RU2244391C1 - Method and apparatus for erosion-preventive autumn tillage of soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural engineering.

SUBSTANCE: method involves shallow plowing, deep basic tillage and surface tillage (cultivation) of soil by cutting furrows; after harvesting of cereals, performing simultaneously shallow plowing, surface tillage of soil to depth of up to 16 cm, crushing of soil lumps, compacting, leveling and mulching of soil top layer; in September, providing deep tillage of soil on fields arranged on slopes with gradient exceeding 5 deg while forming vertical slits to depth of 40 cm and inclined slits; simultaneously with slitting procedure, forming water-accumulating vessels, holes and intermittent furrows. Apparatus has hitch, carrier wheels, bearing system and replaceable working tools in the form of disk batteries, flat narrow hoes, rippers with chisel, ring-and-serrated roller, and leveling drum. Blades of leveling drum are arranged at an angle α=30 deg relative to drum axis.

EFFECT: reduced soil erosion and provision for retention of moisture in soil root layer.

3 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production and agricultural machinery, in particular to methods for autumn tillage and tillage combined units.

There is a method of anti-erosion autumn tillage [1], including peeling, the main deep processing to a depth of 20-22 cm with simultaneous rolling, cultivation with harrowing, and then autumn cultivation to a depth of 12-14 cm with simultaneous articulation of water-holding tanks on slope fields up to 5 °.

A known set of machines and implements for implementing the known method [2], including the disk cultivator LDG-15, plow PLP-6-35 and devices for intermittent furrows PPB-0.6, which are hung on the cultivator.

The disadvantages of the known method of anti-erosion autumn tillage are the violation of largely vegetation cover. In fields treated by this method, not only wind erosion, but also water erosion develops, namely: in fields located on slopes with a slope of 1-3 °, the jet-planar nature of erosion appears on slope fields. The flow of running water does not prevent even intermittent furrows. This is due to the fact that ordinary chernozems in the autumn-winter period are self-compacting, the absorption capacity of the soil decreases, soil particles of the walls of the furrows and lintels crumble to the bottom, reducing their water retention capacity. Therefore, the water of precipitation overflows the tank, erodes the lintels and flows down the slope. At the same time, nutrients are carried out from the root horizon. On such sloping, depleted fields treated in a known manner, a negative balance of nitrogen and organic matter is formed - soil fertility is reduced.

The disadvantages of the known complex of machines and tools for performing anti-erosion machining should include the fact that:

when using the LDH-15 disk cultivator, stubble is not only damaged and the amount of erosion-hazardous soil particles increases on the field surface, and the required processing depth of 6-8 cm is not provided on dry soils;

when plowing plow PLP-6-35 is performed, stubble damaged by the plow, together with other crop residues, is dumped by the plow body blade into the furrow and is covered with a soil layer. The treated field surface is "open" without plant debris, so wind erosion develops. In addition, unproductive moisture loss occurs from such a surface, which leads to a decrease in moisture reserves in the root horizon;

when using a steam cultivator KPS-4 with harrows, a moisture-saving soil layer is not created, which leads to intensive evaporation of moisture;

when using the KPS-4 cultivator with the GShB-0.6 device for the formation of intermittent grooves, water erosion on the slopes is reduced to a certain extent to 5 °, but wind erosion on the field treated in this way manifests itself to a large extent. In addition, intermittent furrows make it difficult to carry out pre-sowing treatment in the spring.

A known method of anti-erosion autumn finland tillage [3], including peeling, deep basic cultivation, small tillage (cultivation) with cutting intermittent grooves and an aggregate for anti-erosive autumn finland tillage, including a hitch, frame, support wheels, working bodies.

The disadvantages of the known method of anti-erosion autumn tillage include the fact that in fields with a slope of more than 5, the process of subsoil runoff is manifested, since water does not penetrate deep into the root horizon on the compacted sole.

With prolonged use of the known method, the density of the soil rises above 1.4 g / cm ³ at a depth of more than 35 cm.

This not only reduces the water permeability of the soil, but also complicates and slows down the spread of the root system to a depth of more than 35 cm.

The vertical slit is formed in a known manner, it is not only a guiding system for water deep into the soil to the molehills, but it also has the drawback that the soil freezes to a depth of more than 35 cm in the snowless period of persistent frosts due to the presence of a vertical slit.

The disadvantages of the unit for implementing the known method include the fact that the chisel-shaped paw works in such a way that it cuts the soil layer horizontally and, with this effect, compacts the sole of the soil. The costs of this compaction are completely unjustified, which reduces the effect of applying the known method of tillage to a depth of more than 35 cm. The unit unevenly distributes the moisture of the precipitation in the depth (vertically) and width (horizontally) of the loosened soil layer, since moisture is concentrated when making vertical slots in the area around the gap.

