CN106888851B - Machine-transplanted rice tray-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate and seedling raising method - Google Patents
Machine-transplanted rice tray-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate and seedling raising method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106888851B CN106888851B CN201710181887.2A CN201710181887A CN106888851B CN 106888851 B CN106888851 B CN 106888851B CN 201710181887 A CN201710181887 A CN 201710181887A CN 106888851 B CN106888851 B CN 106888851B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of rice cultivation, and particularly relates to a plate-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate for machine-transplanted rice and a seedling raising method. The seedling raising plate comprises, by weight, 10-15 parts of bentonite, 30-40 parts of air-dried paddy field plough layer soil or red-yellow soil, 10-15 parts of air-dried steamed rice hulls and 20-25 parts of clean water. The matrix materials are mixed according to the proportion and stirred evenly, and soil bactericide, such as 0.15-0.20 g of 30% hymexazol and 8-10 g of nutrient mixture agent, is added into each kilogram of the mixture. The substrate board has certain elasticity after being wetted, can be agglomerated after being dried, can be carried and has light weight. The substrate board can expand after absorbing water, has loose structure and good air permeability, and is beneficial to root growth. Meanwhile, after rice transplanting, washing and recycling are not needed, so that the working efficiency can be improved, and the cost is saved. The soil is sterilized by a bactericide, and the rice hulls are sterilized by steam at high temperature, so that pathogenic bacteria of the substrate plate can be controlled.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rice cultivation, and particularly relates to a plate-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate for machine-transplanted rice and a seedling raising method.
Background
The rice is the main grain crop in the south, the area is large, the yield is high, but for the rice production, more manpower is needed, and the labor intensity is high. In order to better solve the problem, technologists have achieved great success in agricultural mechanization by assiduously attacking customs and gradually realize mechanization in rice production. At present, the rice seedling raising and transplanting machine in south China adopts plastic soft disk seedling raising or plastic hard disk seedling raising to adapt to the rice seedling transplanting machine . In the aspect of seedling raising matrix carriers, various types such as rice field slurry, commodity matrix, straw powder, sawn wood ash, self-made nutrient soil and the like are adopted. For the slurry seedling raising method, the root system of the raised seedlings and the soil are fused, the seedlings turn green quickly after being transplanted in the field by a machine, the seedling raising effect is good, but manual or machine is needed to make slurry trays in the rice field, and impurities such as stones, roots of plants, weeds and the like need to be removed during slurry making, so the labor intensity of the removing work is high, and the labor cost is high. The method for raising the seedlings by using the commodity substrate is lighter than a slurry method, can be used for assembly line operation in a seedling raising factory, is simpler and more convenient to operate, but has high physical and chemical cost of the seedling raising substrate, and the cost of the commodity substrate per mu of field is 30-55 yuan. In addition, the root system of the matrix seedling raising rice is not fused with soil, the quality and the texture are light, the rice is easy to float after being mechanically transplanted into a field, and the green turning is slow. The method is characterized in that nutrient dry soil is self-made for seedling raising, the soil of a rice field plough layer is taken before winter, the soil is crushed after being dried, stones and weeds are screened out, the soil is mixed with fertilizer for storage, a commodity matrix is replaced, the rice seedling raising effect is good, but the procedures of soil taking, drying, crushing, soil sieving, fertilizer mixing and the like are multiple, the labor cost is high, and meanwhile, a special storage place is needed. The straw powder and the saw dust overcome the defect of high cost of raising seedlings by using a commodity matrix, but the difficulties of fertilizer preparation, acid regulation and pest control are high, and seedling injury and seedling rotting are easily caused.
