CN106879413A - 一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用 - Google Patents
一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于天然植物深加工领域,尤其涉及一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用,用于解决现有技术中,对于富硒植物的培养所使用的肥料存在着残留多、吸收差、容易导致环境污染的缺陷,同时,现有的对于富硒植物中有效成分提取以及应用存在着吸收率低以及不良反应多的缺陷。本发明提供了一种富硒青钱柳的栽培方法,包括:所述富硒青钱柳的栽培过程中使用有机富硒肥;所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母、腐殖酸、氨基酸、植物生长调节剂和叶面促渗剂。本发明还提供了一种根据以上所述栽培方法得到的富硒青钱柳有效成分的提取方法,包括:预处理、提取、浓缩和醇沉,得粗提物。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于天然植物深加工领域,尤其涉及一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用。
背景技术
糖尿病是一种伴有血糖升高的代谢性疾病,主要有Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型两种类型,临床以Ⅱ型糖尿病患者居多,占糖尿病患者总数的90%。Ⅱ型糖尿病的主要特征是胰岛素抵抗,肝脏、骨骼肌、脂肪等组织对葡萄糖的摄取减少,造成血液中葡萄糖水平升高形成高血糖。青钱柳系胡桃科青钱柳属落叶乔木,又称为青钱李或金钱柳,主要生长在我国海拔800~2000米潮湿多雾的南方山区,是我国特有的单种属植物。青钱柳含有多糖、黄酮、三萜皂苷、生物碱等多种活性成分,已有研究证明其活性成分具有显著的降血糖、降血脂等功效。研究发现,青钱柳提取物可显著增强四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的葡萄糖耐受能力,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性有较强的抑制作用,可以促进病变胰岛结构功能恢复,增强小鼠糖耐量,降低空腹血糖。同时,青钱柳提取物还具有明显的改善血脂代谢和提高机体抗氧化能力的作用,可抑制高脂血症小鼠FAS基因和蛋白质表达。因此,青钱柳活性成分作为降血糖、降血脂等保健食品和药品开发具有很好的前景。
近年来,天然富硒保健产品的开发引起了人们的重视。硒是人体必需的重要营养元素,具有增强人体免疫力、抗氧化、抗衰老以及抗癌、拮抗重金属毒性等生理功能。研究表明,克山病、大骨节病、糖尿病等40余种疾病的发生发展与人体缺硒有密切关联。目前中国营养学会推荐人体硒日摄入量标准为50~250微克,而目前我国成年人硒日摄入量仅为20~30微克,硒摄入量存在严重不足。无机硒存在人体吸收率低、毒副作用大等问题,有机硒与硒在人体内存在的自然形式一致,易于在体内存留、积累,生物利用率显著提高,毒副作用小。因此,有必要开发天然富硒保健产品。
通过添加人工富硒肥使植物富硒是目前得到富硒产品最简洁有效的手段之一。然而,目前大量使用的富硒肥料多由硒矿粉或亚硒酸钠加工得来。硒矿多伴生多种其他重金属,施肥后极易造成土壤以及植物重金属超标。亚硒酸钠不易被植物吸收转化,大量未被吸收的亚硒酸钠会对土壤、水体以及周围环境造成污染。另外亚硒酸钠本身具有毒性,残存在植物表面的亚硒酸钠会对人的健康造成一定损伤。
综上所述,现有技术中,对于富硒植物的培养所使用的肥料存在着残留多、吸收差、容易导致环境污染的缺陷,同时,现有的对于富硒植物中有效成分的提取以及应用存在着吸收率低以及不良反应多的的缺陷。
因此,研发出一种吸收率高、残留少以及不破坏环境的有机富硒肥,同时,研发出一种有效成分吸收率高、不良反应少的富硒植物提取方法以及相对应的应用,成为了本领域技术人员亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明实施例提供了一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用,用于解决现有技术中,对于富硒植物的培养所使用的肥料存在着残留多、吸收差、容易导致环境污染的缺陷,同时,现有的对于富硒植物中有效成分的提取以及应用存在着吸收率低以及不良反应多的的缺陷。
本发明实施例提供的一种富硒青钱柳的栽培方法,包括:所述富硒青钱柳的栽培过程中使用有机富硒肥;所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母、腐殖酸、氨基酸、植物生长调节剂和叶面促渗剂。
优选地,以质量份计,所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母1.0~10.0份、腐殖酸10.0~70.0份、氨基酸1.0~50.0份、植物生长调节剂0.5~10.0份和叶面促渗剂0.5~20.0份。
本发明提供一种富硒青钱柳提取物的制备方法,包括从青钱柳的树叶中提取出富硒青钱柳提取物,所述青钱柳的栽培过程中使用有机富硒肥;所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母、腐殖酸、氨基酸、植物生长调节剂和叶面促渗剂。
其中以质量份计,所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母1.0~10.0份、腐殖酸10.0~70.0份、氨基酸1.0~50.0份、植物生长调节剂0.5~10.0份和叶面促渗剂0.5-20.0份。
优选地,所述有机富硒肥的基本组成按其质量百分含量分别为:富硒酵母1.0~10.0%,腐殖酸10.0~70.0%,氨基酸1.0~50.0%,植物生长调节剂0.5~10.0%,叶面促渗剂0.5~20.0%,上述成分的百分比总和为100%。
