RU2775576C1 - Method for soil maintenance in spacings and rows of fruit plantations (options) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: inventions relate to the field of agriculture, in particular to fruit growing. The method for soil maintenance in spacings and rows of perennial fruit plantations includes carrying out agrotechnical treatments using tractor units and sowing with green manure, followed by embedding them in the soil by disking. The fruit zone of the row spacing soil in conditions of insufficient moisture is divided into a trunk strip, a “black steam” strip and a sideral strip. A trunk strip, 60-100 cm wide, is treated with herbicides in spring by 30-50 cm on both sides of the centerline of the row as early weeds appear and in autumn after fruit removal. The “black steam” strip with a width of 100-140 cm is processed mechanically using a garden cutter by 50-70 cm on both sides of the centerline of the row. For the winter, the sideral strip is sown with an oat-vetch mixture in an amount of 100 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha, respectively, or 160 kg/ha wintering peas, or 14 kg/ha phacelia, or 18 kg/ha mustard, which are plowed in the flowering phase when the yield of their green mass is greatest, after initially grinding the plants with rotary mowers–shredders. Then, plowing is carried out with dump plows to a depth of 18-22 cm, in the future, the soil of the sideral strip is kept under black steam until the next winter green manure is sown. In the second variant of the method for maintaining the soil in spacings and rows of perennial fruit plantations, the fruit zone of the row spacing soil in conditions of sufficient moisture and on the slopes is divided into a trunk strip, a strip of “black steam” and a strip of “natural grassing-down”. At the same time, a trunk strip, 60-100 cm wide, is treated by 30-50 cm on both sides of the centerline of the row with herbicides in spring as early weeds appear and in autumn after fruit removal. The “black steam” strip with a width of 100-140 cm is processed mechanically by 50-70 cm on both sides of the centerline of the row using a garden cutter. A strip of “natural grassing-down” is left under a natural herbage with regular mowing when it reaches a height of 20-25 cm.

EFFECT: methods provide a reduction in labor costs by ensuring the protection of the rind of bodies of trees when using agricultural machines when performing agrotechnical soil treatments.

2 cl, 1 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to horticulture, and in particular to the content of the soil in the aisles and in the rows of fruit plantations.

It is known that the system of keeping the soil between rows under black fallow, including the main autumn (plowing, loosening), spring-summer surface (cultivation, harrowing) tillage, is costly and environmentally harmful (compacting and destructuring, soil degradation), therefore, such a system of maintaining row spacings is abandoned. (Metlitsky ZA Agricultural technology of fruit crops. Edition 2. - M.: Kolos, 1973), since constant steam treatment (plowing) leads to mineralization and loss of soil organic matter (death of microorganisms).

A well-known parosideral system for maintaining soil between rows, which involves sowing green manure crops in row spacings for "green" fertilizer, followed by embedding them in the soil (RU 2029453 C1, 27.02.1995; RU 2239965 C1, 2004). Due to the high labor intensity and costs of sowing and incorporating green manure crops into the soil, such a system of maintaining row spacing requires replacement.

A sod-humus system is known from the prior art, which involves the use of naturally growing or sown cultivated grasses and periodic (up to 6 times) mowing them in the spring-summer months (Buzoverov A.V. Annual grasses are a source of organic matter for garden soils // Horticulture and viticulture, M., 1998, No. 4, S. 9-10; RU 2381640 C1, 07/31/2010). Such a system (technology), although it allows increasing soil fertility by introducing plant residues into the soil, does not ensure the preservation of moisture in the soil, excessively compacts the soil, and requires high costs for its cultivation (plowing, cultivation, harrowing, sowing).

Also known are technical solutions that provide for the treatment of tree trunks with herbicides using agricultural products. equipment (RF patent No. 2739156, 2021) and the use of winter green manure with their subsequent incorporation into the soil (RF patent No. 2739156, 2021).

A known method of soil cultivation between rows and rows of perennial plantations, including carrying out various agrotechnical treatments using tractor units and sowing green manure in the form of a vetch-oat mixture, followed by embedding them in the soil by disking (RF patent No. 2171559, class A01B 79/02, 2001 g. - prototype).

A common disadvantage of all of the above technologies is damage to the bark of tree boles when using agricultural products. machines for carrying out agrotechnical activities, which leads to additional costs for the restoration of fruit trees.