No matter the rice field slurry and the self-made arid nutrient fine soil are adopted, or the nutrient medium, the straw powder and the sawdust are used as the medium for seedling raising, special seedling trays such as plastic soft disks, hard disks and the like are required to be matched for seedling raising, manual tray arrangement is required before seeding, the special seedling trays need to be recovered and cleaned after mechanical transplanting, and the storage field of the special seedling trays is required. In addition, the special seedling tray is used only 1-2 times a year, the utilization rate is low, and the cost is high. In recent years, the substrate seedling raising plate made of straw powder, waste paper and a binder is used for raising seedlings, seedling trays are omitted, but the binder used for making the seedling trays contains chemical substances, so that the damage to the growth of the seedlings is brought, and even new environmental pollution is caused. Therefore, the design of the seedling raising substrate plate which can be molded without a seedling tray and is not added with any chemical raw materials has important significance for saving labor and reducing cost in rice production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a multifunctional nutrient seedling raising substrate seedling raising plate based on cooked rice hulls and slurry as a substrate, aiming at the defects of the conventional machine-transplanted rice seedling raising substrate and carrier. The mud is prepared by mixing compound clay mineral, such as bentonite, with the soil of the plough layer of the rice field or the red and yellow soil, and then adding seedling strengthening fertilizer and bactericide with a specific formula. The mud has strong cohesive force and is mixed with the steamed rice hulls to prepare the nutrient medium seedling raising plate with multiple functions of sterilization, acid regulation, fertilization and the like. Meanwhile, when the multifunctional nutrient medium seedling raising plate is manufactured, the carefully selected rice seeds can be positioned and sown on the nutrient medium seedling raising plate according to a certain specification, and the rice seeds are air-dried or sun-dried for storage or directly transported to a seedling bed for seedling raising.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme to realize the purpose of the invention:
the nutrient medium seedling raising plate comprises, by weight, 10-15 parts of bentonite, 30-40 parts of air-dried paddy field plough layer soil or red and yellow soil, 10-15 parts of air-dried steamed rice hulls and 20-25 parts of clean water. The matrix materials are mixed according to the proportion and stirred evenly, and 0.15-0.20 g of soil bactericide, such as 0.15-0.20 g of 30% hymexazol and 8-10 g of nutrient compound agent (table 1) are added into each kilogram of the mixture.
TABLE 1 formulation of nutritional blend
| Composition (I) | Ratio (%) |
| Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH)4H2PO4) | 16～20 |
| Ammonium sulfate ((NH)4)2SO4) | 10～14 |
| Potassium chloride (KCl) | 10～14 |
| Calcium dichloride (CaCl)2) | 5～7 |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO)4) | 5～7 |
| Manganese sulfate (MnSO)4) | 1～2 |
| Zinc sulfate (ZnSO)4) | 1～2 |
| Borax (Na)2B4O7·10H2O) | 2～3 |
| Sulfur powder (S) | 6～10 |
| Biological organic fertilizer or fermented rapeseed cake | 30～35 |
The manufacturing process comprises the following steps: (1) and (5) cooking the rice hulls. Sterilizing the air-dried rice hulls at high temperature, such as steam boiling, for 40-60 minutes, or soaking in boiled water for 30 minutes; (2) preparing a matrix raw material. Weighing the composite clay mineral, clear water, cooked rice hulls, a soil bactericide and a nutrient compound agent according to the formula proportion; (3) the slurry base and the like are mixed first. And then adding the soil bactericide and the nutrient compound agent into clean water for dissolving, mixing with the steamed rice hulls and the composite clay minerals, fully and uniformly stirring, and kneading into a dough by hand. (4) And (5) manufacturing a slurry substrate seedling raising plate. And pressing the fully and uniformly mixed slurry matrix mixture into a seedling raising substrate plate with a fixed specification by using a wood mold or a steel mold, wherein the specification of the substrate plate is matched with a rice transplanter, the length of the substrate plate is 58.0 cm, the width of the substrate plate is 22.5 or 28.0 cm, the thickness of the substrate plate is 1.7-2.0 cm, and the dry weight of each substrate plate is 1300-1500 g.
The seed treatment of sprout cultivation, before the substrate board dries, can use the special disseminator of rice to fix a position the seeding rice seed on one side of the mud board, be about to the seed inlays the seed into the mud board. Or fixing the seeds on reed paper by using starch latex, and then attaching the sowed paper to one surface of the mud board. Seeds for early rice or seeds with the germination rate of more than 88 percent after screening are sowed in two fixed positions in each hole; seeds with the germination rate of more than 96 percent are used for middle-season rice and late-season rice, each hole is sowed with single seeds in a positioning mode, each substrate plate is sowed with 16 rows in the transverse direction, and 34 rows in the longitudinal direction. Drying the substrate board after seeding, wherein the drying method can adopt the drying at the constant temperature of 50 ℃, or drying in the sun naturally, the dried substrate board can be stored within 90 days for later use, or the substrate board is directly transported to a seedling bed for seedling raising.
