RU2176862C1 - General-purpose tillage tool - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: general-purpose machine has frame made in the form of bar carrying (2n+1) guides, where n=1,2... of guides mounted perpendicular to bar longitudinal axis and adapted for displacement along bar. Double-level rippers are mounted on even guides for displacement in vertical plane. Rippers are made in the form of tine with pointed tip having curvature oriented in direction of movement of tillage tool. Flat hoe is located in ripper tine at side reverse to direction of movement of tillage tool. Flat hoe is positioned for displacement in vertical plane and changing angle of attack. Hillers are arranged rearward of double-level rippers for movement in vertical plane and rotation in longitudinal-vertical plane of tillage tool. Working tools are mounted on odd guides for movement along these guides. Odd guides are spring-loaded and mounted on frame through brackets so as to be rotated in longitudinal-vertical plane. Replaceable working tools are mounted on odd guides. Odd guides are longer than even guides. Tillage tool of such construction may be used in machines performing several agronomical operations for single pass. EFFECT: wider operational capabilities, provision for tillage of different soils for various crops, and increased efficiency. 4 cl, 10 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to machines that perform several agricultural operations in one pass.

 Known universal agricultural unit (US Pat. RF N 1727578, class A 01 B 49/00, 1990), containing a platform mounted on screw drums located in the longitudinal plane, in the rear part of the screw drums mounted tillage working bodies having a dump surface.

 This agricultural unit does not provide high-quality treatment of heavy and excessively moistened soils due to the lack of working bodies for deep loosening or slitting for softening of the subsoil layers of the soil and destruction of the plunger sole. In addition, the unit does not have the ability to work on stone-clogged soils due to breakdowns and clogging of screw drums by them.

 Known universal tillage aggregates APU-3,5 and APU-3,5-01 (New agricultural machinery. Catalog, Informationgrotech, M., 1998, p. 41), containing paws and disk sections mounted on a frame with support wheels and designed for resource-saving complex treatment of various soils, including heavy, dried, excessively moist, swam, littered with stones, during field work: under winter, spring and deciduous crops and instead of spring plowing.

 The presence of single-tier cultivating paws makes the machine unreliable on heavy and waterlogged soils, as well as on soils littered with stones due to clogging of disk sections and broken paws due to the protruding paw construction along the unit. In addition, the unit cannot be used to prepare the soil even partially littered with perennial rhizome weeds and for vegetable crops, such as potatoes, due to the lack of working bodies for this purpose.

 Known combined mounted unit KAO-2 (New agricultural machinery. Catalog, Informationgrotech, M., 1998, p. 21, prototype), containing a frame with two-tier cultivators mounted on it with a flat-cutting paw, a support wheel and a suspension for working bodies - an equalizer and sealing plate. The unit carries out the main subsurface and surface treatment of various soils.

 The presence of stationary working bodies does not allow to make the machine universal - suitable for soil preparation not only for cereals, deciduous crops, but also for vegetable crops, in particular potatoes.

 The width of the grip of this machine is small and limited by the design of the frame, and hence the large energy consumption for tillage. In addition, the design of the cultivator with a flat-cutting paw rigidly mounted on it does not allow you to adjust the depth and intensity of loosening the soil, therefore, the energy consumption for treating light soils is unreasonably large, which does not allow providing resource-saving complex treatment of various soils.

 The problem solved by this invention is the provision of resource-saving integrated treatment of various soils for various crops.

 The problem is solved by performing in a universal tillage unit containing a frame with support wheels, two-tier cultivators with a flat-cutting paw, a suspension for installing working bodies, a frame in the form of a beam on which (2n + 1) is installed perpendicular to its axis, where n = 1, 2 ..., pendants in the form of leads with the possibility of moving them along the beam, and on even leads there are installed with the possibility of vertical movement two-tier cultivators made in the form of a rack with a pointed curved along the propulsion the unit with the end and installed in it from the back of the unit, with a flat-cutting paw with the ability to move it along the height of the rack and change the angle of attack, and working bodies with a dump surface installed behind the cultivators with the possibility of vertical movement and rotation in the longitudinally vertical plane unit, on odd leads - working bodies with the ability to move them along the lead, and the odd leads are spring-loaded and mounted on the frame through brackets with the possibility of ovorotation in the longitudinal-vertical plane, in addition, the odd leads are longer than the even ones, the frame is in the form of a hollow beam having a section in square, unfolded around its longitudinal axis, and the rack of the two-tier cultivator is equipped with a lancet paw mounted on its end and directed along unit movements.

