SU1761014A1 - Corn cultivating method - Google Patents

Abstract

Usage: in the cultivation of corn for grain and silage in regions with acute deficiency of moisture in the soil. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: tillage after emergence of shoots includes two cultivations. The first one is carried out in the phase of 5-6 leaves with the formation of a scoil on the axis of a row of plants 5-6 cm in height; the second is carried out in the phase of 8-10 leaves with the formation of a shaft with a height of 8-10 cm on the protective zone. Between the bottom, the treatment consists in leveling the soil and deep loosening to a depth of 8-10 cm. 8 Il., 5 tab.

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of maize for grain and silage in regions with acute deficiency of moisture in the soil.

The purpose of the invention is to increase the yield of yields due to the effective destruction of weeds in the protective zone and the preservation of moisture.

FIG. 1 shows the Volgograd corn planting scheme: 2-70 + 140 + 2x x 70 and 140 ..; in fig. 2 is a section A-A in FIG. one; the surface of the floor before the first cultivation with inter-day care; in fig. 3 - section 5-B in FIG. one; surface of the floor after the first cultivation; in fig. 4 — node I in FIG. 3 formation of the soil soil ridge during the first cultivation; in fig. 5 - the same, when forming the shaft above the protective zone during the final cultivation; in fig. 6 - working tool for cutting weeds and filling them in a protective zone; in fig. 7 - the same, side view; in fig. 8 is a view along arrow B in FIG. 6

Example 1. The predecessor is winter wheat. Immediately after harvesting the winter crops, peeling of the soil to a depth of 6-8 cm or direct treatment with a flat cutter to a depth of 10-12 cm is carried out. It is applied to organic and mineral fertilizers. It is deeply plowed. As the emergence of weeds emerges, cultivation of 6-8 cm is used. In order to improve the water permeability of the soil, in the autumn deep loosening of the cultivators or tilter-free plowing is done by 16 ... 18 cm.

In carrying fertilizers, pre-sowing tillage is carried out in accordance with the requirements of agricultural engineering.

For sowing, seeds of drought resistant maize hybrids are used. Sowing begins when the soil at a depth of 10 cm has a temperature of +10 ... 12 ° C. The sowing method is dashed, the width between the rows is 70 and 140 cm. Moreover, the sowing scheme is as follows: 2 times and 70 cm between the rows, the interval between them is 140 cm. The seeding rate is

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40-45 thousand units of viable seeds per 1 ha. The pre-sowing cultivation is carried out at a depth of 8 ... 10 cm. Accordingly, the seeds are bred to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm. Each field is seeded for 1 ... 2 days, which creates conditions for the quality of the subsequent work, After 3 ... 4 days after sowing, pre-emergence cultivation with harrowing is carried out. Earlier cultivation is not feasible, since it is during this period that weed shoots appear.

2 ... 3 days before the occurrence of seedlings of maize, when its seedlings reach a length of 3 ... 4 cm, pre-emergence harrowing is carried out by medium harrows diagonally to the sowing. This technique contributes to the destruction of weeds in the phase of filamentous seedlings. In the phase 3 ... 4 leaves of maize, pre-emergence harrowing with light harrows is carried out. Post harrowing is carried out diagonally at an angle of 35 ... 45 ° to the direction of the rows and at a minimum speed of the unit of 3 ... 4 km / h.

The first inter-row cultivation is carried out in the phase of 5 ... 6 leaves with the formation of a svalal ridge along the axis of a row of plants 5 ... 6 cm in height. The depth of cultivation between the rows should be 8 ... 10 cm. The second cultivation is carried out in the phase 8 .., 10 leaves to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm, depending on the condition of the soil, the weediness of the intergrowths and protective zones.

During the growing season, measures are being taken to protect maize from pests and diseases. In tab. Figure 1 shows the yield of corn grain as a function of the height of the ridge ridge above the protection zone during the first, second and third cultivations. In tab. 2 shows the loss of moisture in the reduction of the yield of corn grain from the height of irregularities and the shape of the soil profile between x,

Table 3 shows the characteristics of weeds collected from 1 m of area along the length of a row of plants before the next mechanized agrotechnical reception.