The seedling raising method comprises the following steps: the rice field with convenient drainage and irrigation is selected as the seedling bed, and the seedling bed is divided into compartments, leveled and compacted. 40-50 g of 45% compound fertilizer is broadcast on each square meter of seedling bed to be used as seedling bed fertilizer. Before the multifunctional nutrient substrate plates are placed, a layer of non-woven fabric or woven bag cloth is laid on the seedling bed. Thus, the multifunctional nutrient medium plate is separated from the seedling bed, the growth of the seedling root system in the later period is prevented, and the nutrient medium seedling raising plate replaces a plastic soft plate or a seedling tray, so that the diskless seedling raising of the machine-transplanted rice is realized. When the multifunctional nutrient medium seedling raising plate is placed, the surface embedded with seeds is upward, water is drained after the seed is placed in order, the water is soaked on the surface of the seedling raising plate, and the water is drained after seedling emergence. The temperature is low in the early rice seedling raising period, the substrate plate is placed and then covered with the film, the temperature is high in the middle rice seedling raising period and the late rice seedling raising period, the non-woven fabric can be covered, the sparrow or the rainstorm washing can be prevented, and the non-woven fabric is uncovered when the seedlings are in the 2-leaf period.
The nutrient medium seedling raising plate is suitable for industrial production, and the medium is composite slurry and steamed rice hulls and has certain gaps, so that the substrate plate has certain elasticity after being wetted, can be agglomerated after being dried, can be carried and is light in weight. The substrate board can expand after absorbing water, has loose structure and good air permeability, and is beneficial to root growth. The substrate plate is adopted for seedling raising, a special seedling tray is not needed, the tray does not need to be placed during seedling raising, the tray does not need to be washed and recycled after seedling transplanting, the working efficiency can be improved, and the cost is saved. The soil is sterilized by a bactericide, and the rice hulls are sterilized by steam at high temperature so as to control pathogenic bacteria of the substrate plate.
Detailed Description
Example 1 production of substrate plates for mechanically-transplanted hybrid late rice and Pan-less seedling raising test
In 2016, the tray-free seedling raising and mechanical seedling transplanting tests of hybrid rice are carried out in Yongan town of Liuyang city.
Manufacturing a base plate: uniformly mixing the air-dried cooked rice hulls, the bentonite, the paddy soil and the clean water in a weight ratio of 1: 3: 2 within 6 months and 20 days, adding 0.2 g of 30% hymexazol and 9 g of a nutrient compound agent into each kilogram of the matrix material during uniformly mixing, manually manufacturing a multifunctional nutrient matrix plate with the length of 58.0 cm, the width of 22.5 cm and the thickness of 2.0 cm by adopting a wood mold, and sowing the carefully selected hybrid late rice H-quality 518 seeds on the multifunctional nutrient matrix plate in a single-seed positioning mode. And (3) airing the sown multifunctional nutrient substrate plate at room temperature in a laboratory.
Seedling raising: and (3) leveling a seedling bed for raising seedlings according to a manufacturing method of a mechanical rice transplanting seedling bed for 6 months and 25 days, opening a compartment ditch, and covering woven bag cloth on the seedling bed when the seedling bed is settled for 2-3 days, wherein the width of the woven bag cloth is the same as that of the compartment bed. 40 g of 45 percent of compound fertilizer is scattered on each square meter of seedling bed on the hard-skinned seedling bed to serve as seedling bed fertilizer, the sowed multifunctional nutrient substrate seedling raising plates are placed on the seedling bed on which woven bag cloth is laid, the seedling raising plates are close to each other and are placed in order. The height of the seedling bed compartment ditch filling water is kept consistent with that of the multifunctional nutrient substrate plate, the horizontal substrate seedling raising plate is irrigated, and after the seedlings emerge, the compartment ditch drains dry water until the seedling transplanting period, and the substrate plate is kept to be wet for seedling raising. And 7, 23 days after 7 months, transplanting by using a Jingguan brand transplanter, wherein the transplanting specification is 12 cm in plant spacing and 25 cm in row spacing. The quality of the seedlings is investigated before transplanting, the seedlings have 4.7-4.9 leaves, the height of the seedlings is 21.6 cm, the packing agglomeration effect of the seedlings is good, and the seedling missing rate is investigated after transplanting and is 9.7%.
