RU2227965C1 - Method and apparatus for cultivation of cucurbitaceous crops - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture and agricultural engineering, in particular, cultivation of cucurbitaceous crops on light soil and water and wind eroded soil. SUBSTANCE: method involves tilling soil; sowing while cutting guiding furrow; providing interrow cultivation; harvesting fruits; upon laying of vines in rows, providing fine spraying for applying thin layers of micro- and macro elements during interrow soil cultivation procedure, said fine spraying being executed from, for instance, solution of natural bischofite mineral at the rate of 0.2-0.5 l per 1 kg of vegetative sprout mass. Apparatus has transverse bars equipped with carrier wheels and adapted for attachment to tractor front and rear hangers, vine laying devices, left-hand and right-hand flat hoes, cultivator tools, and hiller bodies. Apparatus is further equipped with vessels for bischofite solution, drive pump and spraying booms. Booms are provided with angular oscillation drives and are arranged on rear transverse bar in parallel with direction of advancement of apparatus and above vine rows. EFFECT: increased efficiency, wider operational capabilities and simplified construction. 3 cl, 1 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and agricultural machinery and can be used in the cultivation of gourds, mainly watermelons, on light soils subject to water and wind erosion.

A device for processing row-spacing is known, comprising a frame and two pairs of paws with dumps mounted on it with a depth offset, the first of which is located above the second, the dumps of the first pair of paws inclined from the rows and the second to the rows, in which, in order to increase processing quality, it is equipped with a milling cutter located behind the second pair of paws for tillage at a depth equal to the depth of processing of the first pair of paws (SU, copyright certificate No. 948307. M.cl. ³ A 01 B 39/18, A 01 B 49/02. Declared 05.08.80; Published 07.02.82. No. 29).

The disadvantages of this device include limited functionality and low quality soil tillage between rows. Considering the design and the technological process carried out by it in relation to the cultivation of melons in the south of Russia, it should be noted that weeds in the rows are not destroyed, and the lashes are damaged. To destroy weeds in the aisles, it is necessary first of all to remove the lashes of melons.

A device for weeding is known, comprising working bodies mounted on a frame by means of a drive shaft and arranged at an angle to each other, the working surfaces of which are made with corrugations for interacting with each other, in which, in order to improve the quality of weeding, the device is equipped with springs mounted on the frame relative to it by rollers, and each of the working bodies is made in the form of a disk pivotally connected to the shaft and spring-loaded relative to it, while the disks are placed between the rollers for interactions tviya with them; the hinge connecting the disk to the shaft is made spherical; the corrugated surface of each disk is made of elastic material (SU, copyright certificate No. 1545361 A1 Mcl ⁵ A 01 B 39/18. Declared December 16, 88; Publish. September 30, 90. No. 36).

The disadvantages of this device include the low technological reliability of removing weeds in the rows of melons and mechanical damage to the lashes.

A device for thinning seedlings of sugar beets is also known, each section of which includes a rotary working body for thinning seedlings and loosening working bodies for inter-row cultivation, equipped with protective shields, in which, for the purpose of better soil cultivation in rows and rows, the protective shields of loosening working bodies have oval sides bent towards the cutting blade, and a spring harrow is installed behind the loosening working bodies (SU, copyright certificate No. 380258. M.cl. A 01 B 41/04, A 01 B 49/02. Declared 0 7.07.69; Publ. 15.05.73. No. 21).

The described device design is not acceptable for the cultivation of gourds. Seeds immediately sow with great mutual removal. 2-3 seeds are sown in each nest.

A known layer, including a wedge-shaped body with converging sidewalls, in which, in order to reduce the loading of lashes and soil, the sidewalls are made in the form of chain-fingered contours covering the drive sprockets, and the body is equipped with a controversial-copying wheel, the axis of which is connected with the indicated asterisks (SU , copyright certificate No. 441003. Claimed 01/18/73; Publ. 30.08.74. No. 32).

The disadvantages of this litter are the low efficiency of the removal of the rows of rows of lashes in the rows of melons.

There is also a known working element for the whip stacker, including the whip lifter and a guide, the wing of which has the shape of an oblique gutter with an inner surface facing a row of plants, in which, in order to prevent damage to the screech by clods of soil, the whip lifter is made in the form of a half cone with the end bent down and the guide - in the form of a vertically located half cylinder mated along generatrix with vertical walls (SU, copyright certificate No. 528897 M.Kl. ² A 01 B 13/04, A 01 B 39/26. Announced 04/03/75; Publ. 25.09.76. No. 35).

