RU2200378C2 - Erosion-preventive method and apparatus for fall plowing of soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: method involves providing shelling, basic deep tillage and shallow cultivation combined with furrow cutting; upon cereal harvesting, providing simultaneously shelling, shallow soil cultivation to depth of 16 cm, crumbing of soil lumps, compaction, leveling and mulching of upper layer; in autumn, providing deep soil tillage of soil in fields on 5 deg slopes to depth of 35 cm with following forming of horizontal drains-moles, holes and interrupted furrows. Apparatus has hitch, carrier wheels, carrier system and replaceable working tools such as disk batteries, flat narrow hoes, hoes equipped with mole-formers, spiked roller and leveling drum. Blades of leveling drum are arranged at an angle α of 30 deg or 90 deg and may be fixed to drum shaft. EFFECT: increased efficiency, reduced soil erosion and provision for keeping moisture in root layer of soil. 3 cl, 9 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agricultural production and agricultural machinery, in particular to methods for autumn tillage and tillage combined units.

There is a method of anti-erosion autumn cultivation of soil (The main measures of soil-protective agriculture in the Rostov region // Recommendations DZNIISKH: - Publishing house "Voroshilovgradskaya Pravda. - Voroshilovgrad - Rostov-on-Don, 1982, 34 S.), including peeling, the main deep processing on a depth of 20-22 cm with simultaneous rolling, cultivation with harrowing, and then autumn cultivation to a depth of 12-14 cm with simultaneous articulation of water-holding tanks on sloping fields up to 5 ^o .

 A well-known complex of machines and tools for implementing the known method (Typical technological maps for cultivating agricultural crops on erosion-hazardous lands of the North Caucasus / Recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation: M. - Rosselkhozizdat. - 1978, - p. 74, 78 , 82), including the LDG-15 disk cultivator, the PLP-6-35 plow and devices for intermittent furrows PPB-0.6, which are hung on the cultivator.

The disadvantages of the known method of anti-erosion autumn tillage include the violation of largely vegetation cover. In the fields treated by this method, not only wind erosion, but also water erosion develops, namely: on fields located on slopes with a slope of 1-3 ^o , the streaky-planar nature of erosion appears on slope fields. The flow of running water does not prevent even intermittent furrows. This is due to the fact that ordinary chernozems in the autumn-winter period are self-compacting, the absorption capacity of the soil decreases, soil particles of the walls of the furrows and lintels crumble to the bottom, reducing their water retention capacity. Therefore, the water of precipitation overflows the tank, erodes the lintels and flows down the slope. In this case, nutrients are carried out from the root horizon. On such sloping, depleted fields treated in a known manner, a negative balance of nitrogen and organic matter is formed - soil fertility is reduced.

The disadvantages of the known complex of machines and tools for performing anti-erosion machining should include the fact that:
when using the LDG-15 disk cultivator, stubble is not only damaged and the amount of erosion-hazardous soil particles increases on the field surface, and the required processing depth of 6-8 cm is not provided on dry soils;
when plowing plow PLP-6-35, plow stubble not damaged by the plow and other crop residues are dumped by the plow body blade into the furrow and covered with a soil layer. The treated field surface is "open" without plant debris, so wind erosion develops. In addition, unproductive moisture loss occurs from such a surface, which leads to a decrease in moisture reserves in the root horizon;
when using a steam cultivator KPS-4 with harrows, a moisture-saving soil layer is not created, which leads to intensive evaporation of moisture;
when using the cultivator KPS-4 with the device PPB-0.6 for the formation of intermittent grooves, water erosion on the slopes to a certain extent is reduced to 5 ^o , but wind erosion on the field treated in this way manifests itself to a large extent. In addition, intermittent furrows make it difficult to carry out pre-sowing treatment in the spring.

To eliminate these shortcomings and obtain the desired result after harvesting grain and other crops in fields with a slope of up to 5 ^o, peeling and fine tillage are carried out to a depth of 16 cm with simultaneous crumbling of blocks, compaction of the subsurface layer, mulching and leveling, and in October they produce deep tillage to a depth of 35 cm with the formation of horizontal drain-molehills and the formation of dimples and intermittent furrows.

A unit for implementing the method, including a hitch, a bearing system, support wheels, working bodies, characterized in that the unit has interchangeable working bodies in the form of disk batteries, flat-cutting narrow-gripping paws, a bar-gear roller, a leveling drum, the blades of which are mounted at an angle α = 30 ^o or 90 ^o with the possibility of their fixation to the axis of the drum, paws with movers.

 Sequential execution of operations: peeling, fine tillage to a depth of 16 cm, compaction of the subsurface soil layer, mulching of the upper layer and leveling of the surface of the cultivated field is carried out after harvesting the previous crop, forms a moisture-accumulating, moisture-saving soil layer that lasts a long time (from the moment of performing these operations prior to deep processing) preserves and accumulates moisture, eliminates the manifestation of water and wind erosion on the treated field and contributes to accumulation of nutrients in the soil.

 Performing these operations at the same time reduces the compaction and spraying of the soil structure by the movers of tractors and tillage machines.

 Performing deep tillage with the simultaneous formation of horizontal drains-molehills or cutting cracks and the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the field surface can not only reduce moisture loss, but also lay the soil fractions in layers, the upper of which eliminates the manifestation of water and wind erosion.

 The installation on the carrier system of an aggregate of disk batteries, flat-cutting narrow-gripping paws, a bar-gear roller and a leveling drum makes it possible to carry out four or more single operations in one pass of the unit, and reduce the number of passes of tillage units across the field.