For the conditions of the Lower Volga, in order to maximize the use of the sun's light energy and the edge effect, corn is planted between 70-1-140 cm between the rows as shown in FIG. 1. For sowing, both wheeled tractors of the MTZ family and tracked tractors of class 2.0 and 3.0 can be used. For seeding, the SUPN-6, SUPN-8, SPCh-6 serial forks can be equally used. With the dismantling of the third

and the sixth section for eight-edged villages and the second and fifth sections for six-way ones. Surface profile of the floor after sowing SUPN-8 in the unit with a tractor

MTZ-80 with a gauge of 1400 mm is shown in FIG. 2. Inter-day cares are carried out by eight-way mounted plant cultivators KPH-5.6 with modified working bodies (Fig. 6-8), located in the middle part of the gradient sections of the cultivator sections. On the universal hoe 1, vertically at a distance of 120 mm, heaps 2 and 3 are fixed by weld seams. The profile of heaps 2 and 3 is shown in FIG.

5 8. The ends of the heaps on the blade of the paw 1 are placed at a distance of 480 mm, which fits into the HFb inter-space (Fig. 1), providing the area of B, B between the B2 and B at 1,400 mm, the paws 1 are placed in a checkerboard pattern, Fixed them genuinely graded the cultivator section.

During the first cultivation, the cultivator moves at a speed of 3.6 ... 4.7 km / h. The blades of the weed 1 paws are centered in the middle part of the rows. When the paw 1 is working in a distance of x B1 between 70 cm at the same time along the left 2 and right 3 dumps, the soil is shifted to the protective zone VB and due to the throwing energy it covers the soil layer S ... 6 cm by the protective zone 15 ... 16 cm (Fig. 3 and 4). In order to form the dumping ridge 5 from the side between the 1400 mm between the middle paw 1 is placed in front of the paws 1,

5 placed closer to the rows of plants 6 and 7. In this case, respectively, on the right blade of the left paw 1, on the left and right blade of the middle paw 1 and on the left blade of the right lancet paw 1 are not placed

0 dumps 3, 2 and 3, and 2.

The second cultivation is carried out by the same unit along the same track line 8 at a speed of 6 ... 7 km / h. As a result, a shaft 9 with a height of 8 ... 10 cm is formed, covering the protective

5 zone Bz (Fig. 5). At the same time, intensive crumbling of the soil occurs between the rows x, which contributes to leveling and mulching the surface between the rows. This ensures that

0 moisture in the soil. Shaft 9 makes it possible to form additional roots in the root parts of plants 6 and 7 and thus ensure their intensive development. The annual economic effect of the yield increase and

5 excluding costs for the purchase, storage and application of herbicides to combat weeds is 240 ... 280 rubles per hectare.

PRI mme R 2. The predecessor - winter wheat or rye. Immediately after the harvest of the spike crops, the peeling of the soil to a depth of 6 ... 8 cm is carried out. When clogging by root-weed weeds as they grow, a second peeling is carried out by plowing tools to a depth of 10 .., 12 cm. Plowing in all areas of the region held in September - the first half of October. The depth of plowing in the steppe zone of chernozem soils and the dry-steppe zone of dark chestnut soils is 27 ... 30 cm, in the dry steppe zone of chestnut soils it is 25 ... 27 cm. On floors exposed to various types of erosion, it is effective CibIME or chisel mounted on the frame of serial plows.

Depending on the moisture content of the zones of the region, 40 ... 60 t / ha of manure and mineral fertilizers N60., 90, P 60 ... 90, K 40 ... 90 are brought under the main autumn treatment. Mineral fertilizers give the greatest effect when applying the full rate of phosphate and potash and half of the nitrogen in the fall under the main treatment, the other half of the nitrogen fertilizer under the pre-sowing cultivation.

Spring before tillage is aimed at maximizing the preservation of moisture, creating a loose, mildly combed layer of soil, which ensures a good seal of seeds and the appearance of amicable shoots.

Pre-sowing tillage includes early spring harrowing, leveling (if necessary) and pre-sowing cultivation. The number and depth of cultivation depends on the degree of contamination and soil moisture. On the fields of slightly weedy annual weeds, one pre-sowing cultivation is carried out on the seed embedment depth (8 ... 10 cm) immediately before sowing.