To eliminate these shortcomings and obtain a positive result after harvesting cereals and other agricultural products crops in fields with a slope of more than 5 °, peeling and fine processing is carried out to a depth of 16 cm with simultaneous crumbling of blocks, compaction of the subsoil layer, mulching and leveling, and in September - November they perform deep main processing in the fields, while cutting vertical gaps on depth of up to 40 cm, cutting of inclined slots, the formation of water-accumulating containers in the subsoil layer and form holes on the surface, with intermittent beards being connected with vertical slots, and the aggregate for counter The rozion autumn finch tillage has interchangeable working elements in the form of disk batteries, narrow gripping paws, a rod-toothed drum with an equalizer, the blades of which are installed at an angle α> 30 ° to the axis of the drum and cultivators with a chisel to form vertical and inclined slots and a water storage tank.

Sequential operations: peeling, fine tillage to a depth of 16 cm, compaction of the subsurface soil layer, mulching of the top layer and leveling of the surface of the field to be cultivated is carried out after harvesting the previous crop, forms a moisture-accumulating, moisture-saving soil layer that lasts a long time (from the moment of performing these operations prior to the deep basic treatment) preserves and accumulates moisture, eliminates the manifestation of water and wind erosion on the treated field and The accumulation of nutrients in the soil.

Performing these operations at the same time reduces the compaction and spraying of the soil structure by the movers of tractors and tillage machines.

Performing deep primary tillage with the simultaneous formation of vertical, inclined slots up to 40 cm, water storage tanks with the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the field surface can not only reduce moisture loss, but also lay the soil fractions in layers, the upper of which eliminates the manifestation of water and wind erosion.

The installation of disk batteries, narrow gripping paws, rod-toothed and drum-leveler on the unit frame allows performing four or more single operations in one pass of the unit, reducing the number of passes of tillage units across the field, before the main deep processing.

Installation of cultivators with a chisel for the formation of vertical and inclined slots and water storage capacity - ensures deep tillage to a depth of 40 cm simultaneously with the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the soil surface, increasing the wind resistance of the treated layer.

Technological combination of operations for deep processing with the craft of holes on the surface of intermittent grooves in communication with vertical slots is provided by a rod-toothed drum leveling drum, the blades of which are installed at an angle α> 30 ° to the axis of the drum. This combination of operations provides an improvement in the quality of autumn finland erosion tillage in fields with a slope of more than 5 °.

Figure 1 presents the technological process of shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm

Figure 3 shows the technological process of deep tillage with the formation of inclined slots up to 40 cm of subsoil tanks and the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the surface of slope fields over 5 °.

In Fig.2, 4 are given sections of the formation aa, bb, Fig.1, 3.

Figure 5 presents the unit, the frame of which is equipped with interchangeable working bodies for small tillage (perspective view).

Figure 6 shows the cultivator with a chisel (top view).

7 shows a drum equalizer.

On Fig, 9 shows the mounting of interchangeable working bodies: narrow gripping paws, a cultivator with a chisel, on the frame of the unit with a single hollow rack.

The proposed method of erosion control autumn finches is carried out in the following sequence.

For processing slope fields with a slope of more than 5 °. After harvesting cereal crops and other crops, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, at which simultaneously stubble cultivation is performed at a depth of 6-8 cm, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, crumbling of blocks and compaction of the subsurface soil layer, mulching the top layer and leveling the soil surface. Soil treated in this way is able to retain moisture in the lower layer for a long time and successfully resist the negative effects of wind and water on the soil, since the mulching top layer freely passes the water of precipitation, and stubble and crop residues reduce the wind speed in the surface layer. Then, in September - November, as the temperature drops, when the evaporation rate approaches minimum, deep primary tillage is performed to a depth of 40 cm with the formation of subsoil tanks (see Figs. 3, 4) with the simultaneous formation of vertical and inclined crevices and the formation of dimples and intermittent grooves on the soil surface.

