation area corn growth to nutrient, the nutrient required for corn is supplemented in time, increase soil fertility, realize stalk scientific management and efficiently utilization.The problem of solving weak maize seedling caused by soil microbial activity caused by conventional under-film drip irrigation area maize straw and corn seedling Competition for Nutrients, dead seedling and yield reduction, improve rural environment, breach the technical bottleneck of under-film drip irrigation area maize mulched drip irrigation " straw-returning is difficult ".
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agriculture field, specifically, the present invention relates to a kind of regional maize straw of semiarid drip irrigation
Method.
Background technology
Agricultural crop straw seasonality, centrality, a large amount of burnings of generality, are cause northeast haze weather to take place frequently main
One of reason.Corn is the big crop of the first in the world, is also the big crop of China first.Jilin Province is the important commodity food production of China
Base, corn occupies dominant position for a long time.Current Jilin Province maize sown area is up to 57,000,000 mu, and maize straw annual production reaches
40000000 tons, go out of use or burn more than 50% stalk, the agroecological environment that causes deteriorates, air pollution the problems such as it is increasingly bright
It is aobvious.
The problem of there is stalk " also field is difficult " in Maize Production." support heap ", " race wind " cause caused by a large amount of straw-returnings
Corn survival rate of seedlings is reduced, and straw decomposition slowly causes that maize seedling is weak, seedling dead and yield reduction.After Jilin Province maize harvest, temperature
Reduce quickly, thing followed winter low temperature causes straw decomposition slow；And due to going back field stalk and soil aperture during spring sowing
Larger, often resulting in seed can not directly contact with soil, along with Spring Drought in Jilin Province occurs often, cause germination difficult,
Cause to emerge irregular.Therefore, Jilin Province maize straw directly returning to field is restricted by ecoclimatic condition, big not yet in production
Area application straw directly returning to field technology.
10,000,000 mu of under-film drip irrigation area of Jilin Province, accounts for more than the 30% of corn seeding area, is generally entered using common ground film
Row covering.Covering with ground sheeting is effectively to increase production in agricultural production, increase income technical measures, but exist reclaim it is difficult, trigger that " white is dirty
Dye ", the problem of have a strong impact on seeding quality.Common ground film covering constrains drip irrigation under film and made in crop field to a certain extent
Application on thing.The application of degradable mulch, can both solve Maize Production mid-early stage evaporation water loss, influence the problem kept a full stand of seedings,
Can in time be degraded in the corn growth later stage again, be easy to receive natural precipitation, the early ageing for preventing Yin Gen areas physiological drought from drawing,
The advantage that degradative plastic film is protruded is Meteorological effect, is effectively facilitated straw decomposition, solves farmland stalk also field difficult and " white dirty
The problem of dye ".
For the under-film drip irrigation area of degradable mulch, how to promote maize straw is a problem for expecting to solve.
The content of the invention
In order to under-film drip irrigation area solve soil is built up fertility, corn yield increasing, water-saving fertilizer-saving, straw-returning the problems such as,
Improve rural environment simultaneously, the invention provides one kind in under-film drip irrigation area, using compound decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent with it is degradable
The method that covering with ground sheeting is combined, to heat, preserve soil moisture, adjusts straw decomposition speed, promotes straw decomposition.Meanwhile, according under film
Each stage of drip irrigation area corn growth, the nutrient required for supplement corn, improved soil in time to the demand rule of nutrient
Fertility, realizes stalk scientific management and efficiently utilization, improves Ecological Environment.
The concrete technical scheme of the present invention is as follows.
Promote formula maize straw method the invention provides a kind of under-film drip irrigation area, methods described includes following step
Suddenly：
1) corn entered after full ripe stage, was harvested using large-scale maize harvesting machine, while by corn straw smashing, and
Even throwing is dissipated in field；
2) field sprays maize straw and is combined decomposition microbial agent, wherein the maize straw, which is combined decomposition microbial agent, includes withered grass bud
Spore bacillus, Trichoderma viride and brewer's yeast；Then exciting agent is spread fertilizer over the fields in field, the exciting agent comprising urea, organic fertilizer, micro- fertilizer and
Water-loss reducer；
3) stalk and the degradable mulch being optionally present are ploughed deeply and buried, rotary tillage is raked；
4) spring in next year is covered using degradable mulch, under-film drip irrigation, sowing.
In the method for the invention, the step 1) in, it is length≤10 centimetre preferably by corn straw smashing, preferably
3~5cm.
In the method for the invention, the step 2) in, it is preferable that what the compound decomposition microbial agent of the maize straw was included has
Imitate total viable count >=0.5 hundred million/g；
Preferably, the maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent and is made by the method comprised the following steps：By withered grass gemma
Seed liquor is made respectively through liquid fermentation to logarithmic phase in bacillus, Trichoderma viride and brewer's yeast, with viable count 1:1:1 ratio
Mixing, dries.
In the method for the invention, the step 2) in, it is preferable that by weight percentage, the maize straw is combined
The usage amount of decomposition microbial agent be step 1) in maize straw 0.35-0.45%, preferably 0.4%；
According to the embodiment of the present invention, the maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent and is dissolved in water, with 450-
500l/hm2Field is uniformly sprayed.
In the method for the invention, the step 2) in, it is preferable that by weight percentage, urea in the exciting agent
Usage amount be step 1) in maize straw 1.0~1.4%, preferably 1.0%；
Preferably, the usage amount of urea make it that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of soil is adjusted to 25 in the exciting agent:1~30:1.