In case of severe contamination by annual weeds, two cultivations are necessary. In the steppe zone of chernozem soils, the first early cultivation is carried out to a depth of 10 ... 12 cm, the second - just before sowing to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm. In other areas of the area, in order to avoid drying of the sowing layer of the soil, pre-sowing cultivation should be carried out from shallow to deep: the first cultivation to a depth of 5 ... 6 cm, the second - before sowing to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm with simultaneous rolling. Such a pre-sowing system allows you to destroy weeds as much as possible, create a mulching layer of soil, retain moisture in the sowing layer and get full, friendly corn shoots in the most arid years.

If the fields are strongly contaminated by briar weeds in all zones of the region, the first cultivation is carried out to a depth of 10 ... 12 cm with an obligatory rolling in the aggregate to reduce moisture loss from the seed layer of the soil, the Second cultivation to a depth of 8 ... 10 cm immediately before sowing.

Sowing is carried out according to the scheme 2 x 70 + 140

0 cm. In wide-range crops, more favorable light, food and water regimes of the soil are created, which ensures a better development of plants and increases their productivity. To get a given

5 sowing patterns in the FH-6M split overlap the second and fifth coulters, and with the use of SUPN-8, the third and sixth coulters. The length of the marker on this tractor is set taking into account the joint between 140 cm. These tanks are equipped with slits installed in the trail of the tractor. The sowing dates and sowing norms are similar to the first example.

Caring for crops includes rolling and inter-row treatments. The presence of guide slits allows for inter-treatment with the appearance of weeds before germination, and during mass germination with a small protective area (7 ... 10 cm from a row) without damage to seedlings and cutting of corn plants.

Subsequent inter-treatments are carried out in phases 5 ... 6 and 8 ... 10 leaves.

5 maize to a depth of not less than 8 ... 10 cm with a necessary hilling in rows with a cultivator equipped with shaving and lancet feet with blades. Deep loosening combined with hilling

0 creates a powerful mulch layer of soil that prevents the formation of cracks, destroys weeds in rows and inter-spacing, spud plants.

All this contributes to more productive use of soil moisture and increases the yield of maize, especially in the dry years by 15–20%. In tab. 4 shows data on the degree of damage to corn plants depending on

0 ways of inter-treatments.

Example 3. In the arid zone of the Lower Volga, maize hybrids should be used only from the early ripening group - Collective 147, Collective 150, Collective 160, Saratovsky 16, Dniprovsky 141, etc.

The use of early ripe hybrids allows not only to increase the productivity of maize, but also to significantly stabilize the grain yield even in dry years. In tab. 5 shows the yield of hybrids of various groups of ripening depending on moisture availability during the growing season of maize.

Example 4. Sowing of maize is carried out in the early stages (after sowing of early grain crops) with seeds treated with film-forming substances with the inclusion of fungicides. At this time of sowing, the corn grain matures by 12 .., 15 days earlier than at the optimum.

Claims (1)

The invention The method of cultivation of maize, including pre-sowing cultivation to the depth of seed planting, sowing of seeds, pre-emergence cultivation with harrowing and the subsequent maintenance of crops by seed and inter-soil tillage, characterized in that increasing yields due to the effective destruction of weeds in the protective zone and preserving moisture, the tillage of the soil is carried out by first cultivation in the phase of 5-6 leaves with the formation of a ridge ridge along the row axis of plants 5-6 cm in height and the second cultivation in phase 8- 10 leaves with the formation of a shaft with a height of 8-10 cm in the protective zone, and inter-row processing is carried out by leveling of the soil and deep loosening to a depth of 8-10 cm, Table 1 Table 3 Processing option Preplant cultivation + pre-harvest cultivation with harrowing + high-speed harrowing + two inter-row cultivations (control) Preplant cultivation + pre-emergence cultivation with harrowing + high-speed harrowing + first cultivation when leaving in the phase of 5 ... 6 leaves with the formation of a curved ridge along the axis of a row of plants 5 ... 6 cm in height with leveling and mulching of the soil between the spacing x + traditional cultivation bottom Preplanting cultivation + pre-harvest cultivation with harrowing + high-speed harrowing 4 first cultivations during treatments with the formation of a svaln ridge and leveling the soil between the x 8 hours - second cultivation in phase 8 ... O leaves with formation of a shaft 8 ... 10 cm high on the protective leveling zone and the soil between the x. Cultivating shoots Green mass of weeds, g / m2 Grain yield, kg / ha 23, 27.2 30.1 Table 4 Fig.Z Table 5 five I - / 7Vggch -v / XT - - V, .ffj1 // / t / iHf f /// JWf /////// //// /////// Pt / t4