The disadvantages of this litter are the low quality of the removal of lashes from the row-spacings and their mechanical damage.

Also known is a tool for plant care in rows, containing a U-shaped frame in the form of hollow pipes, in which rotary shafts with working bodies fixed at their ends are placed, in which, in order to improve the quality of plant care and the stability of the unit's progress when working on slopes, the gun is equipped with a feeding body in the form of a rotary thrower, which is installed in front of the working bodies on the side of them and has a horizontal axis of rotation that coincides with the direction of movement, and the working bodies are made in the form of shorting wires that connect they are telescopically with swivel shafts and spring-loaded relative to them, and skis are installed in the front of the shorts (SU, copyright certificate No. 652922. M.kl ² A 01 B 13/02, A 01 B 15/20, A 01 B 13/04. Declared 10.10.77; Publ. 25.03.79. No. 11).

Considering this tool as a working body for the removal of lashes of melons from row-spacings, it should be noted that large mechanical damage to lashes is caused primarily by the blades of a rotary thrower.

The closest analogue in terms of melon cultivation technology is a method that includes pre-sowing cultivation of the soil, sowing with cutting of the guide furrow, inter-row cultivation of the soil and harvesting of fruits, in which according to the invention the guide furrow is formed with sealing of the side walls and the formation of berms on the sides of the furrow, compaction of the side the walls continue with inter-row processing, and the furrow is used as a guide for mechanized harvesting of fruits (RU, patent No. 2121254 C1. IPC ⁶ A 01 B 79/02, 49/06. Stated 10. 12.96; publ. 10.11.98).

The disadvantages of this technology, which we adopted as the closest analogue, include the fact that, when cultivated, plants of melons are not subjected to foliar feeding with macro- and microelements. The results of studies have established that the latter have a significant impact on crop quality and the nutritional value of watermelon, melon, pumpkin.

A device for caring for crops of melons, including hanging on the front and rear hinges of the tractor transverse bars with support wheels, braiding machines, left and right flat-cut legs, cultivating working bodies and hilling bodies (see book V.I. Malyukov. Mechanization of melon farming . - Volgograd: Nizhne-Volzhsk book of publishing house, 1982. - 184 p. - S.41-63, Fig. 13). We accepted this device as the closest analogue.

The disadvantages of this unit include limited functionality. It is not suitable for feeding gourds plants with macro- and microelements during care.

The technical problem is to increase efficiency and expand the functionality of the method and device for its implementation.

EFFECT: increased productivity and quality of fruits.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that in the method, including pre-sowing tillage, sowing with cutting of the guide furrow, inter-row tillage and harvesting of fruits, according to the invention, after laying the lashes in rows when performing inter-row tillage in the row-spacings, micro and macronutrients, for example, from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite with a norm of 0.2-0.5 liters per 1 kg of the mass of vegetative shoots.

A device for carrying out the method, comprising transverse bars with support wheels mounted on the front and rear hitch of the tractor, braiding machines, left- and right-hand flat-cutting legs, cultivating working bodies and hilling bodies, according to the invention, the unit is equipped with bischofite solution containers, a drive pump equipped with angle drives swing rods placed on the rear transverse beam parallel to the direction of movement of the unit and above the rows of lashes.

The invention is illustrated in the drawing, which schematically shows the unit for foliar feeding of gourds, plan view.

The method of cultivation of gourds, mainly watermelons, is implemented as follows. According to traditional technology, in the early spring, pre-sowing cultivation of the soil is carried out, aimed at the mechanical destruction of weeds and the preservation of soil moisture reserves in the root horizon. Sowing seeds is carried out with cutting one or two guide furrows. Thanks to the guide furrows, inter-row cultivation of the soil is carried out with the minimum dimensions of the protective zones. On these furrows carry out selective harvesting of fruits.

After laying the lashes in rows 1 with a strip width of b ₁ when performing 2-row tillage in rows between rows of width B, micro and macro elements are applied with a fine spray, for example, from a solution of natural mineral bischofite with a rate of 0.20 ... 0.50 l per 1 kg of mass of vegetative shoots.

After applying the bischofite solution to the leaves and shoots of watermelon, the whip 3 is laid out with a whip layer in row spacing 2. Selective harvesting of watermelons is carried out using guiding furrows.