优选地,活性有机富硒肥的基本组成按其质量百分含量分别为:富硒酵母3.0~6.0%,腐殖酸20.0~55.0%,氨基酸10.0~40.0%,植物生长调节剂1.0~5.0%,叶面促渗剂2.0~15.0%,上述成分的百分比总和为100%。
优选地,所述氨基酸选自半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、甘氨酸和丝氨酸中的一种或多种;所述植物生长调节剂选自硫酸氧钛、二乙酰胺四乙酸钛、乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛、硫酸锌、乙酰胺四乙酸锌、乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸锌、氯化镁、乙酰胺四乙酸镁、乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸镁、丙酰芸苔素内酯、复硝酚钠、1-甲基化丙烯和茉莉酸甲酯中的一种或几种的混合物;所述叶面促渗剂选自乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛;叶面促渗剂为十二烷基硫酸钠、氯化钙、硫酸氧钛、硫酸亚铁、磷酸三丁脂、葵二酸二乙酯和辛二酸二乙酯中的一种或多种。
优选地,所述栽培方法还包括:所述有机富硒肥与市售常规复合肥的混合,所述有机富硒肥与所述市售常规复合肥的质量比为1:(100~2000)。
优选地,所述栽培方法还包括:所述有机富硒肥溶于水,所述有机富硒肥与水的质量比为1:(100~1000)。
优选地,所述栽培方法包括将所述有机富硒肥与普通复合肥按照1:100~1:2000质量比混合后进行土壤施肥。土壤施肥过程中,混合肥的施肥量与青钱柳植株的高度比为1kg:(1-2)m。
优选地,所述栽培方法包括将所述有机富硒肥按照1:100~1:1000质量比溶于水,配置成水溶液后进行叶面喷施。
本发明实施例还提供了一种包括以上任意一项所述栽培方法得到的富硒青钱柳有效成分的提取方法,包括:预处理、提取、浓缩和醇沉,得粗提物;所述预处理的方法为:除杂、清洗以及粉碎,得第一产物;所述提取的方法为:所述第一产物与提取液混合,加热回流提取,得第二产物;所述浓缩的方法为:将所述第二产物进行减压浓缩或超滤膜浓缩,得第三产物;所述醇沉的方法为:向所述第三产物中加入乙醇,过滤收集沉淀物,所述沉淀物即为粗提物。
优选地,所述第一产物的粒径为10~100目;所述提取液选自水、乙醇、NaOH溶液、HCl溶液、NaCl溶液、Tris-HCl溶液和PBS溶液中的一种或多种;所述加热温度为40~100℃;所述提取的时间为0.5~5h;所述提取的次数为1~10次;所述第三产物与所述第二产物的体积比为1:(5~20);所述乙醇与所述第三产物的体积比为(1~9):1。
优选地,所述提取方法还包括精制和干燥,得粗提物;所述精制和所述干燥在所述醇沉后依次进行。
优选地,所述精制的方法为:将粗提物复溶后与絮凝剂混合,加热搅拌,过滤后收集滤液;所述干燥的方法选自冷冻干燥、热风常压干燥、真空干燥、喷雾干燥、微波干燥和红外干燥的一种或多种;所述絮凝剂与所述粗提物的质量比为(0.5~5):10;所述絮凝剂选自壳聚糖、羧甲基壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐、明胶和ZTC1+1澄清剂(本处所用的ZTC1+1澄清剂为市售壳聚糖与碳酸钙的混合物)中的一种或多种;所述加热搅拌的温度为40~60℃,所述加热搅拌的时间为0.05~2h。
本发明实施例还提供了包括以上任意一项提取方法得到的产品制成的剂型在保健食品和/或药品中的应用。所述剂型包括不限于片剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、滴丸剂和口服液。
本发明实施例还提供了包括以上任意一项提取方法得到的产品制成的剂型在降血脂降血糖保健食品或药品中的应用。所述包括不限于片剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、滴丸剂和口服液。综上所述,本发明实施例提供的一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用,解决了现有技术中,对于富硒植物的培养所使用的肥料存在着残留多、吸收差、容易导致环境污染的缺陷,同时,现有的对于富硒植物中有效成分的提取以及应用存在着吸收率低以及不良反应多的缺陷。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
对于本领域的技术人员而言,植物富硒目前是一个难题,本发明实施通过实验和筛选获得独特组方的新型活性有机富硒肥,施用于青钱柳可有效实现青钱柳富硒,富硒青钱柳树叶中硒含量最高可达20.0mg/kg,富硒青钱柳提取物中硒含量最高可达10.0mg/kg。同时,本发明提供的活性有机富硒肥属于有机肥,避免了无机硒肥硒转换率低、毒副作用大、存在污染环境等问题。
同时,本发明提供的技术方案成功实现了硒的高效植物体内转化,获得的富硒青钱柳提取物中不仅含有青钱柳多糖等功效成分,同时富含微量元素硒。动物实验结果表明,该富硒青钱柳提取物同时具有显著的降血糖、降血脂以及提高机体免疫力等功效。
本发明提供的技术方案中,所采用的富硒青钱柳施肥技术和富硒青钱柳提取物的提取技术简单易行,易于大规模生产。
为了更详细说明本发明,下面结合实施例对本发明提供的一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用,进行具体地描述。
本技术方案获得的富硒青钱柳树叶和富硒青钱柳提取物中硒的含量,按照国家标准检测规范GB5009.93-2010,采用原子荧光法进行检测。青钱柳多糖的含量按照2015版《中国药典》一部,采用蒽酮硫酸方法检测。
实施例1