The implementation of the frame in the form of a hollow beam, having a section in square, rotated around its longitudinal axis, allows not only to lighten the whole construction of the unit and make it rigid, but also very easy to constructively solve many problems by installing leashes on the frame for placement on them various working bodies perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the beam with the ability to move along it, namely:
- increase (change) the width of the machine’s grip by moving the leashes along the frame, setting the desired distance between the working bodies, according to the specific technology of soil cultivation, and therefore, it is optimal to use the tractor’s pulling forces;
- implement a rational arrangement of working bodies for a particular technology and for a particular culture by eliminating or supplementing the arrangement of certain working bodies, which ultimately will provide resource-saving integrated treatment of various soils, including heavy, dried, excessively moistened, swam, clogged with stones during the field work: for winter, spring and deciduous crops, for winter chaff, in addition, to cut ridges and ridges for potatoes on stubble and after planting to potatoes, etc. The number of leads equal to (2n = 1), where n = 1, 2 ..., is a necessary condition for most methods of tillage, in particular the condition under which all feasible options for the operation of the claimed unit will be covered.

 The ability to install on leashes of various working bodies makes the machine universal. A rational arrangement on their frame is as follows: on even leads, two-tier cultivators are installed, followed by working bodies with a dump surface, and on odd ones, working bodies for implementing specific soil cultivation technology.

 Performing odd leads longer than even ones is a necessary condition for the complete preparation of various soils for sowing in one pass of the machine.

 The design of the two-tier cultivator provides the possibility of adjusting its installation in height, which allows you to change the depth of slotting or deep cultivation to 50 - 55 cm, and its pointed end along the unit moves easily into the soil and ensures reliable operation of the unit (without breakage) on heavy soils.

 The installation of a flat-cutting paw in the rack from the side opposite to the direction of movement of the unit protects it from damage on stony soil, and the ability to regulate the installation of a flat-cutting paw along the height of the rack and the angle of attack provides a certain processing regime for various soils, characterized by depth and intensity, respectively, which account provides resource-saving integrated soil treatment.

 The presence of the possibility of moving the leashes for installing the working bodies in the longitudinally vertical plane of the unit ensures its reliable operation on soils littered with stones.

 The ability to move the working bodies along the leash on which a specific working body is installed allows you to build such a layout for their arrangement that will cause a change in the angle of attack of the aggregate as a whole, which will allow you to change the intensity of loosening of the soil depending on its variety, which is necessary to ensure resource-saving processing technology for various soils.

 The invention is illustrated by drawings.

 In FIG. 1 shows a universal tillage unit, general view; in FIG. 2 - arrangement of working bodies on the unit; in FIG. 3 - 10 - technological schemes of the universal tillage unit.

 Universal tillage unit consists of a frame 1, which is a hollow beam, having in cross section a square rotated around the longitudinal axis of the beam. This frame design facilitates the overall design of the unit and makes it rigid. Perpendicular to the longitudinal axis on the beam 1, leashes 2 and 3 are installed to accommodate respectively the working bodies 4 (milling cutter, skating rink, hiller, etc.) and two-tier cultivators made in the form of a rack 5 with a pointed end curved in the direction of movement of the unit. On the rack 5 from the side opposite to the movement of the unit, a plane-cutting paw 6 is installed with the possibility of moving it along the height of the rack 5 and changing the angle of attack.

 The stand 5 has the ability to move vertically in the leash 3. In addition, it can be equipped with a lancet paw 8, which is installed at its end in the direction of movement of the unit to create a deep loosened "pocket" in heavy soil. Behind a two-tier cultivator on a lead 3, an hiller or other working body with a dump surface is installed in the bracket 7 with the ability to move it in height relative to the lead 3 and rotate in the longitudinally vertical plane of the unit - a necessary condition for the unit to work on rocky soils. Following this rule of ensuring the operability of the unit on stony soils, the leads 2 are mounted on the frame 1 by means of an arm 9, which is mounted on the frame (beam) 1 with the possibility of moving it along the longitudinal axis of the beam 1, and the leads 2 - with the possibility of rotation in a longitudinally vertical plane unit.

 The working bodies are installed on leashes 2 with the possibility of moving them along the leashes, giving them (working bodies 4) a specific location on the leashes 2 (shown in dashed lines in Fig. 2), the angle of attack of the aggregate as a whole can be changed, which allows, corresponding to the type of soil, to regulate the intensity of its processing, thereby providing resource-saving soil treatment technology.