The technical result is the reduction of labor costs, due to the protection of the bark of boles of trees when using S.-x. machines when performing agrotechnical tillage.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of maintaining the soil between rows and rows of perennial plantations in the first variant, including carrying out various agrotechnical treatments using tractor units and sowing green manure in the form of a vetch-oat mixture, followed by embedding them into the soil by disking, according to the invention, fruit the soil zone between the rows in conditions of insufficient moisture is divided into a near-trunk strip, a black fallow strip and a green manure strip, while the near-trunk strip 60-100 cm wide, 30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row is treated with herbicides, taking into account the composition of weeds , the "black fallow" strip 100-140 cm wide, 50-70 cm on both sides of the center line of the row is mechanically processed using a garden cutter, for the winter the green manure strip is sown with a vetch-oat mixture in an amount of 100 kg / ha and 50 kg/ha or other winter green manures that are plowed in the flowering phase, when the yield of their green mass is the highest, preliminary after crushing the plants with rotary mowers-choppers, then plowing with moldboard plows to a depth of 18-22 cm, then the soil of the green manure strip is kept under black fallow until the next winter green manure is sown, and in the second variant in the method of maintaining soil between rows and rows of perennial plantations, including carrying out various agrotechnical treatments using tractor units according to the invention, the fruit zone of the soil between rows in conditions of sufficient moisture and on the slopes is divided into a near-stem strip, a “black fallow” strip and a “natural sodding” strip, while the near-trunk strip is 60-100 cm wide, 30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row are treated with herbicides, taking into account the composition of the weeds, the "black fallow" strip 100-140 cm wide, 50-70 cm on both sides of the center line of the row is treated mechanically using a garden cutter, and a strip of "natural turf" is left under natural herbage, with regular mowing when reaching a height of 20-25 cm.

The novelty of the proposed method is due to the fact that due to the complex of measures carried out in the proposed technical solution, the bark of the trunk of trees is protected when using s.-x. machines.

The features that distinguish the claimed technical solution from the prototype are aimed at achieving a technical result and have not been identified in the study of this and related fields of science and technology and, therefore, meet the criterion of "inventive step".

The inventive method is recommended for use in fruit growing, namely in nurseries for organic cultivation of seedlings, which meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

The method of soil maintenance between rows and rows of perennial plantations is carried out as follows

In the first variant, the fruit zone of the soil between the rows in conditions of insufficient moisture is divided into a near-trunk strip, a strip of "black fallow" and a green manure strip, while the near-trunk strip is 60-100 cm wide, 30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row is treated herbicides, taking into account the composition of weeds. Replacing mechanical treatment with chemical allows you to destroy weeds and not inhibit the growth of cultivated plants. High efficiency of chemical treatment is achieved through the use of a low-volume sprayer with a working fluid flow rate of 20-60 l/ha. Withered weeds create an above ground cover that allows you to protect the aisle from direct sunlight and, as a result, reduce moisture evaporation and cracking of the soil, as well as prevent the growth of second wave weeds.

The next strip "black steam" is made 100-140 cm wide, 50-70 cm on both sides of the center line of the row, processed mechanically using a garden cutter.

For the winter, the green manure strip is sown with a vetch-oat mixture in an amount of 100 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha, respectively, or other winter green manure crops, which are plowed in the flowering phase, when the yield of their green mass is the largest, after crushing the plants with rotary mowers-choppers, then carry out plowing with moldboard plows to a depth of 18-22 cm, then the soil of the green manure strip is kept under black fallow until the next winter green manure is sown.

In the second variant, in the method of maintaining soil between rows and rows of perennial plantations, including carrying out various agrotechnical treatments using tractor units according to the invention, the fruit zone of the soil between rows, under conditions of sufficient moisture and on slopes, is divided into a near-stem strip, a "black fallow" strip, and a " natural turfing", while the trunk strip 60-100 cm wide, 30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row is treated with herbicides, taking into account the composition of weeds, the "black fallow" strip 100-140 cm wide, 50-70 cm from both sides from the center line of the row are processed mechanically using a garden cutter, and the strip of “natural sodding” is left under the natural herbage, with regular mowing when it reaches a height of 20-25 cm.

An example of a specific implementation of the proposed method

The method includes two options:

1st option. In conditions of insufficient moisture;

Option 2. In conditions of sufficient moisture and on slopes.

In both variants, in the rows of fruit plantations, the near-stem strip is made 60-100 cm wide (30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row) and is treated with herbicides, taking into account the composition of the weeds, twice in spring and autumn using the MDFB-20 herbicide mounted by the Belorus- 622. The next strip with a width of 100-140 cm (50-70 cm on both sides of the center line of the row) is mechanically processed as necessary with a garden cutter FA-0.76, also aggregated by the Belorus-622 tractor.