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母6%,腐殖酸47%,半胱氨酸24%,蛋氨酸10%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛5%以及硫酸亚铁8%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥1。将有机富硒肥1与市售常规复合肥按照1:800混合后进行土壤施肥,对8m高青钱柳植株施肥,肥料共计4kg,施肥期为冬季11月,施肥一次,次年4月采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为2.6mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物1。称取第一产物1,按照树叶与水质量比为1:15加入水,在100℃的温度下回流提取3h,提取2次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物1。第二产物1进行超滤膜浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物1与第二产物1的体积比为1:10。向第三产物1中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物1的体积比为4:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物1。将粗提物1溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物1质量比为2:10加入壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物1。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为4.9%,其中硒含量为1.8mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为22.3%。
实施例2
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母1%,腐殖酸49.5%,半胱氨酸14%,蛋氨酸15%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛0.5%以及十二烷基硫酸钠20%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥2。将有机富硒肥2与市售常规复合肥按照1:100混合后进行土壤施肥,对1m高青钱柳植株施肥,肥料共计1kg,施肥期为冬季12月,施肥一次,次年6月采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为0.54mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至60目,得第一产物2。称取第一产物2,按照树叶与NaOH溶液质量比为1:4加入0.1mol/L NaOH溶液,在40℃的温度下回流提取5h,提取1次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物2。第二产物2进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物2与第二产物2的体积比为1:10。向第三产物2中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物2的体积比为4:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物2。将粗提物2溶于水,按照ZTC1+1与粗提物2质量比为1.5:10加入ZTC1+1(市售壳聚糖与碳酸钙的混合物),在50℃的温度下搅拌0.05h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物2。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为1.2%,其中硒含量为0.48mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为18.7%。
实施例3
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母5%,腐殖酸53.5%,甘氨酸20%,赖氨酸15%,丙氨酸2%,异亮氨酸3%,乙酰胺四乙酸镁1%以及硫酸亚铁0.5%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥3。将有机富硒肥3与市售常规复合肥按照1:600混合后进行土壤施肥,对5m高青钱柳植株施肥,肥料共计3kg,施肥期为冬季12月,施肥一次,次年8月采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为1.33mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物3。称取第一产物3,按照树叶与氯化钠溶液质量比为1:15加入0.5mol/L氯化钠溶液,在100℃的温度下回流提取3h,提取2次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物3。第二产物3进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物3与第二产物3的体积比为1:5。向第三产物3中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物3的体积比为3:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物3。将粗提物3溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物质量3比为1:10加入壳聚糖,在40℃的温度下搅拌2h,过滤,取滤液,滤液冷冻干燥,即得产物3。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为4.6%,其中硒含量为0.92mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为18.2%。
