RU2457648C1 - Method of growing crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivation of agricultural crops. The method involves loosening the topsoil and subsoil layers, cutting slits with molehills. The upper part of the slits cut is mulched with crushed plant residues of the predecessor culture. Slits are cut to a depth of at 0.05-0.10 m higher than the topsoil thickness. The molehills are cut in the middle part of the slits in the topsoil layer. The straw remaining after harvesting on the field surface is combed out from the stubble and moved to the slit space. Into the soil, in the zone of operating width of soil-tilling implement, herbicides are applied locally.

EFFECT: increased productivity due to more efficient storage and preservation of soil moisture, as well as creation of conditions conducive to improvement of soil fertility.

2 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivating crops.

A known method of combating soil erosion on slopes (RF patent 2197797, class AB01 13/16, publ. 02/10/2003), including the creation in the soil in the autumn of the transverse slope of the trenches, cutting water-absorbing slots on their bottom to the parent rock and mulching the trenches plant residues with the creation of a layer of mulch above them with a height of 1 / 2-1 / 3 of the width of the trench. The protruding part of the mulch, not mixed with the ground, does not freeze in winter and acts as a water-retaining and water-conducting element inside the gap. The straw cushion formed by mulch in and above the trench protects the walls of the cracks from freezing, which ensures their effective moisture absorption capacity, and also contributes to faster heating of the gap cavity in the spring, which, in turn, provides better water infiltration into the soil during early spring and snowmelt melt. The disadvantage of this method is that the process of cutting a trench together with a slit has a high energy intensity. Also, according to the patent, the width of the trenches is 0.25-0.30 m, which reduces the field area suitable for sowing.

A known method of moisture accumulation in occupied vapors (RF patent 2132602 C1, class AB 79/02, publ. 07/10/1999), which consists in the fact that the overwintered and overgrown sideral culture is mowed 5-7 days after the start of the budding phase at a height of 0 , 18-0.22 cm and in crushed form leave on the surface of the soil. When lowering the average daily temperature to 4-5 ° C, the newly regrowth of the lateral sidereal culture is crushed and scented. Also, when freezing the soil to a depth of 0.08 ... 0.10 m, the soil is snapped to a depth of 0.40 ... 0.45 m. Thanks to this method, the moisture content in the soil is increased by converting atmospheric moisture into intra-soil and reducing unproductive moisture losses by physical evaporation from the soil. The disadvantage of this method is that the cut cracks can eventually crumble and silt, which reduces their functionality. Also, open slots with increasing temperature in arid climatic conditions not only do not retain moisture, but also contribute to the drying of the soil.

The closest way to cultivate crops is the method (USSR author's certificate 1531877, class А01В 79/02, publ. 12/30/1989), containing loosening of the arable and subsurface soil layers, the formation of cracks in the subsoil layer with molehills, filling the cracks with soil of a fertile layer, in order to increase fertility, liquid organic fertilizers are introduced into molehills, and liquid mineral fertilizers are introduced into the seed bed. Soil preparation for sowing seeds is carried out over molehills by profile loosening of the upper part of the walls of the cracks and the formation of slopes with an angle between them of 60-90 °. The profile form obtained in this way meets to the greatest extent the agrotechnical requirements of the formation and development of a powerful root system of plants. All this allows to reduce moisture loss, improve the water-air regime of the soil, create conditions for the intensive development of microorganisms and earthworms. The disadvantages of this method include the fact that the slots are mulched by soil, which has a relatively high density and reduces the water-conducting ability of the slit. In addition, cutting molehills in the subsurface layer requires increased energy costs, since there is a higher soil density.

The technical task of the invention is to increase productivity due to more efficient accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil, as well as creating conditions conducive to increasing soil fertility.

The solution to this problem is achieved by the following set of features of the method.

In the autumn period of time, the arable and subsurface layers are loosened, the cracks are cut to a depth exceeding the thickness of the arable layer by 0.05-0.10 m, as well as molehills in the middle part of the gap (in the arable layer). At the same time, the upper part of the cut gaps is mulched by the crushed plant residues of the precursor culture, which are combed out from the stubble and moved to the slot space. In the area of the working width of the tillage implement, a local application of herbicides is carried out.

Unlike the known method, the slots are cut to a depth of 0.30-0.35 m and are mulched in the upper part by the plant residues of the predecessor culture collected from the field surface, and herbicides are introduced locally in the area of the working width of the tillage implement. In this case, molehills are carried out in the middle part of the gap, in the arable soil layer.

The novelty and originality of the proposed method lies in the fact that to increase the efficiency of accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil, the upper part of the cut slit is mulched by plant residues that are previously combed out from the stubble and moved to the area of the slit. In this case, the gap is cut to a depth exceeding the thickness of the arable layer by 0.05-0.10 m, and molehill is made in its middle part. Also, in the area of the working width of the tillage implement, local application of herbicides is carried out.

Figure 1 shows a water-absorbing gap filled with mulch, in cross section.

The method is as follows. When harvesting the precursor culture, the stems and other crop residues are crushed and evenly distributed over the field surface by the combine, forming a mulching layer 1. When performing the method, water-absorbing slots 2 are cut at intervals of 0.7 m, depth 0.30 ... 0.35 m and each 0.04 m wide, as well as molehills 3 with a diameter of 0.1 m in the middle part of each slot at a depth of 0.15 m. At the same time, part of the straw mass 1 is combed out from the stubble 4 left on the surface of the field, and is fed into the crevice area and sealed at the top slit 2 to a depth of 0.10 ... 0.15 m. Moreover, in the area of the working equipment’s grip, the herbicide solution is selectively fed to the sprayers to destroy perennial, hard-to-eradicate weeds in those areas of the field where increased weediness of agricultural crops was observed.

Shredded mulch, unlike soil, does not freeze in winter and, at a positive temperature, promotes the penetration of moisture into the gap and retains it in the soil during warming. Moisture accumulation mainly occurs in the molehill area, from where it is distributed to the adjacent area.

The completed crushed straw mass and chopped molehill prevent siltation of the cracks and, as a result, extend its functioning. Subsequently, the mulch left on the surface of the field and, in particular, embedded inside the cracks, overwhelms and serves as a natural organic fertilizer, increasing soil fertility.

The introduced herbicides help to reduce the amount of weed vegetation in crops, and thanks to local application, they are saved.

The use of this technology allows you to accumulate and retain more moisture in the soil, increase soil fertility and reduce weediness of agricultural crops. All this ultimately contributes to increased productivity.

Claims (2)

1. A method of cultivating crops, including loosening the arable and subsurface layers, cutting slots with molehills, characterized in that the upper part of the cut slots is mulched with shredded plant residues of the predecessor culture, and the slots themselves are cut to a depth exceeding 0.05-0, 10 m thick arable layer, and molehills are cut in the middle part of the gap, i.e. in the arable layer, and crushed and evenly distributed after harvesting, the straw is combed out from the stubble and moved to the slotted space. 2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the area of the working width of the tillage implement, herbicides are applied locally.

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