In the method for the invention, the step 2) in, it is preferable that micro- fertilizer in the exciting agent is zinc fertilizer, is specially
ZnSO4·7H2O；
Preferably, in the exciting agent water-loss reducer water absorbent rate >=1000 times, can in upland soil well known in the art
Water-loss reducer.
And preferably, by weight, the ratio of organic fertilizer, micro- fertilizer and water-loss reducer is 10 in the exciting agent:1:3.
Preferably, by weight, the maize straw, maize straw are combined decomposition microbial agent and exciting agent with following ratios
Use：
Maize straw:Maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent:Urea=100:0.35-0.45:1-1.4, preferably=100:
0.4:1；
Organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:Water-loss reducer:Urea=10:1:3:5-7, preferably=10:1:3:5；Or
Maize straw:Maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent:Organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:Water-loss reducer:Urea=100:0.35-0.45:
2:0.2:0.6:1-1.4, preferably=100:0.4:2:0.2:0.6:1.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, with 150kg/hm2Organic fertilizer, 15kg/hm2It is micro- fertilizer, 45kg/hm2's
Water-loss reducer and 75kg/hm2Urea carry out field spread fertilizer over the fields.
In the method for the invention, the step 3) in, it is preferable that stalk and the degradable mulch being optionally present are ploughed deeply
Depth be more than 35cm.
In the method for the invention, the step 4) in, it is preferable that the thickness of the degradable mulch is 0.008mm；
Preferably, the under-film drip irrigation make it that soil appropriate aqueous amount is 20%；
Preferably, sowed when soil 5cm ground temperature rises to more than 10 DEG C.
In the method for the invention, using seeding technique under thickness 0.008mm corn degradable mulch cover layers, overlay film is used
Seeder once completes to apply fertilizer, sows, spreads the operation procedures, Ran Houcan such as drip irrigation pipe, herbicide spraying, overlay film, earthing, important city pressure
According to《Corn In Semiarid Area the Integration of Water into Fertilizer code》(DB 22-T 2283-2015) performs field management.
The method of the present invention includes following aspect.
(1) apply low temperature resistant stalk and be combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent (inorganic nitrogeneous fertilizer+organic fertilizer+micro- fertilizer+water-loss reducer)
Autumn harvests in good time, and stalk and degradable mulch can directly plough deeply also field.
Corn entered after full ripe stage, was harvested using large-scale maize harvesting machine, while by corn straw smashing (length<
10 centimetres) and uniformly shed in field, the applicant is sprayed through containing withered grass obtained by prolonged cold domestication squamous subculture screening
Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis), Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride), brewer's yeast (Sac-
Charomyces cerevisiae) (viable count ratio 1:1:1, viable count >=0.5 hundred million/g) maize straw be combined decomposition bacterium
Agent, maize straw is combined the 0.4% (30kg/hm that decomposition microbial agent consumption is stalk weight2), it is watered 450 liters/hm2Even spraying.
Spread fertilizer over the fields exciting agent simultaneously, exciting agent by stalk weight 1% urea (75kg/hm2)、150kg/hm2Organic fertilizer, 15kg/hm2
Micro- fertilizer (ZnSO4·7H2) and 45kg/hm O2The water-loss reducer composition that 1000 times of water absorbent rate, stalk:Compound decomposition microbial agent:Urea
Part by weight be 100:0.4:1, organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:Water-loss reducer is 10:1:3, regulation carbon-nitrogen ratio to 25:1~30:1, excite
The activity of microorganism, promotes microbial activities, accelerates straw decomposition.Then stalk and degradable mulch are ploughed and buried, depth
More than 35 centimetres, enter rotary tillage and rake.It is 25 wherein for adjusting the carbon-nitrogen ratio of soil:1~30:1, refer to that basis is mixed with soil
Carbon-nitrogen ratio measurement result, supplement apply urea amount cause soil carbon-nitrogen ratio be 25:1~30:1.In general, corn
The carbon-nitrogen ratio of stalk is 80~100:1, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio that edaphon decomposing organic matter needs is 25~30:1.Therefore, straw
Stalk requires supplementation with substantial amounts of nitrogenous fertilizer behind also field, nitrogen and water that otherwise microorganism decomposing straw will necessarily be fought in soil with crop
Point, influence crop normal growth.
Bacillus subtilis, saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Trichoderma viride that the present invention is used are the conventional bacterial strain in this area, can be from many
Individual unit or mechanism are obtained, and such as bacillus subtilis can protect the scientific and technological Group Co., Ltd of green agriculture from Beijing and obtain；Wine brewing ferment
Mother can obtain from Shandong Kang Qin bio tech ltd；Trichoderma viride can be from Jining Ke Shuo bio tech ltd/Shandong
Changtai bio tech ltd is obtained.
(2) degradable mulch is covered
Spring make it that soil appropriate aqueous amount is 20% using degradable mulch covering under-film drip irrigation sowing, under-film drip irrigation,
Pass through 10 DEG C when 5 centimetres of ground temperature of soil are stable, you can sowing.Using being broadcast under thickness 0.008mm corn degradable mulch cover layers
The technology of kind, is once completed to apply fertilizer with tectorial seeder, sows, spreads the works such as drip irrigation pipe, herbicide spraying, overlay film, earthing, important city pressure
Industry program.
(3) field management
The standard reference of field management《Corn In Semiarid Area the Integration of Water into Fertilizer code》(DB 22-T 2283-2015)
Perform.