The unit for implementing the method of anti-erosion machining includes hitch 1 (see Fig. 5), support wheels 2, frame 3, on which replaceable working bodies are installed in a sequential arrangement: disk batteries 4, narrow gripping arms 5, rod-toothed and drum the equalizer 6, 7. In addition, the set of working bodies of the unit includes a cultivator 8 (see Fig.6), including a working body - a chisel 9 and inclined and vertical crevices. It should be noted that a feature of the equalizer drum is that the blades 10 are installed at an angle α to the axis of the drum (see Fig. 7), depending on the type of operation, the angle α can be changed from 0 to 90 °: when mulching, at an angle of 90 °, when making intermittent grooves - at an angle α≤30 °. To the left and to the right of the blades 10 of the leveling drum, the teeth 12 are located on the rods 11. Narrow gripping paws, a cultivator with a chisel 9, are attached to the unit frame 3 by means of a telescopic stand 13 (see Figs. 8, 9), if necessary, the cultivator is equipped with a replaceable paw 14 .

Replaceable rippers shaped as shown in FIG. 6. The replaceable cultivator has a mounting part 15, turning into a vertical slit 8, at an angle to which an inclined slit 16 is located, and at an angle to it a second slit 17 is installed and a working bit 9 that rigidly connects them together to make a closed subsoil water-storage tank . In addition, the first and second slitherees 16, 17 and the bit 9 are set at an angle of cutting to the cutting plane 18, 19.

When performing agrotechnical methods of the method of anti-erosion machining, removable disk batteries 4 are installed on the unit frame (see Fig. 1), replaceable narrow-gripping legs 5, and then the bar-gear roller 6 and the drum leveling machine 6, 7. The unit with these working bodies performs peeling, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, leaving most of the crop residues on the soil surface, crumbling blocks, compaction of the subsurface soil layer and leveling of the field surface with mulching of the upper layer. After finishing the small tillage, the working bodies are dismantled (4, 5, 6), and two rows of cultivators 8 with a chisel 9 are installed on the carrier system of the unit (see Figs. 3, 6, 9), and blades 10 on the drum 6, 7 transferred from the position α = 90 °, in the position α = 30 ° (see Fig.7). When moving along a pre-treated slope field over 5 °, vertical slit-holes 8 cut vertical slots 20 (Fig. 4). From the vertical slots 20, oblique slots 21 are cut at an angle by inclined rippers-sieles 16, and closed water storage tanks 22 are formed at a depth of 40 cm with a bit, at an angle to the bottom plane of which the slit holes 17 cut second slots 23, which do not extend to the surface of the field to be treated. These slots communicate through subsoil water storage tanks 23, inclined 21 and vertical 20 slots with open moisture-holding containers in the form of intermittent grooves 24.

When using the method of anti-erosion autumn finches and an aggregate with a set of interchangeable working bodies for its implementation, the safety of most of the crop residues on the field surface is ensured. This part, together with the embedded part of the crop residues, reliably covers the soil surface, reduces the temperature drop across the layers of the treated formation and protects the soil from water and wind erosion. At the same time, there is no need for mass burning of plant debris, as a result of which up to 350 thousand tons of pollutants are released into the atmosphere, including dioxides, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon oxides, benzopyrene, soot and other harmful substances. Therefore, the application of the method and the new unit has a positive effect on the environment and human health.

Literature

1. The main measures of soil conservation agriculture in the Rostov region // Recommendations DZNIISKH: - Publishing house “Voroshilovgradskaya Pravda”. - Voroshilovgrad - Rostov-on-Don. 1982.- 34 p.

2. Typical technological maps for the cultivation of agricultural crops on erosion-hazardous lands of the North Caucasus / Recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation: M .: Rosselkhozizdat. - 1978. - S. 74, 78, 82.

3. The method of anti-erosion autumn tillage and the unit for its implementation. P. No. 2200378 (Rykov V.B., Taranin V.I., Shchirov V.N., Yankovsky N.G., Chernov A.Ya.), Declared December 22, 2000. Publ. 03/20/2003. Bull. No. 8.

Claims (2)

1. A method of anti-erosion autumn cultivation of the soil, including peeling, deep main processing and small processing (cultivation) with cutting intermittent furrows, characterized in that after harvesting grain and other crops in fields with a slope of more than 5 °, peeling and shallow treatment are carried out to a depth up to 16 cm with simultaneous crumbling of blocks, compaction of the subsoil layer, mulching and leveling, and in September-November they perform deep main processing in the fields with simultaneous cutting of vertical cracks to a depth of 40 cm, cutting inclined slots, the formation of water storage tanks in the subsoil layer and form holes on the surface, with intermittent grooves being connected with vertical slots. 2. The unit for anti-erosion autumn tillage, including a hitch, frame, support wheels, working bodies, characterized in that it has interchangeable working bodies in the form of disk batteries, narrow gripping paws, rod-gear drum with equalizer, the blades of which are mounted at an angle of 30 ° to the axis of the drum, and rippers with a chisel to form vertical and inclined cracks and water storage capacity.

Images