CN106866324B - 一种碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的应用 - Google Patents
一种碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- -1 radical ammonium perchlorate Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- LNDKRVOOYMEYTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-dien-1-ol Chemical compound OC=CC=C LNDKRVOOYMEYTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005058 Isophorone diisocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- HJOVHMDZYOCNQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)CC(C)(C)C1 HJOVHMDZYOCNQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 13
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229920002121 Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229960000935 dehydrated alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical group ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium azide Chemical compound [Na+].[N-]=[N+]=[N-] PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- UTGIWXUFDNQZEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanamine;perchloric acid Chemical compound NC.OCl(=O)(=O)=O UTGIWXUFDNQZEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- PPWPWBNSKBDSPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[C] Chemical compound [B].[C] PPWPWBNSKBDSPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002274 desiccant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 4
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical class CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane Chemical compound B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BLLMMMHXIMRJEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine;perchloric acid Chemical compound CCCC[NH3+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BLLMMMHXIMRJEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BNZFXUYISHLQJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexylazanium;perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.CCCCCC[NH3+] BNZFXUYISHLQJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexanamine Chemical compound CCCCCCN BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium perchlorate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000852 azido group Chemical group *N=[N+]=[N-] 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010277 boron hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001793 charged compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XYVVCFFJQVMSNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene iron(2+) 5-octylcyclopenta-1,3-diene Chemical compound [Fe++].c1cc[cH-]c1.CCCCCCCC[c-]1cccc1 XYVVCFFJQVMSNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000058 cyclopentadienyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000002498 deadly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N endo-cyclopentadiene Natural products C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QYPCWXLVUAOBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanamine;perchloric acid Chemical compound CCN.OCl(=O)(=O)=O QYPCWXLVUAOBQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004756 ethanol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IDGUHHHQCWSQLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol;hydrate Chemical compound O.CCO IDGUHHHQCWSQLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003810 ethyl acetate extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012280 lithium aluminium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PBTHJVDBCFJQGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl azide Chemical class CN=[N+]=[N-] PBTHJVDBCFJQGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- NHZLDRXCSVFATE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl perchlorate Chemical compound COCl(=O)(=O)=O NHZLDRXCSVFATE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/05—Cyclic compounds having at least one ring containing boron but no carbon in the ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
- C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
- B01J31/146—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of boron
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的应用,通过还原制备碳硼烷基胺和成盐制备碳硼烷基高氯酸铵两个步骤得到碳硼烷基高氯酸铵,其与固体推进剂中常用的组分具有很好的相容性;化合物密度与复合固体推进剂密度接近,为高密度燃速催化剂,用于固体推进剂配方时即使添加量大也基本不降低推进剂体系的能量密度;同时,碳硼烷基高氯酸铵制备反应条件温和、制备工艺简便,原材料易得,易于工业化生产和推广应用。
Description
本申请为申请号为201510610491.6的中国发明专利申请的分案申请,原申请的申请日为:2015年9月23日,申请号为:201510610491.6,发明名称为:碳硼烷基高氯酸铵及其制备方法与应用。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的应用,属于复合固体推进剂用燃速催化剂的化学制备领域。
背景技术
高氯酸铵(AP)是目前复合固体推进剂中广泛应用的氧化剂,使用高效的燃速催化剂可以非常有效地促进AP热分解,从而通过控制燃速催化剂添加量可实现AP在固体推进剂中的燃烧分解控制。二茂铁及其衍生物是针对AP的有效燃速催化剂,其中,2,2-双(乙基二茂铁基)-丙烷(卡托辛,Catocene)、正辛基二茂铁和叔丁基二茂铁等产品已获得广泛的应用。然而,二茂铁类燃速催化即便在添加量高达4%~5%时仍不能达到超高燃速水平,而且,过高的添加量会极大地降低了固体推进剂体系的固含量和总体能量密度。
具有闭型笼状结构的碳硼烷是一种高效燃速催化剂,其燃速催化功能令人惊喜。然而,碳硼烷衍生物作为燃速催化剂使用时要求有较大的临界用量,只有在高于接近10%的临界用量以上时,其才能起到燃速催化的作用。已经获得应用的正己基碳硼烷(NHC),其加入端烃基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合推进剂中,当用量为10~13%时可使推进剂的燃速提高2至3倍;但是NHC常温下为液体,密度为1.05克/立方厘米,这大大低于复合固体推进剂的密度(约为1.65克/立方厘米),添加量大时可能导致推进剂体系的能量密度大大降低。已经公开报道的1-叠氮基甲基碳硼烷(AMC)和1-硝基甲基碳硼烷(NMC)等液态碳硼烷产品组成主要为碳氢和轻元素硼氢,分子间作用力弱,密度小,添加量大时导致推进剂体系的能量密度大大降低,仍是其不能实际应用的致命弱点所在。