Example 2 production of mechanically-inserted hybrid Medium-Rice substrate plates and seedling raising test
In 2017, tests of tray-free seedling raising and mechanical seedling transplanting of hybrid rice were carried out in Yonghua town of Chengmei county in Hainan province.
Manufacturing a base plate: the test is carried out in 5 days after 2 months, soil is collected in the field, yellow soil is air-dried, stones and hard blocks are removed, 30 kg of soil is taken, 10 kg of bentonite and 10 kg of clean water are added, and slurry is prepared. Then 10 kg of air-dried steamed rice hulls, 10 g of bactericide (30% hymexazol) and 480 g of nutrient compound agent are weighed. The bactericide and the nutrient compound agent are put into 3 kilograms of clean water to be dissolved, then the mixture is uniformly stirred with the steamed rice hulls and the compound slurry to be prefabricated into nutrient substrate materials, a plastic hard disk for machine-transplanted seedling raising is used as a mould, a multifunctional nutrient substrate seedling raising plate with the length of 58.0 centimeters, the width of 28.0 centimeters and the thickness of 2.0 centimeters is manufactured in the field, and the seedling raising plate is dried in the open air under natural conditions.
According to the method for manufacturing the seedling bed for mechanical transplanting, the seedling bed for seedling raising is leveled, and a compartment ditch is opened, and the seedling bed is settled for 2-3 days. Covering the seedling bed with woven bag cloth in 2 months and 8 days, wherein the width of the seedling bed is the same as that of the seedling bed. 45 g of 35% compound fertilizer is scattered on each square meter of seedling bed on the hard-skinned seedling compartment to serve as seedling bed fertilizer, woven bag cloth is laid on the seedling compartment, the dried multifunctional nutrient substrate seedling raising plates are placed on the woven bag cloth, the seedling raising plates are close to each other and are placed in order. And then, thin layer of rice field slurry is poured on the seedling raising plate, paper with positioned and sown hybrid rice crystal Liangyou Huazhan seeds is flatly laid on the multifunctional nutrient substrate plate, the seed is covered by sieved fine red soil with the thickness of about 0.3 cm, the height of the seedling raising plate and the irrigation water in the seedling field compartment ditch is kept consistent, after the seed emerges, the compartment ditch water is drained to the seedling transplanting period, and then the seedling plate is kept to be wet for raising seedlings. And 3, 13 days in 3 months, transplanting seedlings by adopting a Marangsie seedling transplanting machine, wherein the planting distance is 12 cm, and the row spacing is 30 cm. The quality of the seedlings is investigated before transplanting, the seedlings have 4.5-4.7 leaves and 18.3 cm high, the packing of the seedlings is well agglomerated, and the transplanting missing rate is investigated after transplanting and is 8.8%.
Claims (3)
1. A machine-transplanted rice tray-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate is characterized in that: 10-15 parts of bentonite, 30-40 parts of air-dried paddy field plough layer soil or red and yellow soil, 10-15 parts of air-dried steamed rice hulls and 20-25 parts of clean water; mixing the substrate raw materials according to the proportion, uniformly stirring, adding 0.15-0.20 g of soil bactericide and 8-10 g of nutrient compound agent into each kilogram of mixture, and preparing a nutrient substrate seedling raising plate by using a mould; the manufacturing process comprises the following steps: (1) cooking rice hulls; steaming and boiling the air-dried rice hulls by steam for 40-60 minutes for sterilization, or soaking the rice hulls in boiled water for 30 minutes for sterilization; (2) preparing a substrate raw material, and respectively weighing bentonite, air-dried paddy field plough layer soil or red and yellow soil, clean water, air-dried cooked rice hulls, a soil bactericide and a nutrient mixture according to the formula proportion; (3) firstly, preparing bentonite, air-dried paddy field plough layer soil or red and yellow soil into slurry, adding a soil bactericide and a nutrient compound agent into clean water for dissolving, mixing with air-dried steamed rice hulls and the slurry, fully and uniformly stirring, and kneading into a dough by hand; (4) manufacturing a nutrient medium seedling raising plate, pressing the fully and uniformly mixed slurry medium raw material into a nutrient medium seedling raising plate with a fixed specification by using a wood mold or a steel mold, wherein the specification of the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is matched with a rice transplanter, the length of the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is 58.0 cm, the width of the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is 22.5 or 28.0 cm, the thickness of the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is 1.7-2.0 cm, and the air dry weight of each nutrient medium seedling raising plate is 1300-1500 g; treating the seeds for raising the seedlings, namely positioning and sowing rice seeds on one surface of a nutrient medium seedling raising plate by using a special rice sowing device before the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is dried, and inlaying the seeds into the nutrient medium seedling raising plate; or fixing the seeds on reed paper by using starch latex, and then tightly attaching the sown reed paper to one surface of the nutrient substrate seedling raising plate; the early rice is sowed with two seeds with the germination rate of more than 88 percent in each hole in a positioning way; seeds with the germination rate of more than 96 percent are used for middle-season rice and late-season rice, single seeds are sowed in each hole in a positioning mode, each nutrition substrate seedling raising plate is sowed for 16 rows in the transverse direction, and 34 rows in the longitudinal direction; drying the nutrient medium seedling raising plate after sowing, wherein the drying method adopts the drying at the constant temperature of 50 ℃ or drying in the sun under the natural solar condition, and the dried nutrient medium seedling raising plate is stored for later use within 90 days or is directly transported to a seedling bed for seedling raising by using a plate; the soil bactericide is 30% hymexazol.