The present invention is applicant under the natural climate feature in under-film drip irrigation area, soil regime, straw utilization present situation, film
Drip irrigation cultivation condition etc., by the experimental study to being combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent and degradable mulch, specify that stalk is combined
The influence of decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent and degradable mulch covering Meteorological effect to straw decomposition speed, it is ensured that also field stalk is rotten
Solution nutrient-lapsed time is coupled with the corn Nutrient Absorption time, forms under-film drip irrigation area and promotes formula maize straw side
Method.Solve soil microbial activity caused by conventional under-film drip irrigation area maize straw causes with corn seedling Competition for Nutrients
Maize seedling is weak, seedling dead and the problem of yield reduction, solves common ground film and turns over " white pollution " problem buried and caused, breach film
The technical bottleneck of lower drip irrigation area maize mulched drip irrigation " straw-returning is difficult ".The implementation for the method that the present invention is provided is for solving stalk
Also field is difficult, improves soil environment, improves rural environment, realizes that agricultural sustainable development is significant.
The under-film drip irrigation area promotion formula maize straw method of the present invention can accelerate straw decomposition process, make straw decomposition
Nutrient-lapsed time matches with corn growth regulation of fertilizer requirement, and corn healthy growth, which is created, under the conditions of drip irrigation area straw-returning " promotees
The soil environment of life ", solves the problems of agricultural environment that straw-returning difficulty is caused.
The drawbacks of method of the present invention has abolished conventional crop straw burning, straw-returning decomposition rate is low, has formulated and corn
The quick decomposition technology of " promotion formula " stalk that regulation of fertilizer requirement matches, establishes the soil moisture conservation of degradable mulch covering and heat insulating, compound corruption
The comprehensive technology systems such as microbial inoculum+exciting agent are solved, make the coupling of corn also field straw decomposition nutrient-lapsed time and corn Nutrient Absorption
Conjunction mechanism matches, and meets demand of the corn different times to nutrient, realizes that High-efficiency straw decomposition, liquid manure are efficiently utilized.This hair
Bright method have water-saving fertilizer-saving, high-yield and high-efficiency, it is environment-friendly the features such as.
Research has shown that, The inventive method achieves maize straw total crop return, large-scale demonstration achieves noticeable achievement：With routine
Plantation is compared, and straw-returning rate improves 30%, and straw decomposition rate reaches more than 95% then；Degradable mulch earth's surface exposed portion
Mass loss rate reaches 42%~53%；WUEL improves 43.1%, and fertilizer utilization efficiency improves 30.2%；Corn is produced
Amount increase by 31.5%, benefit increase by 35.6%.
Brief description of the drawings
Hereinafter, embodiment of the present invention is described in detail with reference to accompanying drawing, wherein：
Fig. 1 shows laboratory ferment culture experiment maize straw weight-loss ratio.
Fig. 2 shows field experiment maize straw weight-loss ratio.
Embodiment
Illustrate the present invention referring to specific embodiment.It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only
For illustrating the present invention, it does not limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
Experimental method in following embodiments, unless otherwise specified, is conventional method.Medicine used in following embodiments
Material raw material, reagent material etc., unless otherwise specified, are commercially available purchase product.
Embodiment 1Low temperature resistant maize straw is combined screening and preparation and exciting agent composition and the sieve of proportioning of decomposition microbial agent
Choosing
Test place：Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science laboratory.
Soil types：Light chernozem, is derived from Songyuan City Qianan County Zan Zi townshiies father and son village corn field.
Decomposition material：Maize straw.
1. decompose the screening of flora
(1) it is enriched with
Soil sample is derived from maize straw pile and the ground contacting part position in Jilin Province Songyuan City Qianan County father and son village of Zan Zi townshiies, by soil
The method isolated strains of earth microbiological analysis handbook.
Each soil sampling 5g is respectively connected to 100mL enriched mediums (peptone 5g, yeast extract 5g, cellulose (Xinhua's filter paper)
5g, NaCl 5g, CaCO32g, K2PO41g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g, FeSO4·7H2O 0.5mg, M nSO4·H2O
0.16mg, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.16mg, CoCl20.2mg, plus distilled water is to 1000mL, 7.0,121 DEG C of sterilizing 25min of pH；
Filter paper use is preceding with 1% acetic acid soaked overnight, with distilled water flushing to neutrality, 80 DEG C of dry for standby) interior culture, primary dcreening operation flora,
Every group sets 6 repetitions, is named as 1st generation.
Treat that filter paper decomposes to no longer significant change in nutrient solution, take its bacterium solution 5mL, access fresh culture, be named as the 2nd
In generation, continue to cultivate, repeated inoculation is followed successively by 3,4, n generations, during condition of culture be 10~15 DEG C, 80r/min is micro- shakes, micro- detests
Oxygen.
(2) screen
According to the breaking degree of filter paper bar, the preliminary degradation effect for judging each group primary dcreening operation flora.
Obtained lignocellulose degradation bacteria group culture 2d will be screened, determine the weight loss decomposition amount of filter paper, calculate weightless
Rate resolution ratio.Distilled water flushing is used again using 38 μm of nylon bag filtration culture mediums, and 80 DEG C of drying to constant weight are calculated, fibrous material point
Solution rate=(fibrous material after fibrous material proper mass+filter bag quality-drying)/(fibrous material proper mass+filter bag quality) ×
100%.
Experimental result：
Primary dcreening operation obtains 4 groups of floras, takes 4 groups of primary dcreening operation flora bacterium solutions, and equal proportion mixing access fresh culture, culture is obtained newly
Flora, and continue the generation of Secondary Culture 18, during which eliminate that capacity of decomposition difference decline is serious and the unstable flora of capacity of decomposition, it is preceding
Amounted to for 21 generations afterwards, Secondary Culture is finally obtained the flora of one group of efficient stable.