现有碳硼烷类化合物用作固体推进剂燃速催化剂时,只有在较高的添加量时才能获得高燃速催化速率。这至少带来两方面的问题,其一,碳硼烷本身不含能量,且分子中含有的多个轻质硼原子和氢原子使碳硼烷衍生物的密度较低,当在固体推进剂中大添加量时会导致推进剂的能量密度降低;其二,液体碳硼烷酯类和烷基碳硼烷中的液态小分子碳硼烷衍生物在固体推进剂体系中的慢速迁移导致推进剂体系的热力学不稳定和不均匀性,进而使推进剂安全性能下降,并最终影响推进剂的储存寿命和服役期限。
因此需要研发一种新的固体推进剂燃速催化剂,即使添加量大也不会导致推进剂体系的能量密度大大降低,同时作为固体推进剂燃速催化剂还需要避免迁移,与固体推进剂中的其他组分相容性好,并且需要制备方便,易于工业化应用。
发明内容
本发明为了克服现有碳硼烷有机化合物的缺陷,公开了一种碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的应用,其与固体推进剂中的氧化剂具有很好的相容性,而且,碳硼烷基高氯酸铵为有机盐类,分子间作用力大,分子堆积密集,密度高,用于固体推进剂时即使添加量大也不降低推进剂体系的能量密度。
为达到上述发明目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:一种碳硼烷基高氯酸铵,其化学结构式为:
其中,n为1~6。
本发明公开的碳硼烷基高氯酸铵制备反应条件温和、工艺简便,原材料易得,易于工业化生产和推广应用,因此本发明还公开了上述碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的制备方法,为包括还原制备碳硼烷基胺和成盐制备碳硼烷基高氯酸铵两个步骤,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)按重量份计,将20~100份碳硼烷基叠氮化物溶解在200~500份醚类溶剂中,得到碳硼烷基叠氮化物的醚溶液;然后在反应器中投入10~20份还原剂和10~200份醚类溶剂,混合后,滴加上述碳硼烷基叠氮化物的醚溶液;然后于室温下搅拌反应1~48小时;反应结束后过滤反应液,萃取滤饼得到萃取液;萃取液经水洗、干燥后除去溶剂得到碳硼烷基胺;
(2)按重量份计,将10~50份碳硼烷基胺溶解于10~800份氯代烃类溶剂中,搅拌;然后于0~10℃下,滴加7~35份高氯酸,继续搅拌反应30分钟~24小时;反应结束后过滤反应液,滤饼经醇洗、干燥后即为碳硼烷基高氯酸铵。
上述技术方案中,步骤(1)中,所述醚类溶剂为乙醚、四氢呋喃和1,4-二氧六环中的任意一种或任意两种的混合物;步骤(2)中,所述氯代烃类溶剂为二氯甲烷和/或二氯乙烷。
上述技术方案中,步骤(1)中,所述还原剂为硼氢化钠、硼氢化钾、氢化铝锂中的一种。本发明以碳硼烷基叠氮化物为原料,以硼氢化物将叠氮基还原成氨基,制得碳硼烷基胺,在还原反应时可保证碳硼烷笼型结构不被破坏。
碳硼烷基叠氮化物可以由溴碳硼烷与叠氮钠在极性溶剂中反应得到;具体为将溴碳硼烷与叠氮钠依次加入N,N二甲基甲酰胺和水的混合液中,反应10~30小时后,蒸除溶剂,经萃取、干燥、过滤、减压蒸馏后得到碳硼烷基叠氮化物。
上述技术方案中,步骤(1)中,利用乙酸乙酯萃取滤饼;利用无水硫酸钠或者无水硫酸镁干燥萃取液;除去溶剂的方法为于40~80℃、10mmHg条件下旋转蒸发除去溶剂;步骤(2)中,将碳硼烷基胺溶解于溶剂中,在低温下与高氯酸反应,反应一定时间后,生成的产物以固体形式析出,过滤出固体产物,滤饼经无水乙醇洗涤、室温干燥得碳硼烷基高氯酸铵。
滴加速率对精细化学品合成反应有影响,本发明步骤(1)中,滴加碳硼烷基叠氮化物的醚溶液的时间为0.5~2小时;步骤(2)中,滴加高氯酸的时间为0.5~2小时。由于反应步骤(1)和反应步骤(2)都为放热反应,尤其是反应步骤(2)放热剧烈,慢速滴加可保证反应液温度不会急剧升高,反应平稳;同时又保证原料之间反应均匀、充分,得到设计的产品。
本发明制备的碳硼烷基高氯酸铵分子间作用力大、分子堆积密集,密度高,加入固体推进剂时即使添加量大也不降低推进剂体系的能量密度,因此本发明还公开了上述碳硼烷基高氯酸铵作为复合固体推进剂燃速催化剂的应用。
将上述碳硼烷基高氯酸铵混合至丁羟推进剂配方中,可以获得优异的燃烧速率,因此本发明还公开了上述碳硼烷基高氯酸铵在制备复合固体推进剂中的应用。优选的,将端羟基聚丁二烯预聚体、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、键合剂、碳硼烷基高氯酸铵、氧化剂高氯酸铵、铝粉混匀,固化成型得到固体推进剂;所述端羟基聚丁二烯预聚体、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、键合剂、碳硼烷基高氯酸铵、氧化剂高氯酸铵、铝粉的质量比为(30~50)∶(3~5)∶(0.8~0.9)∶(20~30)∶(150~200)∶(30~40)。由本发明作为催化剂制备得到的复合固体推进剂在140kgf/cm2下燃速高达177.28 mm/s,取得了意想不到的技术效果。
与现有技术相比,本发明公开的技术方案其有益效果在于:
1. 本发明首次提供了一种包含高氯酸铵的碳硼烷基高氯酸铵,为有机盐类化合物,分子间作用力大,分子堆积密集,因此化合物密度高,用于固体推进剂时即使添加量大也基本不降低推进剂体系的能量密度;有效解决了现有燃速催化剂会降低推进体系能量密度的缺陷。
2. 本发明公开的碳硼烷基高氯酸铵分子结构与固体推进剂中常用的化合物具有很好的相容性,用于固体推进剂中,可以有效地发挥各组分间的协同效应,避免了现有催化剂由于存在界面缺陷导致性能下降的问题。
3. 本发明公开的碳硼烷基高氯酸铵为固体,不迁移,有利于固体推进的安全性能和储存稳定性;解决了现有催化剂存在迁移而影响固体推进剂工艺性能与安全性能的缺陷。
4. 本发明公开的碳硼烷基高氯酸铵制备工艺简便,反应条件温和,原材料易得,易于工业化生产和推广应用。
附图说明
图1是实施例一制备的碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵的红外吸收曲线图;
图2是实施例一制备的碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵质谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步描述。