实施例4
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母10%,腐殖酸70%,半胱氨酸1%,丙酰芸苔素内酯10%以及氯化钙9%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥4。将有机富硒肥4与市售常规复合肥按照1:400混合后进行土壤施肥,对4m高青钱柳植株施肥,肥料共计2kg,施肥期为冬季1月,施肥一次,次年5月采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为1.73mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至100目,得第一产物4。称取第一产物4,按照树叶与水质量比为1:15加入水,在90℃的温度下回流提取0.5h,提取10次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物4。第二产物4进行超滤膜浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物4与第二产物4的体积比为1:10。向第三产物4中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物1的体积比为1:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物4。将粗提物4溶于水,按照羧甲基壳聚糖与粗提物4质量比为4:10加入羧甲基壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物4。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为6.2%,其中硒含量为1.36mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为22.5%。
实施例5
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母4%,腐殖酸62%,半胱氨酸12%,蛋氨酸8%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸锌2%以及磷酸三丁酯12%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥5。将有机富硒肥5与市售常规复合肥按照1:2000混合后进行土壤施肥,对6m高青钱柳植株施肥,肥料共计3kg,施肥期为冬季11月,施肥一次,次年4月采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为0.75mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至10目,得第一产物5。称取第一产物5,按照树叶与HCl溶液质量比为1:15加入0.1mol/L HCl溶液,在100℃的温度下回流提取2h,提取3次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物5。第二产物5进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物5与第二产物5的体积比为1:10。向第三产物5中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物5的体积比为1:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物5。将粗提物5溶于水,按照明胶与粗提物5质量比为3.5:10加入明胶,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物5。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为2.6%,其中硒含量为0.62mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为10.8%。
实施例6
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母6%,腐殖酸48%,半胱氨酸14%,蛋氨酸14%,硫酸氧钛3%以及硫酸亚铁15%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥6。将有机富硒肥6按照1:100溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为春季3月,喷施一次,喷施后15天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为10.2mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至10目,得第一产物6。称取第一产物6,按照树叶与水质量比为1:15加入水,在100℃的温度下回流提取1h,提取5次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物6。