The enzyme activity determination 2. strain liquid is fermented
Laboratory carries out the identification of the flora of the efficient stable, isolates main bacterial strain, obtains 5 bacterial strains：Withered grass gemma
Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), aspergillus (AsPergillus),
Mould (Penieillium) and Mucor (Mucor).
The content of reduced sugar in zymotic fluid is determined with DNS methods, enzyme-activity unit is defined as catalytic substrate per minute and produces 1 μm of ol
Enzyme amount needed for reduced sugar, is measured with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) enzyme activity and filter paper enzyme activity (FPA) two methods.
Experiment sets 5 processing, is repeated 10 times.
Experimental result：
Each bacterial strain enzyme assay is shown in Table 1, as a result finds, the enzymatic activity of bacillus subtilis and yeast is higher, is secondly
Aspergillus, mould and Mucor enzymatic activity are relatively low.
Each bacterial strain enzyme assay of table 1
3. decompose CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) experiments
Experimental strain：5 bacterial strains of laboratory separation, i.e. bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), beer ferment
Female (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), aspergillus (AsPergillus), mould (Penieillium) and Mucor
(Mucor)；And 1 bacterial strain, i.e. Trichoderma viride are introduced by the full Russia's Plant Protection Institute of Russian national academy of sciences
(Trichoderma viride)。
Nitrogen source：Urea；
Carbon source：White granulated sugar.
Single bacterial strain decomposes CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) experiments and is shown in Table 2, and experiment is used to add bacterial strain and be not added with bacterial strain two and set
Meter, totally 7 processing, are repeated 10 times.Observe plate single bacterium colony surrounding media transparency.
The design of the flat board of table 2 experiment
Experimental result：
Through observation shows that：Plus after the processing culture of bacterial strain periphery of bacterial colonies culture medium transparency is not poor, and culture medium is in cloud
It is vaporific；After the processing culture for adding bacterial strain, in addition to the periphery of bacterial colonies culture medium transparency of processing 4 is poor, other transparent eyeballs
Shape, illustrates that most of bacterial strains have the ability for decomposing CMC.
4. bacterial strain antagonistic experiment
By screened 5 bacterial strains, i.e. bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), aspergillus (AsPergillus), mould (Penieillium) and Mucor (Mucor) with
The 1 plant of Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride) to be compounded, each bacterial strain does antagonistic experiment, 10~15 DEG C of constant temperature between any two
Situations such as suppression mycelial growth mutually, spore generation, colony growth are whether there is between culture 3~5 days, observation strain.Experiment is set at 5
Reason, is repeated 10 times.
Experimental result：
Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) point
Do not combine, grown on flat board comparatively fast with Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride), liquid fermentation and culture shows that its grows
Rapidly, institute's producing enzyme is lived higher.Aspergillus (Aspergillus), mould (Penieillium) and Mucor (Mucor) respectively with green
Trichoderma (Trichoderma viride) is combined, and is grown on flat board relatively slowly, and liquid fermentation and culture shows that its growth is relatively slow, is produced
Enzyme activity is relatively low, therefore, screens out this three kinds combinations, carries out next step experiment.
5. strain combination and enzyme activity
The antagonistic experiment of filtered out bacterial strain is utilized, bacterial strain is considered as factor by contrived experiment, there is (*) with being not present
It is considered as level, sets up combination, carries out strain compatibility mixing liquid fermentation (enzymatic production culture medium：CMC-Na 10g, (NH4)2SO4
4g, KH2PO42g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g, peptone 10g, beef extract 5g, deionized water 1L, 30 DEG C of insulations).Detect respectively
Its sodium carboxymethylcellulose and filter paper enzyme activity, the higher combination of selection enzyme activity, carry out next step experiment.Experiment sets 4 processing, weight
It is multiple 10 times.
Experimental result：
Experimental result discovery, bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast (Sac-charomyces
Cerevisiae) the enzymatic activity highest combined with Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride) three, is shown in Table 3.
The enzymatic activity of the strain combination of table 3
Mark：* represent and exist
6. straw degradative is tested
Laboratory ferment culture experiment：105 DEG C of drying, to constant weight, are filled in an oven after 50g stalk flowing water is rinsed well
Enter own drying to the box of constant weight.Experiment sets 6 processing, is repeated 10 times, is shown in Table 4.By the strain fermentation culture of each in compatibility
(enzymatic production culture medium：CMC-Na 10g, (NH4)2SO44g, KH2PO42g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5g, peptone 10g, ox
Meat extract 5g, deionized water 1L, 30 DEG C of insulations) after, by bacterium solution to mix in equal volume, added by the 10% of stalk weight in stalk,
The urea of another plus stalk weight 1%, normal temperature is degraded 30 days, and stalk color change was observed every 10 days, and rotten level is examined after 30 days
Survey stalk weight-loss ratio.
Field straw degradation experiment：The stalk after harvest then is taken in corn field, 2-3cm segments are cut into, by 200g straw
Stalk flowing water rinse well after in an oven 105 DEG C of drying to constant weight, add soil between 200g ridges, load 20cm × 20cm 20 mesh yarns
In mesh bag.Experiment sets 6 processing, is repeated 10 times, is shown in Table 4.Operating method such as laboratory fermented and cultured is tested, and straw are detected after 30 days
Stalk weight-loss ratio.
The assay method of stalk weight-loss ratio：Being rinsed well before fermentation with the stalk after fermentation ends with flowing water, 105 DEG C are dried
Weighed after dry, and calculate weight-loss ratio.