合成例一
将0.36g溴碳硼烷与0.12g叠氮钠依次加入10gN,N二甲基甲酰胺和2g水的混合液中,反应10~30小时后,蒸除溶剂,经乙酸乙酯萃取三次、萃取液合并后干燥、过滤、减压蒸馏后得到碳硼烷基叠氮化物。
溴碳硼烷的化学结构式为:
。
实施例一
(1)碳硼烷基甲胺合成:室温下,将13.2克硼氢化钠悬浮于100克乙醚中,缓慢滴加66.0克碳硼烷甲基叠氮溶解于350克乙醚中形成的溶液,30分钟滴加完,滴完于室温下搅拌反应24小时。反应完毕,过滤,滤饼用乙酸乙酯萃取,每次使用300克乙酸乙酯,萃取3次。合并萃取液,水洗,每次使用220克去离子水,水洗3次。加入35克无水硫酸钠干燥2小时。过滤除去干燥剂,将滤液于50℃和10mmHg条件下旋转蒸发除溶剂,得白色固体碳硼烷基甲胺30.6克, 收率:57.1%。产物FT-IR(ν):3430,3249cm-1为-NH2的伸缩振动吸收峰,2527 cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1033 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。产物1H NMR(δ, CDCl3):δ1.57~3.24ppm(10H)归属为硼笼架上BH的质子吸收峰,δ3.44ppm(1H)归属为硼笼上CH的质子吸收峰,δ3.64~4.36ppm(2H)归属为-CH2NH2的质子吸收峰,δ8.39ppm(2H)归属为-NH2的质子吸收峰,-NH2表现为特征性的鼓包峰。
(2)碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵合成:将30克碳硼烷基甲胺溶解于500克二氯乙烷中,降温至10℃后,慢速滴加24.6克高氯酸水溶液(质量浓度为70%),30min滴加完,加完后反应液中逐渐析出固体盐。继续搅拌反应3h,过滤出固体产物,以无水乙醇洗涤,每次使用50克无水乙醇,洗涤3次,最后室温干燥得白色针状固体产物碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵42.0 克,收率92.4%。产物密度为1.61克/立方厘米。
附图1是上述碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵的红外吸收曲线图,其中,3438cm-1的宽峰为有机铵盐的特征吸收峰,2520cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1090 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。附图2是上述碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵质谱图,其中,MS(EI,m/z): 274.7(M,100%)为碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵的分子离子峰。
产物的结构式如下:
(3)固体推进剂配方应用:选择某丁羟推进剂配方测试碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的燃速催化效果,在1L捏合机上混料,药浆经成型固化得药条,测试燃烧速度。投料时各组分为:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)预聚体40.5克,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)4.0克,键合剂0.9克,碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵28.5克,氧化剂高氯酸铵(AP)188.4克,铝粉(H-30) 31.5克,所得推进剂药条密度为1.64克/立方厘米,在140kgf/cm2下燃速为177.28 mm/s。
按照同样配方,以28.5克正己基碳硼烷(NHC)代替28.5克碳硼烷甲基高氯酸铵,所得推进剂药条密度为1.58克/立方厘米,在140kgf/cm2下的燃速为131.56mm/s。
实施例二
(1)碳硼烷基乙胺合成:室温下,将19.1克硼氢化钾悬浮于90克四氢呋喃中,缓慢滴加68.2克碳硼烷乙基叠氮溶解于320克四氢呋喃中形成的溶液,45分钟滴加完,滴完于室温下搅拌反应24小时。反应完毕,过滤,滤饼用乙酸乙酯萃取,每次使用300克乙酸乙酯,萃取3次。合并萃取液,水洗,每次使用200克去离子水,水洗3次。加入35克无水硫酸镁干燥5小时。过滤除去干燥剂,将滤液于55℃和10mmHg条件下旋转蒸发除溶剂,得白色固体碳硼烷基乙胺29.2克, 收率:54.9%。
(2)碳硼烷乙基高氯酸铵合成:将26.1克碳硼烷基乙胺溶解于510克二氯甲烷中,降温至3~4℃后,慢速滴加20.5克高氯酸水溶液(质量浓度为70%),25min滴加完,加完后反应液中逐渐析出固体盐。继续搅拌反应5h,过滤出固体产物,以无水乙醇洗涤,每次使用40克无水乙醇,洗涤3次,最后室温干燥得白色针状固体产物碳硼烷乙基高氯酸铵43.4 克,收率95.3%。产物密度为1.60克/立方厘米。FT-IR(ν):3437cm-1宽峰为铵盐的特征吸收峰,2525cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1093 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。
产物的结构式如下:
(3)固体推进剂配方应用:选择某丁羟推进剂配方测试碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的燃速催化效果,在1L捏合机上混料,药浆经成型固化得药条,测试燃烧速度。投料时各组分为:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)预聚体40.6克,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)4.1克,键合剂0.9克,碳硼烷乙基高氯酸铵28.5克,氧化剂高氯酸铵(AP)188.5克,铝粉(H-30) 31.5克,所得推进剂药条密度为1.63克/立方厘米,在140kgf/cm2下燃速为171.16 mm/s。
实施例三
(1)碳硼烷基丁胺合成:室温下,将13.3克硼氢化钠悬浮于100克四氢呋喃中,缓慢滴加86.1克碳硼烷丁基叠氮溶解于420克乙醚中形成的溶液,30分钟滴加完,滴完于室温下搅拌反应24小时。反应完毕,过滤,滤饼用乙酸乙酯萃取,每次使用300克乙酸乙酯,萃取3次。合并萃取液,水洗,每次使用200克去离子水,水洗3次。加入35克无水硫酸钠干燥4小时。过滤除去干燥剂,将滤液于50℃和10mmHg条件下旋转蒸发除溶剂,得白色固体氨丁基碳硼烷48.9克, 收率:65.2%。产物FT-IR(ν):3431,3255cm-1为-NH2的伸缩振动吸收峰,2524 cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1035 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。
(2)碳硼烷丁基高氯酸铵合成:将20.1克碳硼烷基丁胺溶解于280克二氯乙烷中,降温至5℃后,慢速滴加12.3克高氯酸水溶液(质量浓度为70%),30min滴加完,加完后反应液中逐渐析出固体盐。继续搅拌反应4小时,过滤出固体产物,以无水乙醇洗涤,每次使用50克无水乙醇,洗涤3次,最后室温干燥得白色粉末状固体产物碳硼烷丁基高氯酸铵30.4克,收率91.2%。产物密度为1.55克/立方厘米,FT-IR(ν):3445cm-1宽峰为铵盐的特征吸收峰,2525cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1091 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。
产物的结构式如下:
(3)固体推进剂配方应用:选择某丁羟推进剂配方测试碳硼烷丁基高氯酸铵的燃速催化效果,在1L捏合机上混料,药浆经成型固化得药条,测试燃烧速度。投料时各组分为:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)预聚体40.4克,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)4.1克,键合剂0.9克,碳硼烷丁基高氯酸铵28.8克,氧化剂高氯酸铵(AP)188.4克,铝粉(H-30) 31.5克,所得推进剂药条密度为1.62克/立方厘米,在140kgf/cm2下燃速为162.72 mm/s。
实施例四
(1)碳硼烷基己胺合成:室温下,将14.5克硼氢化钾悬浮于100克四氢呋喃中,缓慢滴加89.0克碳硼烷己基叠氮溶解于418克乙醚中形成的溶液,35分钟滴加完,滴完于室温下搅拌反应6小时。反应完毕,过滤,滤饼用乙酸乙酯萃取,每次使用300克乙酸乙酯,萃取3次。合并萃取液,水洗,每次使用200克去离子水,水洗3次。加入35克无水硫酸钠干燥4小时。过滤除去干燥剂,将滤液于55℃和10mmHg条件下旋转蒸发除溶剂,得白色固体氨己基碳硼烷48.1克, 收率:64.9%。产物FT-IR(ν):3431,3253cm-1为-NH2的伸缩振动吸收峰,2525 cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1033 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。
(2)碳硼烷己基高氯酸铵合成:将22克碳硼烷基己胺溶解于300克二氯乙烷中,降温至3℃后,慢速滴加12.5克高氯酸水溶液(质量浓度为70%),30min滴加完,加完后反应液中出现固体。继续搅拌反应4小时后,过滤出固体产物,以无水乙醇洗涤,每次使用50克无水乙醇,洗涤4次,室温干燥得松散的白色粉末状固体产物碳硼烷己基高氯酸铵29.5克,收率88.9%。产物密度为1.55克/立方厘米,FT-IR(ν):3448cm-1宽峰为铵盐的特征吸收峰,2523cm-1为B-H键的特征吸收峰,1090 cm-1为B-B键吸收峰。
产物的结构式如下:
(3)固体推进剂配方应用:选择某丁羟推进剂配方测试碳硼烷己基高氯酸铵的燃速催化效果,在1L捏合机上混料,药浆经成型固化得药条,测试燃烧速度。投料时各组分为:端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)预聚体40.6克,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)4.2克,键合剂0.8克,碳硼烷己基高氯酸铵29.1克,氧化剂高氯酸铵(AP)188.8克,铝粉(H-30) 31.2克,所得推进剂药条密度为1.62克/立方厘米,在140kgf/cm2下燃速为161.23 mm/s。
Claims (2)
1.碳硼烷基高氯酸铵在制备复合固体推进剂中的应用;
所述碳硼烷基高氯酸铵的化学结构式为:
其中,n为1~6。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:将端羟基聚丁二烯预聚体、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、键合剂、碳硼烷基高氯酸铵、高氯酸铵、铝粉混匀,固化成型得到固体推进剂;所述端羟基聚丁二烯预聚体、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、键合剂、碳硼烷基高氯酸铵、高氯酸铵、铝粉的质量比为(30~50)∶(3~5)∶(0.8~0.9)∶(20~30)∶(150~200)∶(30~40)。
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