第二产物6进行超滤膜浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物6与第二产物6的体积比为1:15。向第三产物6中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物6的体积比为3:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物6。将粗提物6溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物6质量比为1:10加入壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌1.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液热风常压干燥,即得产物6。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为7.8%,其中硒含量为7.4mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为26.7%。
实施例7
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母3%,腐殖酸45%,半胱氨酸20%,蛋氨酸20%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸镁1.9%,复硝酚钠0.1%,以及硫酸亚铁10%混合,制得有机富硒肥7(本比例为质量比)。将有机富硒肥7按照1:400溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为春季3月,喷施一次,喷施后30天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为5.4mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物7。称取第一产物7,按照树叶与Tris-HCl质量比为1:15加入0.05mol/L Tris-HCl溶液,在100℃的温度下回流提取2h,提取3次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物7。第二产物7进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物7与第二产物7的体积比为1:10。向第三产物7中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物7的体积比为4:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物7。将粗提物7溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物7质量比为5:10加入壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物7。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为5.8%,其中硒含量为2.4mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为25.3%。
实施例8
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母5.5%,腐殖酸40%,半胱氨酸20%,蛋氨酸20%,天冬氨酸1.5%,丝氨酸1.5%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛3.5%以及硫酸亚铁8%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥8。将有机富硒肥8按照1:1000溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为春季5月,喷施一次,喷施后40天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为3.7mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物8。称取第一产物8,按照树叶与水质量比为1:50加入水,在100℃的温度下回流提取1h,提取4次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物8。第二产物8进行超滤膜浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物8与第二产物8的体积比为1:20。向第三产物8中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物8的体积比为9:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物8。将粗提物8溶于水,按照明胶与粗提物8质量比为4:10加入明胶,在40℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液真空干燥,即得产物8。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为5.2%,其中硒含量为1.8mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为24.1%。
实施例9