 Leashes 2 are made longer than leashes 3 - a necessary condition for the complete preparation of the soil for sowing in one pass.

 To regulate the depth of tillage depending on the mode of cultivation, the support wheels 10 mounted on the frame 1 are used.

 Universal tillage unit operates as follows.

 First of all, depending on the type of cultivated soil, and therefore on the specific technology of its processing, the tillage unit is equipped with a certain set of working bodies, which are installed by means of leads 2 and 3, or 2, or 3 on frame 1 according to a rational scheme, according to the chosen soil cultivation technologies. The necessary adjustments are made to the working bodies according to the height of their installation (depth of tillage), the desired angle of attack of the plane-cutting paws 6, etc. is set.

 Consider specific examples of the operation of a universal tillage unit.

 1. Clicking (Fig. 3).

 Preliminary preparation of the unit for operation includes the following operations: racks 5 are installed on the beam 1 by means of leashes 3. A certain installation height of the rack 5 in the leash 3 sets the depth of the gap. Set the distance between the leashes 3, choose their number. Leashes 2 not taking part in the operation of the unit are removed from the horizontal (working) plane by turning them at a certain angle in the longitudinally vertical plane of the unit and fixed by means of a screw mechanism. The unit is mounted on a tractor.

 The unit operates as follows. Racks 5 under the action of the mass of the unit with a pointed end enter the soil and, when the unit moves, leave cracks in it at a given depth and at a given distance from each other. Moreover, the snapping if necessary can be done in steps.

 2. Deep loosening of heavy soils (Fig. 4).

 Preliminary preparation of the unit for operation includes the following operations: racks 5 are installed on the beam 1 using leashes 3. At the end of the racks 5, in order to create a deep loosened “pocket”, a pointed arm is installed in heavy soil 8. The distance between the leashes 3 is established, they are selected quantity. Leashes 2 not taking part in the operation of the unit are removed from the working plane by turning them at a certain angle in the longitudinally vertical plane of the unit and fixed by means of a screw mechanism. The unit is mounted on a tractor.

 The unit operates as follows. Racks 5 with a lancet paw 8 under the influence of the mass of the unit enter the soil and leave pitted zones in it - "pockets" at a given depth and at a given distance from each other.

 3. The main subsurface tillage (Fig. 5).

 Preliminary preparation of the unit for work: on the beam 1, by means of leads 3, two-tier cultivators are installed, including a stand 5 with a flat-cutting paw 6. By setting the angle of attack of the paws 6, the intensity of loosening of the soil is controlled, and the depth of the treated layer is set by the position of the paws 6 in the rack 5 in height. Working bodies not taking part in the operation of the unit are withdrawn from the working plane.

 The unit operates as follows. When the unit moves, a plane-cutting paw 6 and a pointed end of the strut 5 curved along the direction of the aggregate loosen the soil to a predetermined depth with a given intensity.

 4. The main subsurface tillage with slitting or deep loosening (Fig. 6).

 Preliminary preparation of the unit for work: on the beam 1 by means of leashes 3, racks 5 are installed with flat-cutting legs 6 in it at a given height. At the end of the strut 5, a lancet paw 8 can be installed to form a "pocket" - deep loosened soil layers in FIG. 6 is not shown. The total depth of tillage is regulated by the height of the support wheels 10 and the location of the rack 5 in the leash 3. The working bodies not taking part in the operation of the unit are removed from the working plane of the unit.

 The unit operates as follows. With the help of flat-cutting paws 6, the soil is loosened with a given intensity to a given depth. Under the loose soil layer, the rack 5 forms a gap of the required depth, and when the lancet paw 8 is mounted at the end of the rack 5, deep loosened "pockets" are formed.

 5. The main tillage and pre-sowing in one pass of the unit (Fig. 7).

 Preliminary preparation of the unit for work: on the beam 1 by means of leashes 3, racks 5 with flat-cutting legs 6 are installed 6. The necessary adjustments are made. In the working position, leashes 2 are installed with working bodies: a passive cutter or roller, or a roller at the same time with the cutter, depending on the particular technology of soil cultivation.

 The unit operates as follows. When the unit moves under the influence of paws 6, the soil is cut, lifted and loosened to a predetermined depth and with a given intensity, and the working bodies following them (milling cutter, roller, leveler, chopper, hiller, etc.) prepare the soil for cultivation a given technology for cultivating a particular crop.