Weight-loss ratio (%)=(M1-M2)/M1 × 100%
Note：M1 is the quality of stalk before decomposition；M2 is the quality of stalk after decomposition.
The design of the straw degradative of table 4 experiment
Experimental result：
By the degraded of 30 days, stalk was substantially weightless, and laboratory ferment culture experiment handles 6 maize straw weightlessness and reached
53.7%, see Fig. 1.Field experiment handles 6 maize straw weightlessness and reaches 61.0%, and stalk color is changed into aterrimus, rots to soften,
Decomposition degree substantially, is shown in Fig. 2.
7. the screening of compound decomposition microbial agent composition
(1) determination of microbial inoculum component ratio
By bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Different ratio is pressed with three kinds of bacterial strains of Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride), is as above cultivated in enzymatic production culture medium,
Determine enzyme activity.Its sodium carboxymethylcellulose and filter paper enzyme activity are detected respectively, and the higher combination of selection enzyme activity carries out next step real
Test.Experiment sets 4 processing, is repeated 10 times.
Experimental result：
Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with
The ratio of Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride) viable count is 1:1:1 combination enzymatic activity highest, determines 1:1:1 is most
Excellent proportioning, is shown in Table 5.
The enzymatic activity of the strain heterogeneity ratio of table 5
(2) microbial inoculum indices are determined
By bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
As above cultivated respectively in enzymatic production culture medium to logarithm with each bacterial strain of Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride) three
Phase, seed liquor is made, using the ratio of viable count as 1:1:1 seed mixture liquid, is stored in after ventilation is dried and (prevents from being exposed to the sun)
It is standby at cool place is dry.
The measure of the following index (outward appearance, living bacteria count, cellulase activity, moisture content, pH) is with reference to national quality
The national standard that supervision and inspection quarantine general bureau promulgated and implemented in 2006 with national standardization administration committee《Agricultural microorganism
Microbial inoculum》, standard No. is GB20287-2006.
Experimental result：
Institute's bacteriostat color is fawn particle, and the living bacteria count (cfu) of microbial inoculum is 0.5 × 108Individual/g, meets state
Family's standard (0.5 × 108/g).Composition is constituted：Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus subtilis), brewer's yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Trichoderma viride (Trichoderma viride), the viable count ratio of three kinds of bacterium is
1:1:1.Microbial inoculum cellulase activity is 33.78U/g, higher than the 30.00U/g of national regulation.Microbial inoculum moisture content is 16.39%,
In the range of national regulation (≤20%).Microbial inoculum pH is 7.82, meets national Specification (5.5~8.5).
8. the screening of exciting agent composition and proportioning
(1) stalk weight:Compound decomposition microbial agent:The optimal proportion of urea
Using maize straw, urea and the compound decomposition microbial agent being prepared as above, field straw degradation experiment is carried out.Field
Stalk amount 7500kg/hm2, design stalk:Compound decomposition microbial agent:The part by weight experiment of urea, calculates stalk weight-loss ratio.
Experimental result：
According to the measurement result of stalk weight-loss ratio, stalk is determined:Compound decomposition microbial agent:Urea optimum weight percent example be
100:0.4:1, it is shown in Table 6.
Table 6 is in stalk:Compound decomposition microbial agent:Stalk weight-loss ratio under the Different Weight ratio of urea
(2) organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:The optimal proportion of water-loss reducer
In stalk:Compound decomposition microbial agent:The optimum weight percent example of urea is 100:0.4:Under conditions of 1, field straw are carried out
Stalk degradation experiment, designs organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:The Ratio Experiments of water-loss reducer, organic fertilizer applied amount is 90kg/hm2、120kg/hm2、
150kg/hm2, apply micro- fertilizer and water-loss reducer according to Different Weight ratio, calculate stalk weight-loss ratio.
Experimental result：
According to the measurement result of stalk weight-loss ratio, organic fertilizer is determined:Micro- fertilizer:The best proportion of water-loss reducer is 10:1:3, see
Table 7.
The different organic fertilizers of table 7:Micro- fertilizer:The stalk weight-loss ratio of the ratio of water-loss reducer
Embodiment 2Maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent experiment under degradable mulch covering condition of drip irrigation
Test place：Father and son village of Songyuan City Qianan County Zan Zi townshiies.
Material to be tested：The compound decomposition microbial agent prepared in embodiment 1 in the 7th point (2).
Experimental cultivar：Xiang jade 998.
Experimental design：Experiment sets 3 processing, and each processing is repeated 3 times, plot area 48m2(6m × 8m), minizone is built
The ridge, totally 9 cells, completely random arrangement.
Processing 1 --- control, no covering with ground sheeting, no drip irrigation, no maize straw；
Processing 2 --- common ground film covers under-film drip irrigation, and maize straw, no stalk is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent；
Processing 3 --- common ground film covers under-film drip irrigation, and maize straw, stalk is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent；
Processing 4 --- degradable mulch covers under-film drip irrigation, and maize straw, stalk is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent；
Processing 1 is without covering with ground sheeting, no drip irrigation；Remaining each processing uses covering with ground sheeting drip irrigation under film；Processing 2 and place
Reason 3, is covered using common ground film, and processing 4 is covered using degradable mulch.Conventional fertilizer application amount：Nitrogenous fertilizer 180kg/hm2, phosphate fertilizer
120kg/hm2, potash fertilizer 110kg/hm2.Using base manure ,-seed manure-topdresses the method being combined, during basal dressing, apply nitrogenous fertilizer 30~
40%th, phosphate fertilizer 90~95%, whole potash fertilizer, embedded depth >=15cm.Seed manure is the 5~10% of phosphate fertilizer, is applied with water.Topdress
For the 60~70% of nitrogenous fertilizer, carry out furrow in the leaf of corn 7 to 9 leaf phases and topdress, embedded depth >=10cm.