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母4%,腐殖酸48%,半胱氨酸22%,蛋氨酸11%,乙酰氨四乙酸锌3%以及硫酸亚铁12%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥9。将有机富硒肥9按照1:750溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为夏季8月,施肥一次,喷施后35天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为7.6mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物9。称取第一产物9,按照树叶与PBS溶液质量比为1:15加入0.05mol/L PBS溶液,在100℃的温度下回流提取1.5h,提取3次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物9。第二产物9进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物9与第二产物9的体积比为1:10。向第三产物9中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物9的体积比为7:3,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物9。将粗提物9溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物9质量比为0.5:10加入壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液微波干燥,即得产物9。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为6.3%,其中硒含量为5.4mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为26.3%。
实施例10
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母10%,腐殖酸10%,半胱氨酸12%,蛋氨酸24%,谷氨酸14%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛5%,1-甲基化丙烯2.5%,茉莉酸甲酯2.5%以及硫酸亚铁20%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥10。将有机富硒肥10按照1:900溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为秋季9月,施肥一次,喷施后15天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为5.9mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物10。称取第一产物10,按照树叶与乙醇质量比为1:15加入20%乙醇,在100℃的温度下回流提取2h,提取3次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物10。第二产物10进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物10与第二产物10的体积比为1:10。向第三产物10中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物10的体积比为3:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物10。将粗提物10溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物10质量比为2.5:10加入壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液红外干燥,即得产物10。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为5.8%,其中硒含量为2.9mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为25.8%。
实施例11
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母6%,腐殖酸38%,半胱氨酸12%,蛋氨酸24%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛5%以及硫酸亚铁15%混合(本比例为质量比),制得有机富硒肥11。将有机富硒肥11按照1:800溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为5月,施肥一次,喷施后25天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为14.2mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物1。称取第一产物1,按照树叶与水质量比为1:15加入水,在100℃的温度下回流提取2h,提取3次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物11。第二产物11进行超滤膜浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物11与第二产物11的体积比为1:10。向第三产物11中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物11的体积比为3:1,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物11。将粗提物11溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物11质量比为1:10加入壳聚糖,在50℃的温度下搅拌0.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物11。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为8.1%,其中硒含量为10.5mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为27.4%。