The unit for cultivation of melons and gourds contains mounted on the front and rear hinges 4 and 5 of the tractor 6 transverse bars 7 and 8 with the support wheels 9. On the beam 7 mounted laminators 10 for laying lashes 3 in rows 1. On the beam 8 mounted left and right plane cutting paws 11 and 12, cultivating working bodies 13 and hilling bodies 14.

The unit is equipped with tanks 15 and 16 for bischofite solution, a drive pump 17, equipped with an angular swing drive 18, rods 19, 20 and 21 with spray guns 22 for finely dispersed bischofite spray. The rod 19-21 is placed on the rear transverse beam 8 parallel to the direction of movement of the unit and above rows 1 of lashes 3.

The angular swing drive 16 contains a crank 23 on the axis 24 of the support wheel 9, blocks 25 and 26 for changing the direction of movement of the rope 27 and the elastic element 28 in the form of a tension spring and a tension device 29.

Tanks 15 and 16 are mutually connected by a sleeve 30. Sleeve 31 hydraulically through a valve 32 connects the tank 16 to the pump 17. The rods 19-21 with the pump 17 are connected by flexible sleeves 33.

Rods 19-21 on the beam 8 are mounted by means of bearings. Each rod 19 (20, 21) has a crank, through which it is kinematically connected with the rope 27. On each rod 19 there are three nozzles 22.

The sprayers 22 on the rod 19 (20, 21) are mounted with mutual angular displacement and in the direction of movement. The angular displacement of the nozzles 22 from a vertical plane is made within ± 30 °. The angular swing drive 18 contributes to a change in the position of the nozzles 22 by an angle of ± 15 ° from the initial position.

The unit for the cultivation of gourds works as follows.

When the unit moves along the guiding furrows, the layer 10 lays the whips 3 from row spacing 2 in rows 1 to a strip of width b ₁ . When the pump 17 is operating, the bischofite solution from the tanks 15 and 16 through the valve 32 through the flexible sleeves 31 and 33 enters the cavity of the rods 19, 20, 21. When the unit moves forward with the axis 24 of the rotating support wheel 9, the crank 23 of the mechanism 18 is rotated. 23 leads to tension or weakening of the rope 27. Blocks 25 and 26 change the direction of movement and the position of the rope 27 in such a way that they lead to the swinging position of the rod 19, 20 and 21.

When turning the crank 23, the rods 19, 20, 21 change their angular position. Moreover, each sprayer 22 changes its position to the horizontal in the transverse vertical plane. The finely dispersed bischofite is directed by a torch at various angles to the surface of strip b ₁ from row 1 and to the shoots and lashes of 3 watermelons. Particles of bischofite solution in the form of fog watermelon plants are washed from all sides with a minimum flow of working fluid. The applied micro and macro elements of bischofite first adhere and then are absorbed by the cells of the watermelon lashes. The content of macro- and microelements in bischofite solution is given in the table. As practice has shown, the rate of bischofite solution with a density of 1.2-1.4 t / m ³ in the range of 0.2 ... 0.5 l / kg of the mass of vegetative shoots is acceptable for all zoned varieties of watermelons for the conditions of the Lower Volga region of the Russian Federation. At a flow rate of less than 0.2 l / kg of shoots, only the leaf surface is covered. With a consumption rate of more than 0.5 l / kg of shoots of 70 ... 80% solution is applied to the surface of a row of plants. However, due to the aridity of the climate, bischofite does not reach the roots of the watermelon. Non-root treatment of watermelon shoots provides a steady yield increase of 18-27% with a grain size of more than 18 cm. Taste quality of fruits is estimated at 4.6-5.0 points.

Thus, the described set of essential features in terms of the method and in the technical means for its implementation ensure the achievement of the technical result described above.

Claims (2)

1. A method of cultivating gourds, including pre-sowing tillage, sowing with cutting of the guide furrow, inter-row tillage and harvesting, characterized in that after laying the lashes in rows when performing inter-row tillage in the row-spacings, micro- and macroelements are applied with a fine spray , for example, from a solution of the natural mineral bischofite, at a rate of 0.2-0.5 liters per 1 kg of the mass of vegetative shoots. 2. The unit for cultivation of melons, containing hanging on the front and rear hitch of the tractor transverse bars with support wheels, braiding machines, left and right flat-cutting legs, cultivating working bodies and hilling bodies, characterized in that the unit is equipped with containers for bischofite solution, driven a pump equipped with an angular swing drive and rods with sprays placed on the rear transverse beam parallel to the direction of movement and above the rows of lashes.