2. The machine-transplanted rice tray-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the seedling raising method comprises the following steps: selecting rice fields with convenient drainage and irrigation as seedling beds, dividing the seedling beds into compartments, leveling and compacting; broadcasting 40-50 g of 45% compound fertilizer as seedling bed fertilizer per square meter of seedling bed; before the seedling raising plate of the nutrient medium is placed, a layer of non-woven fabric or woven bag cloth is laid on the seedling bed; when the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is placed, the surface embedded with seeds is upward, water is placed after the surface is placed in order, the water is soaked on the surface of the nutrient medium seedling raising plate, and the water is drained after seedling emergence; the temperature is low in the early rice seedling raising period, a film is covered after the nutrient medium seedling raising plate is placed, the temperature is high in the middle rice seedling raising period and the late rice seedling raising period, non-woven fabrics are covered, and the non-woven fabrics are uncovered when the seedlings are in the 2-leaf period.
3. The machine-transplanted rice tray-free seedling raising nutrient medium seedling raising plate as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the nutrient mixture is NH according to the weight portion4H2PO4：16～20，(NH4)2SO4：10～14，KCl：10～14，CaCl2：5～7，MgSO4：5～7，MnSO4：1～2，ZnSO4: 1-2, borax: 2-3, sulfur powder: 6-10, organic fertilizer: 30-35.
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| CN107821098A (en) * | 2017-11-01 | 2018-03-23 | 安仁县鑫亮粮油发展有限公司 | A kind of seedling cultivation of rice Nutrition Soil and preparation method thereof |
| CN109041969A (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2018-12-21 | 湖南农业大学 | The nursery seedling bed of a kind of liquid manure vector construction and without disk method for culturing seedlings |
| CN112021103A (en) * | 2019-05-18 | 2020-12-04 | 长沙壹点农业科技有限公司 | Mechanical rice transplanting separation layer type seedling raising method |
| CN111837846B (en) * | 2020-08-05 | 2021-11-02 | 扬州大学 | Method for cultivating mechanically transplanted strong rice seedlings by using matrix type seedling trays |
| CN112997843A (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2021-06-22 | 安徽绿福环保科技有限公司 | Special substrate for rice seedling raising and preparation method thereof |
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| CN2306649Y (en) * | 1997-06-16 | 1999-02-10 | 陈广田 | Non-pored organic nutritious raising rice seedling plate |
| CN1259818C (en) * | 2004-06-09 | 2006-06-21 | 白桂俊 | Rice seedling method on rice husks as substrate by dry soilless cultivation |
| CN102746062B (en) * | 2012-07-04 | 2013-09-18 | 吉林市农业科学院 | Soilless culture substrate and preparation method thereof |
| CN104255422A (en) * | 2014-09-04 | 2015-01-07 | 张永振 | Rice seedling cultivation matrix board |
| CN105494057A (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2016-04-20 | 黑龙江稻乐农业科技有限公司 | Paddy rice soilless seedling-nursing and positioning broadcasting matrix plate and preparation method for same |
| CN105684851A (en) * | 2016-02-18 | 2016-06-22 | 黑龙江稻乐农业科技有限公司 | Soilless rice nursery straw substrate and preparation method thereof |
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