Thus, during the growing season, the trunk strip 0.8-1.2 m wide (on one side) or 1.6-2.4 m wide (on both sides) is in a clean and loose state, and the row spacing is 2.1 -2.9 m (at 4.5 m) for the winter is sown with vetch-oat mixture (100 kg +50 kg per hectare) or winter peas (160 kg per ha), or phacelia (14 kg/ha), or mustard ( 18 kg/ha).

The placement of winter green manure can be in each aisle of the orchard or through the aisle. Green manure smells in the flowering phase, when the green mass yield is the largest. Before embedding green manure into the soil, they are crushed by rotary mower-grinders IKS-1.5 A, IKS-3 or KRS-2.5A. Plowing is carried out with moldboard plows to a depth of 18-22 cm. Later, the soil between rows is kept in black fallow until the next winter green manure is sown.

Rationale for the effectiveness of the proposed method.

With traditional technology, the soil in the rows is kept under herbicide or black fallow. In the first case, the water-air regime deteriorates, and the yield decreases. In the second, with prolonged use of black steam, soil fertility decreases, surface roots are destroyed near the tree stem and the mechanisms used (FS-0.9, PYAT-0.6, OH-10, etc.) that move the working bodies away from the stem due to poor performance hydraulic systems significantly (from 12 to 32%) damage the bark of a tree trunk, which leads to additional costs for the restoration of fruit trees (up to 25,500 rubles per 1 ha) (table).

As the numerical data of the table show, on average 2018-2020 in the apple orchard of the Golden Delicious variety on the rootstock MM-106 with a planting scheme of 5 × 2 m (1000 trees / ha) with 3-fold processing of the near-trunk strip with a width of 2.4 m (1.2 + 1.2 m), spent 1266.8 rubles, with a black steam system - 2038.0 rubles. and at the same time, damage was recorded to 17% of trees, for the restoration of which an additional 25,500 rubles were spent. or when using this system, 27839.2 rubles were spent per 1 ha.

The recommended technology provides for a combined system of soil maintenance in tree trunks. So, near the trunk, on both sides of the center line to a width of 100 cm (50 cm + 50 cm), the soil against weeds was treated with herbicides (Roundup - 2 l/ha + Stomp - 3 l/ha) in spring as early weeds appeared and in autumn after harvesting fruits. Behind the herbicidal strip 140 cm wide (70 cm + 70 cm), the trunk strip was treated with various mechanisms without a hydraulic system (FS-0.9, PYAT-0.6, OH-10), which doubled labor productivity without damaging the stems.

Thus, the recommended technology of keeping soil in the tree trunks reduced production costs by 1.76 times compared to herbicide fallow and by 38.4 times compared to black fallow.

Claims (2)

1. A method of maintaining soil between rows and rows of perennial fruit plantations, including carrying out agrotechnical treatments using tractor units and sowing green manure with their subsequent incorporation into the soil by disking, characterized in that the fruit zone of the soil between rows in conditions of insufficient moisture is divided into a near-trunk strip, a strip "black fallow" and on the green manure strip, while the near-trunk strip 60-100 cm wide, 30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row is treated with herbicides in the spring as early weeds appear and in autumn after the fruit is harvested, the "black fallow" strip is wide 100-140 cm, 50-70 cm on both sides of the center line of the row, they are mechanically processed using a garden cutter; for the winter, the green manure strip is sown with vetch-oat mixture in the amount of 100 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha, respectively, or with wintering peas 160 kg/ha , or phacelia 14 kg/ha, or mustard 18 kg/ha, which are plowed in the flowering phase, when the yield of their green mass is the largest, preliminary After crushing the plants with rotary mowers-choppers, then plowing is carried out with moldboard plows to a depth of 18-22 cm, then the soil of the green manure strip is kept under black fallow until the next winter green manure is sown. 2. A method of maintaining soil between rows and rows of perennial fruit plantations, including carrying out agrotechnical treatments using tractor units, characterized in that the fruit zone of the soil between rows, under conditions of sufficient moisture and on slopes, is divided into a near-stem strip, a strip of "black fallow" and a strip of " natural turfing", while the near-stem strip 60-100 cm wide, 30-50 cm on both sides of the center line of the row, is treated with herbicides in the spring as early weeds appear and in the fall after the fruit is harvested, the "black fallow" strip 100-140 cm wide along 50-70 cm on both sides of the center line of the row are processed mechanically using a garden cutter, and the strip of "natural sodding" is left under the natural herbage with regular mowing when it reaches a height of 20-25 cm.