 6. The main tillage with its preparation for planting potatoes, ie with cutting ridges or ridges (Fig. 8)). The following operations are added to the preparation of the aggregate for the main tillage according to claim 3: on the beam 1 by means of leads 2, ridgers or disk coulters are installed, the location of which is regulated by the location of the leads 2 on the beam 1, depending on the desired result, and the pups have a rack 5 and the middle of the plane-cutting paw 6 is in the center of the formed ridge or ridge, therefore, the ridge or ridge is formed only from loose soil, and the gap is under the middle of the ridge or ridge.

 The unit operates as follows. Mounted okuchniki or disc coulters on pendants 4 cut into the soil loosened by plane-cutting paws 6, push it apart and partially throw it to the sides and up, forming ridges or ridges of a given width, and racks 5 create loose "pockets" of the required depth directly under the ridge or ridge.

 7. Processing planting of potatoes on ridges or ridges (Fig. 9).

 Preliminary preparation of the unit for work: on the beam 1, by means of leashes 2, either ridders, or disk coulters, or a net harrow or various chisels are installed, while the rack 5 with legs 6 on the leashes 3 are removed from the working plane.

 The unit operates as follows. Installed working bodies, acting on the aisles, slopes and peaks of the ridge or ridges, loosen them and destroy the weeds.

 8. Deep subsurface (main) and shallow (pre-sowing) tillage with the formation of a comb surface of the soil (Fig. 10).

 When preparing the unit for work to perform soil cultivation with the formation of a comb surface for sowing grain, leguminous and vegetable crops on drained temporarily moistened lands in one pass of the unit according to claim 5, the following operations are added: for two-tier cultivators (stands 5 with flat-cutting legs 6 and 8) in the bracket 7 are mounted okuchniki or other similar working bodies having a dump surface, depending on the technology of sowing the cultivated culture (sowing on ridges or ridges) and soil-hydra biological and other conditions of the treated field (degree of moistening, compaction, clogging, hardening, etc.), and after them on the leashes 2 working bodies are installed (solid passive mill or other similar grinders, tooth or rotary harrows, leveling devices)) for preparing the seed layer the soil.

 The unit works as follows: Mounted huts and other working bodies cut into loosened soil, forming ridges or ridges of a given width and height, and working bodies following a hilling machine (continuous passive mill, harrows, etc.) process the soil surface, break stones, destroy vegetative weeds, level and to some extent compact the top of ridges and ridges, giving them a trapezoidal shape. The declared tillage unit allows you to completely prepare the soil in one pass according to the above technology for sowing crops on scallops, eliminating the need to purchase machines existing for this purpose.

 The above examples of the operation of a universal tillage aggregate show the possibility of the implementation of the declared aggregate of several agricultural operations in one pass while providing resource-saving integrated soil treatment for winter, spring, deciduous crops and vegetables, as well as the possibility of caring for plantings, in particular, potatoes. At VNIIMZ, a sample of the declared unit was manufactured and tested, which showed excellent performance.

Claims (4)

 1. A universal tillage unit containing a frame with support wheels, two-tier cultivators with a flat-cutting paw, a suspension for installing working bodies, characterized in that the frame is made in the form of a beam on which (2n + 1) is installed perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, where n = 1,2 ..., pendants in the form of leads with the possibility of moving them along the timber, moreover, on even leads there are installed with the possibility of vertical movement two-tier cultivators made in the form of a rack with a pointed unit bent along the direction of movement with the end and with the plane-cutting paw mounted on it from the back of the unit’s movement with the possibility of moving it along the height of the rack and changing the angle of attack, and working bodies with a dump surface installed behind two-tier cultivators with the possibility of their vertical movement and rotation in longitudinal the vertical plane of the unit, on odd leads - working bodies with the ability to move them along the lead, and the odd leads are spring-loaded and mounted on the frame using brackets with possibility of turning in the longitudinal vertical plane of the machine, furthermore, the odd leashes are made even longer.  2. The universal tillage unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame is made in the form of a hollow beam having a square in cross section, deployed around its longitudinal axis.  3. The universal tillage unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the rack of the two-tier cultivator is equipped with a lancet paw mounted at its end and directed along the direction of movement of the unit.  4. The universal tillage unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the working body with the dump surface is made in the form of a hiller.

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