Using carrying out in the following manner：
After on October 1st, 2014 harvest corn, each cell corn stalk aerial part of processing 1 is all removed, processing 2~processing
4 each cell corn stalks all go back field, and stalk smashes to 3~5cm evenly laid out turn over.Processing 3 and processing 4, which are applied, sprays this jade
Rice stalk is combined decomposition microbial agent, and consumption is the 0.4% of stalk weight, is watered 450 liters/hm2Even spraying, is excited while spreading fertilizer over the fields
Agent, urea of the exciting agent by stalk weight 1%, 150kg/hm2Organic fertilizer, 15kg/hm2Micro- fertilizer (ZnSO4·7H2O) and
45kg/hm2The water-loss reducer composition that 1000 times of water absorbent rate, stalk weight:Compound decomposition microbial agent:The ratio of urea is 100:0.4:
1, organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:Water-loss reducer is 10:1:3, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of soil is adjusted in addition to 25:1~30:1, to excite microorganism
Activity, promotes microbial activities, accelerates straw decomposition.Then stalk and degradable mulch are ploughed and buried, 35 centimetres of depth with
On, enter rotary tillage and rake.
Spring is sowed using covering with ground sheeting under-film drip irrigation, and soil appropriate aqueous amount is 20% during under-film drip irrigation, when 5 lis of soil
Meter temperature is stable to pass through 10 DEG C, you can sowing.Processing 1 is without covering with ground sheeting, no drip irrigation.Processing 2~processing 3 uses thickness
0.008mm corn common ground films, processing 4 use 0.008mm corn degradable mulch, with tectorial seeder once complete fertilising,
The operation procedures such as sowing, paving drip irrigation pipe, herbicide spraying, overlay film, earthing, important city pressure.
Analysis determining method：The situation of becoming thoroughly decomposed of investigation records corn stalk in experimentation.After planting 10 days, 30 days, 60
My god, 150 days investigation straw decomposition degree, including stalk color (point in yellow, micro- yellow, brown yellow, black Huang, 1,2,3,4 are set to respectively
Level), feel softening degree (point hard, Microsoft, soft, rotten, position 1 respectively, 2,3,4 grades), stalk smell (point musty, ammonia taste, wine
Taste, putrid taste are set to 1 respectively, 2,3,4 grades).In addition, being examined by pedotheque, to the soil weight, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, speed
Effect phosphorus, available potassium, pH value etc. are tested.Corn yield is measured after crop maturity.
Per 10d 1 Plastic-film disintegration situation of observed and recorded after overlay film.The method that Plastic-film disintegration grade scale refers to Yang Huidi：
0 grade, do not occur crackle；
1 grade, start crackle occur；
2 grades, there are fine cracks in the mulch film of field 25%；
3 grades, there are 2~2.5cm crackles in mulch film；
4 grades, there is uniform pattern cracking in mulch film, and no bulk mulch film is present；
5 grades, mulch film is cracked into 4 × below 4cm2 fragments；
6 grades, 25% ground is visible by naked eyes mulch film；
7 grades, 50% ground is visible by naked eyes mulch film；
8 grades, 75% ground is visible by naked eyes mulch film；
9 grades, 100% ground is visible by naked eyes mulch film.
The soil moisture and soil moisture content are determined in Maize at Seedling Stage, jointing stage, pustulation period.With earth thermometer 8:00、14:
00、18:The soil moisture of 00 point of 3 observation 5cm, 10cm and 15cm soil layer.Using moisture teller determine 0~20cm and 20~
40cm soil moisture contents.
Result of study：
(1) it is combined the influence of decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent pair also field corn stalk barment tag and effect of becoming thoroughly decomposed
(table 8) is found by the Continuous Observation record for degree of being become thoroughly decomposed to field corn straw, experiment proceeds to the 10th day, locates
Reason 3 and the existing many foxiness points in corn stalk surface of processing 4, hence it is evident that browning, and handle 2 essentially unchangedization；Processing 3 in 30th day
There is many black splotches, blackyellow with 4 corn stalks of processing, and handle 2 colors and be changed into isabelline；Processing 3 in 60th day and place
Reason change in 2 and 30 days is little；Processing 3 in 150th day and processing 4 handle 2 blackyellows based on black.
From the point of view of smell, proceed to processing 3 in the 10th day in experiment and the change of processing 2 is little, since 30 days, handle 3 Hes
Processing 4 becomes ammonia taste, and it is little to handle 2 changes；4 putrid tastes of processing 3 in 60 days and processing, and handle 2 and become ammonia taste；150th day
Processing 2~processing 4 is putrid taste.
From the point of view of feel, processing 3 in the 10th day, processing 4 and the change of processing 2 are little, become Microsoft；Since 30 days, place
Reason 3,4 corn stalk toughness of processing are poor, hence it is evident that soften, and it is little to handle change in 2 and 10 days；60th day, handle 3 and processing 2
Soften, processing 4 is soft-rotten；Processing 3 in 150th day and 4 big portion's stalks of processing are rotten, and handle change in 2 and 60 days not
Greatly.