实施例12
活性有机富硒肥的组成为:富硒酵母3%,腐殖酸42%,半胱氨酸23%,蛋氨酸14%,乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛4%以及葵二酸二乙酯14%混合,制得有机富硒肥12。将有机富硒肥12按照1:500溶于水配制成水溶液后进行叶面喷施,喷施至叶面湿润且不见滴水,施肥期为4月,施肥一次,喷施后20天采收树叶。测得青钱柳树叶中硒含量为6.8mg/kg。
将上述制得的青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗后粉碎至40目,得第一产物12。称取第一产物12,按照树叶与提取液质量比为1:15加入水,在90℃的温度下回流提取1h,提取4次,过滤,合并滤液,得第二产物12。第二产物12进行减压浓缩,浓缩得到的第三产物12与第二产物12的体积比为1:10。向第三产物12中加入乙醇,乙醇与第三产物12的体积比为3:2,过滤,获得沉淀物即为粗提物12。将粗提物12溶于水,按照壳聚糖季铵盐与粗提物12质量比为1.5:10加入壳聚糖季铵盐,在60℃的温度下搅拌1.5h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得产物12。富硒青钱柳提取物得率为4.9%,其中硒含量为3.8mg/kg,青钱柳多糖含量为22.3%。
对比例1
取未经施肥青钱柳树叶经除杂、清洗等预处理后粉碎至40目,按照树叶与提取液质量比为1:15加入水,在100℃的温度下回流提取2h,提取2次,过滤,合并滤液,滤液进行减压浓缩,浓缩液与滤液的体积比为1:10,向浓缩液中加乙醇,乙醇与浓缩液的体积比为3:1,过滤,获得沉淀物为青钱柳粗提取物。将青钱柳粗提取物溶于水,按照壳聚糖与粗提物质量比为1:10加入壳聚糖,在45℃的温度下搅拌1h,过滤,取滤液,滤液喷雾干燥,即得青钱柳提取物。青钱柳提取物得率为4.8%,其中青钱柳多糖含量为20.1%。
实施例13
采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法,对实施例4、实施例5、实施例10、实施例11的富硒青钱柳树叶,及其作为对照的对比例1未施肥青钱柳树叶(空白组)进行金属元素含量测定。结果见表1。
表1 富硒青钱柳树叶中金属元素含量的测试结果
由表1可知,对青钱柳施加活性有机富硒肥后,富硒青钱柳树叶中主要金属元素的含量未见显著变化,其中,锌、铬和钒的含量略有增加,锰、铜和镍的含量略有减少,富硒青钱柳树叶中上述金属元素含量均在国家允许的安全范围内。
对实施例1~3、实施例6~9以及实施例12制得的产品重复上述实验,均得到类似实验效果,在此不再赘述。
实施例14
以实施例11制备的富硒青钱柳提取物进行小鼠长期毒性试验。
取健康Wistar大鼠40只,雌雄各半,随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为高剂量组(6.4g/kg)、中剂量组(1.6g/kg)、低剂量组(0.4g/kg)和空白组。各剂量组进行富硒青钱柳提取物溶液灌胃,每日灌胃2次,每周灌胃6天(第七天停止灌胃一天),连续十二周。空白组给予同等量蒸馏水。实验过程中每周称重,并观察各组大鼠活动、毛色、进食饮水、精神状态等。实验结束后对大鼠进行血液学、血液生化学指标检查以分析可能出现的毒性反应,同时处死并解剖大鼠,取主要脏器称重,计算脏器系数,并对主要脏器作病理组织学检查。
实验结果显示,在灌胃给药期间,各组大鼠的活动、毛色、进食饮水、精神状态等未见明显的异常变化,各给药剂量组的体重、进食量以及血液学、血液生化学指标和脏器系数与空白组相比均未见明显变化,大鼠主要脏器的病理组织学检查未见任何异常。
对实施例1~10以及实施例12制得的产品重复上述实验,均得到类似实验效果,在此不再赘述。
实施例15
以实施例11制备的富硒青钱柳提取物和对比例1制备的青钱柳提取物进行小鼠降血糖、降血脂对比实验。
取健康雄性C57小鼠70只,普通维持饲料适应喂养5天,禁食不禁水过夜,取尾血,测定空腹即给葡萄糖前(0小时)血糖值,给2.5g/kgBW葡萄糖后测定0.5、2小时血糖值,作为该批次动物基础值。以0小时血糖水平分7个组,即1个空白对照组、1个模型对照组、1个阳性药物组(对照药物:消渴丸)、1个青钱柳提取物中剂量组(0.6g/kg)和3个富硒青钱柳剂量组(1.8g/kg、0.6g/kg、0.2g/kg)。各剂量组分别灌胃给予不同剂量的的受试样品,阳药组给予51.4mg/100g的消渴丸,模型对照组给予同体积溶剂,连续42天。空白组给予维持料饲养,其他组均给以高脂饲料。4周后,阳药组、模型对照组、4个剂量组在高脂饲料基础上分别给予链尿佐菌素40mg/kg腹腔注射,空白组给予同体积的柠檬酸盐溶液,间隔三天后,测空腹血糖值,再注射一次。各组小鼠禁食不禁水过夜,测定空腹血糖即给葡萄糖前(0小时)血糖值,剂量组给予不同浓度受试样品,模型对照组给予同体积溶剂,空白对照组不做处理,15分钟后各组经口给予葡萄糖2.5g/kg BW,测定给葡萄糖后各组0.5、2小时的血糖值。各组小鼠禁食不禁水过夜,检测血清中总胆固醇和甘油三脂含量。各组小鼠灌胃葡萄糖后0.5小时血糖值、口服糖耐量及胆固醇、甘油三脂检测结果见表2:
表2 各组小鼠灌胃葡萄糖后0.5小时血糖值、口服糖耐量及胆固醇、甘油三脂检测结果