 The installation of removable paws with movers and a leveling drum, in which the blades alternate with pyramidal teeth, provides deep tillage to a depth of 35 cm with the formation of horizontal drains, moles and the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the soil surface, increasing the wind resistance of the treated layer.

 In FIG. 1 shows the technological process of shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm.

In FIG. 3 shows the technological process of deep tillage with the formation of horizontal drain-molehills and the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the surface of slope fields up to 5 ^o .

 In Fig.2, 4, sectional views of the reservoir aa, bb, Fig.1, 3.

 Figure 5 presents the unit, the supporting system of which is equipped with interchangeable working bodies for small tillage (perspective view).

 Figure 6 shows a paw with movers (top view).

 7 shows a drum equalizer.

 In FIG. Figures 8 and 9 show the fastening of interchangeable working bodies: a flat-cutting narrow-gripping paw, paws with movers, on the carrier system of the unit with a single hollow rack.

 The proposed method of anti-erosion autumn finches is carried out in the following sequence.

For processing slope fields with a slope of up to 5 ^o . After harvesting cereal crops and other crops at the same time (see Fig. 1), stubble cultivation is carried out to a depth of 6-8 cm, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, crumbling blocks and compaction of the subsurface soil layer, mulching of the upper layer and leveling of the soil surface . Soil treated in this way is able to retain moisture in the lower layer for a long time and successfully resist the negative effects of wind and water on the soil, since the mulching top layer freely passes the water of precipitation, and stubble and crop residues reduce the wind speed in the surface layer. Then, in the month of October, as the temperature drops, when the evaporation rate approaches minimum, deep tillage is performed to a depth of 35 cm (see Figs. 3, 4) with the simultaneous formation of horizontal drains and moles and the formation of holes and intermittent grooves on the surface of the soil.

The unit for implementing the method of anti-erosion machining includes a hitch 1, (see Fig. 5), support wheels 2, a supporting system 3, on which replaceable working bodies are installed in a sequential arrangement: disk batteries 4, plane-cutting narrow-gripping legs 5, rod-toothed roller 6, drum equalizer 7. In addition, the set of working bodies of the unit includes a replaceable paw 8 (see Fig.6) with movers 9. It should be noted that the feature of the drum equalizer is that the blades 10 are installed at an angle α to axis b Rabban (7 cm.), depending on the type of operation the angle α can be varied from 0 ^o to 90 ^o: mulching at an angle of 90 ^o, with hand-made article discontinuous grooves - angle α≤30 ^o. To the left and to the right of the blades 10 of the leveling drum, the pyramidal teeth 12 are located on the rods 11. Ploskorezhy narrowly gripping legs, legs with movers are connected to the carrier system 3 of the unit by means of a telescopic rack 13 (see Fig. 8, 9).

When performing agrotechnical methods of the method of anti-erosion machining, removable disk batteries 4 are installed on the carrier system of the unit (see Fig. 1), removable plane-cutting narrow-gripping legs 5, and then the rod-gear roller 6 and the drum leveling unit 7. The unit with these working bodies performs peeling, shallow tillage to a depth of 16 cm, leaving most of the crop residues on the soil surface, crumbling blocks, compaction of the subsurface soil layer and leveling of the field surface with mulching in rhnego layer. After finishing the small tillage, the working bodies are dismantled (4, 5, 6), and two rows of interchangeable legs with movers are installed on the carrier system of the unit (see Figs. 3, 6, 9), and on the drum 7, the blades 10 are moved from the position α = 90 ^o to the position α = 30 ^o (see Fig. 7). When moving along a pre-treated slope field to 5 ^{o, the} paws 8 are deepened by the size of the loosened layer to 35 cm, the roots of perennial weeds are cut (see Fig. 3) and horizontal moleholes are formed under the soil layer (see Fig. 4), the surface of the soil is the formation of holes and intermittent grooves with a drum equalizer 7.

 When using the method of anti-erosion autumn finches and an aggregate with a set of removable and removable working bodies for its implementation, the safety of most of the crop residues on the field surface is ensured. This part, together with the embedded part of the crop residues, reliably covers the soil surface, reduces the temperature drop across the layers of the treated formation and protects the soil from water and wind erosion. At the same time, there is no need for mass burning of plant residues, as a result of which up to 350 thousand tons of pollutants are released into the atmosphere, including dioxides, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon oxides, benzopyrene, soot and other harmful substances. Therefore, the application of the method and the new unit has a positive effect on the environment and human health.

Claims (2)

1. A method of anti-erosion autumn cultivation of the soil, including peeling, deep basic processing, small processing (cultivation) with cutting intermittent furrows, characterized in that after harvesting grain and other agricultural crops in fields with a slope of up to 5 ^{o, the} peeling and small tillage are carried out on depth to 16 cm with simultaneous crumbling of blocks, compaction of the subsurface layer, mulching and leveling, and in October, deep tillage is performed to a depth of 35 cm with the formation of horizontal drains holes and the formation of holes and intermittent grooves. 2. The unit for anti-erosion autumn tillage, including a hitch, a bearing system, support wheels, characterized in that the unit has interchangeable working bodies in the form of disk batteries, flat-cutting narrow paws, a bar-gear roller, a leveling drum, the blades of which are mounted at an angle α = 30 ^o or 90 ^o to the axis of the drum with the possibility of their fixation, and legs with movers.

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