Comprehensive items observed result, normal film covering under-film drip irrigation processing 3 uses compound decomposition bacterium compared with processing 2
Corn stalk rotten degree is significantly improved after agent+exciting agent processing, and effect of becoming thoroughly decomposed is notable；Degradable membrane covering under-film drip irrigation processing 4 with
Processing 2, processing 3 compare, and are significantly improved using corn stalk rotten degree after compound decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent processing, effect of becoming thoroughly decomposed
Significantly, effect is better than normal film covering treatment.
Table 8 is combined the influence of decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent pair also field corn stalk barment tag and effect of becoming thoroughly decomposed
(2) it is combined influence of the decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent to soil physico-chemical property
Influence of the decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent to soil physico-chemical property, which is combined, using stalk is shown in Table 9.Test result indicate that, make
The soil weight and pH value can substantially be reduced by being combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent with stalk, and the various nutrients such as organic matter have increased
Trend.Illustrate under equal management condition, the soil weight can be reduced by being combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent using stalk, improve soil
Earth porousness, improves soil texture, increases soil nutrient in various degree.Under degradable membrane coverage condition, straw-returning is used
It is best that stalk is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent effect.
Table 9 is combined influence of the decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent to soil physico-chemical property
(3) it is combined influence of the decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent to corn yield
Survey production is carried out to cell during harvest, yield result is shown in Table 10.As can be seen from Table 10, processing 3 in corn yield most
Height, processing 2 is taken second place, and 1 yield of processing is minimum.The average corn yield 47.5kg per cell of processing 2, rolls over per mu yield 660.2kg, than processing
1 every mu of volume increase 15.7kg, amplification 2.44%.The average corn yield 48.7kg per cell of processing 3, rolls over per mu yield 676.4kg, than processing
1 every mu of volume increase 31.9kg, amplification is up to 4.95%, increase yield significantly；Increase 16.2kg/ mus of yield, amplification 2.45% than processing 2.Place
The average corn yield 48.2kg per cell of reason 4, rolls over per mu yield 670.1kg, 25.6kg/ mus of yield, amplification is increased than processing 1
3.97%, increase yield significantly；Than the every mu of volume increase 9.9kg of processing 2, amplification is up to 1.53%.As can be seen here, under-film drip irrigation area, stalk is also
The processing that field uses cooperatively compound decomposition microbial agent is compared with the processing without using compound decomposition microbial agent, there is certain effect of increasing production.
Influence of the different disposal of table 10 to corn yield
(4) research of degradable mulch degradation speed
Degradable mulch degradation speed is studied, 11 are shown in Table.Overlay film 40d is to start crackle occur, 60d fields 25%
There are fine cracks in mulch film, and 2~2.5cm crackles occur in 80d mulch films, and uniform pattern cracking, no bulk mulch film occur in 120d mulch films
In the presence of.The degradation speed most fast stage is 1 grade to 3 grades, about 40d or so.This period be corn jointing to taking out the male spinning stage, it is beautiful
Rice plant is smaller, and sunlight is shone directly on mulch film, accelerates degraded.Corn is taken out male phase spinning phase and degraded to 3 grades, now blade
Larger, plant is luxuriant, and sunlight is irradiated to that area on mulch film is smaller, and degradation speed slows down, and degraded is to 5 grades within 90~100 days.
The degradable mulch degradation speed of table 11
Note：Plastic-film disintegration velocity stages in table, is visible by naked eyes mulch film according to ground and is determined with mulch film thin and thick situation.
(5) research of degradable mulch degradation speed Meteorological effect effect
Covering with ground sheeting has preferable water retention property, is emerged from being seeded into, degradable mulch, common ground film culture underglass soil
Earth water content is higher than not overlay film.Wherein common ground film covering is slightly better than degradable mulch culture underglass water-retaining property；Later stage can drop
Solution mulch film, not overlay film are higher than common ground film water content, because there is rainfall during this period, common ground film is almost prevented
The infiltration of rainwater, degradable mulch cracking, natural precipitation penetrates into many, with certain water-retaining property, also above not overlay film soil water-containing
Amount.Degradable mulch has the soil moisture conservation heating effect of common ground film quite, and overcomes common ground film in the maize growth intermediary and later stages
To the obstruction of rainfall, promote rain infiltration, 0~20cm soil moisture ratio common ground films are high by 1.08%~3.90%, 20~
40cm soil moisture ratio common ground films are high by 0.91%~2.13%, are conducive to Maize Roots.
The soil moisture is determined, it is found that mean temperature is significantly higher than bare area at aluminum coated steel soil 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, can drop
Solve difference between film and common ground film minimum.With maize growth process, between degradable mulch, common ground film less overlay film (CK)
Ground temperature gap is gradually reduced.Early stage, degradable mulch, common ground film are higher 2.1~4.2 DEG C than not overlay film (CK) 5cm ground temperature；Afterwards
Phase, degradable mulch, common ground film are than not 0.4 DEG C of overlay film (CK) ground temperature mean height.10cm and 15cm mean ground temperatures are also shown
Similar trend.
Conclusion：
(1) the corn stalk degree of becoming thoroughly decomposed for applying compound decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent is higher, and without the processing of compound decomposition microbial agent
Corn stalk become thoroughly decomposed that degree is relatively low, corn stalk color is also shallower, without obvious Decomposition Characteristics.Illustrate corn stalk also field
Compounding application, which is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent, can be obviously promoted the maturity of corn stalk.At degradable membrane covering under-film drip irrigation
Manage effect and be better than normal film covering treatment.