由表2可知,富硒青钱柳提取物和青钱柳提取物均具有良好的降血糖功效,其中,中剂量的富硒青钱柳提取物与对照药物消渴丸降血糖效果相当,低剂量的富硒青钱柳提取物与中剂量青钱柳提取物降血糖效果相当,高剂量的富硒青钱柳提取物降血糖功效明显优于对照药物消渴丸。同时,高、中、低剂量的富硒青钱柳提取物降血脂功效均明显优于中剂量青钱柳提取物和对照药物消渴丸。
对实施例1~10以及实施例12制得的产品重复上述实验,均得到类似实验效果,在此不再赘述。
实施例16
以实施例11制备的富硒青钱柳提取物和对比例1制备的青钱柳提取物进行小鼠增强免疫力对比实验。
检测实施例15中各组小鼠血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力,并取小鼠脾脏做小鼠脾脏免疫细胞MTT转化实验,测定刺激指数(SI)。实验结果见表3。
表3 各组小鼠免疫指标检测结果
由表3可知,小鼠血清中SOD酶的活力、GSH-Px酶活力以及小鼠脾脏免疫细胞MTT实验SI值均表明,富硒青钱柳提取物能够显著增强小鼠免疫功能,且高、中、低剂量的富硒青钱柳提取物增强小鼠免疫功效均明显优于中剂量青钱柳提取物和对照药物消渴丸。且随富青钱柳提取物剂量的增加,其增强免疫力的功效也随之明显增强。
对实施例1~10以及实施例12制得的产品重复上述实验,均得到类似实验效果,在此不再赘述。
综上所述,本发明实施例提供的一种富硒青钱柳的栽培、有效成分提取及应用,解决了现有技术中,对于富硒植物的培养所使用的肥料存在着残留多、吸收差、容易导致环境污染的缺陷,同时,现有的对于富硒植物中有效成分的提取以及应用存在着吸收率低以及不良反应多的缺陷。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种富硒青钱柳的栽培方法,其特征在于,所述栽培方法包括:所述富硒青钱柳的栽培过程中使用有机富硒肥;
所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母、腐殖酸、氨基酸、植物生长调节剂和叶面促渗剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法,其特征在于,以质量份计,所述有机富硒肥包括:富硒酵母1.0~10.0份、腐殖酸10.0~70.0份、氨基酸1.0~50.0份、植物生长调节剂0.5~10.0份和叶面促渗剂0.5-20份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法,其特征在于,所述氨基酸选自半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸、异亮氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、甘氨酸和丝氨酸中的一种或多种;所述植物生长调节剂选自硫酸氧钛、二乙酰胺四乙酸钛、乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸钛、硫酸锌、乙酰胺四乙酸锌、乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸锌、氯化镁、乙酰胺四乙酸镁、乙二胺二邻苯基乙酸镁、丙酰芸苔素内酯、复硝酚钠、1-甲基化丙烯和茉莉酸甲酯中的一种或几种的混合物;所述叶面促渗剂选自十二烷基硫酸钠、氯化钙、硫酸氧钛、硫酸亚铁、磷酸三丁酯、葵二酸二乙酯和辛二酸二乙酯中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的栽培方法,其特征在于,所述有机富硒肥与普通复合肥按照1:(100~2000)质量比混合后进行土壤施肥。
5.根据要求要求1所述的栽培方法,其特征在于,所述有机富硒肥按照1:(100~1000)质量比溶于水,配置成水溶液后进行叶面喷施。
6.一种包括权利要求1至5任意一项所述栽培方法得到的富硒青钱柳有效成分的提取方法,其特征在于,所述提取方法包括:取所述富硒青钱柳的树叶经预处理、提取、浓缩和醇沉,得粗提物;
所述预处理的方法为:取所述富硒青钱柳的树叶除杂、清洗以及粉碎,得第一产物;
所述提取的方法为:所述第一产物与提取液混合,加热回流提取,得第二产物;
所述浓缩的方法为:将所述第二产物进行减压浓缩或超滤膜浓缩,得第三产物;
所述醇沉的方法为:所述第三产物与乙醇混合,过滤收集沉淀物,所述沉淀物即为粗提物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的提取方法,其特征在于,所述第一产物的粒径为10~100目;所述提取液选自水、乙醇、NaOH溶液、HCl溶液、NaCl溶液、Tris-HCl溶液和PBS溶液中的一种或多种;所述加热温度为40~100℃;所述提取的时间为0.5~5h;所述提取的次数为1~10次;所述第三产物与所述第二产物的体积比为1:(5~20);所述乙醇与所述第三产物的体积比为(1~9):1。
8.根据权利要求6所述的提取方法,其特征在于,所述提取方法还包括精制和干燥,得粗提物;所述精制和所述干燥在所述醇沉后依次进行;
所述精制的方法为:将粗提物复溶后与絮凝剂混合,加热搅拌,过滤后收集滤液;所述干燥的方法选自冷冻干燥、热风常压干燥、真空干燥、喷雾干燥、微波干燥和红外干燥的一种或多种;
所述絮凝剂与所述粗提物的质量比为(0.5~5):10;所述絮凝剂选自壳聚糖、羧甲基壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐、明胶和ZTC1+1澄清剂中的一种或多种;所述加热搅拌的温度为40~60℃,所述加热搅拌的时间为0.05~2h。
9.一种包括权利要求6至8任意一项提取方法制得的产品在食品和/或药品中的应用。
10.一种由权利要求6至8任一项所述提取方法得到的产品制成的片剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、滴丸剂和口服液在降血脂降血压保健食品和/或药品中的应用。
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