(2) corn stalk also field compounding application stalk, which is combined decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent, can improve readily available nutrient of soil supply
Level, culture fertility, and soil organic matter content can be obviously improved, promote corn yield increasing to increase income.Common ground film is covered, corn stalk
Stalk applies the also field processing of compound decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent than only maize straw without applying compound decomposition microbial agent processing volume increase
2.45%；Degradable mulch is covered, and maize straw applies the also field processing of compound decomposition microbial agent+exciting agent than only maize straw
Without applying compound decomposition microbial agent processing volume increase 1.53%, certain effect of increasing production is shown.
(3) phase is acted in terms of degradable mulch is covered in raising maize growth early stage Temperature and water content in soil with common ground film
When.Covered after degradable mulch induction period into corn growth jointing to male stage spinning phase, the soil moisture is taken out less than common ground film
Lid, is conducive to root growth, infiltrating and keeping for the natural precipitation of corn growth middle and later periods improves soil water content, promotees
Enter corn growth.
Specific description of embodiments of the present invention above is not intended to limit the present invention, and those skilled in the art can be according to this
Invention is variously modified or deformed, and without departing from the spirit of the present invention, all should belong to the model of appended claims of the present invention
Enclose.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of under-film drip irrigation area promotes formula maize straw method, it the described method comprises the following steps：
1) corn entered after full ripe stage, was harvested using large-scale maize harvesting machine, while being thrown by corn straw smashing, and uniformly
Dissipate in field；
2) field sprays maize straw and is combined decomposition microbial agent, wherein the maize straw, which is combined decomposition microbial agent, includes bacillus subtilis
Bacterium, Trichoderma viride and brewer's yeast；Then exciting agent is spread fertilizer over the fields in field, and the exciting agent includes urea, organic fertilizer, micro- fertilizer and water conservation
Agent；
3) stalk and the degradable mulch being optionally present are ploughed deeply and buried, rotary tillage is raked；
4) spring in next year is covered using degradable mulch, under-film drip irrigation, sowing.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that the step 1), by corn straw smashing be length≤
10 centimetres, preferably 3~5cm.
3. method according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that the step 2) in, the maize straw is combined decomposition
Effective total viable count >=0.5 hundred million/g that microbial inoculum is included；
Preferably, the maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent and is made by the method comprised the following steps：By bacillus subtilis,
Seed liquor is made respectively through liquid fermentation to logarithmic phase in Trichoderma viride and brewer's yeast, with viable count 1:1:1 ratio mixing,
Dry.
4. according to the method in any one of claims 1 to 3, it is characterised in that the step 2), by weight percentage
Meter, the maize straw be combined decomposition microbial agent usage amount be step 1) in maize straw 0.35-0.45%, preferably 0.4%；
Preferably, the maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent and is dissolved in water, with 450-500l/hm2Field is uniformly sprayed.
5. method according to any one of claim 1 to 4, it is characterised in that the step 2) in, by weight percentage
Meter, the usage amount of urea is step 1 in the exciting agent) in maize straw 1.0~1.4%, preferably 1.0%；
Preferably, the usage amount of urea make it that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of soil is adjusted to 25 in the exciting agent:1~30:1.
6. method according to any one of claim 1 to 5, it is characterised in that the step 2) in, in the exciting agent
It is micro- fertilizer be zinc fertilizer；
Preferably, in the exciting agent water-loss reducer water absorbent rate >=1000 times；
Preferably, by weight, organic fertilizer, micro- fertilizer, the ratio of water-loss reducer are 10 in the exciting agent:1:3.
7. method according to any one of claim 1 to 6, it is characterised in that by weight, the maize straw,
Maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent and exciting agent is used with following ratios：
Maize straw:Maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent:Urea=100:0.35-0.45:1-1.4, preferably=100:0.4:1；
Organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:Water-loss reducer:Urea=10:1:3:5-7, preferably=10:1:3:5；Or
Maize straw:Maize straw is combined decomposition microbial agent:Organic fertilizer:Micro- fertilizer:Water-loss reducer:Urea=100:0.35-0.45:2:
0.2:0.6:1-1.4, preferably=100:0.4:2:0.2:0.6:1.
8. method according to any one of claim 1 to 7, it is characterised in that with 150kg/hm2Organic fertilizer, 15kg/
hm2It is micro- fertilizer, 45kg/hm2Water-loss reducer and 75kg/hm2Urea carry out field spread fertilizer over the fields.
9. method according to any one of claim 1 to 8, it is characterised in that the step 3) in, by stalk and optionally
The depth that the degradable mulch of presence is ploughed deeply is more than 35cm.
10. method according to any one of claim 1 to 9, it is characterised in that the step 4) in, it is described degradable
The thickness of mulch film is 0.008mm；
Preferably, the under-film drip irrigation make it that soil appropriate aqueous amount is 20%；
Preferably, sowed when soil 5cm ground temperature rises to more than 10 DEG C.
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| CN108934842A (en) * | 2018-07-09 | 2018-12-07 | 沈阳农业大学 | Corn is ploughed and exempts from the band-like returning to the field cultural method of wrong stalk |
| CN109005927A (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2018-12-18 | 烟台市稻香商贸有限公司 | A kind of method of straw-returning |
| CN110352679A (en) * | 2019-08-22 | 2019-10-22 | 四川大学 | The chemical fertilizer kept soil from packing together applies material method |
| CN112913602A (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2021-06-08 | 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 | Spring corn biodegradable mulching film reduction planting method in dry farming area |
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| CN109005927A (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2018-12-18 | 烟台市稻香商贸有限公司 | A kind of method of straw-returning |
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| CN112913602A (en) * | 2021-03-09 | 2021-06-08 | 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 | Spring corn biodegradable mulching film reduction planting method in dry farming area |
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