CN106436306B - 一种纤维的表面改性方法 - Google Patents

一种纤维的表面改性方法 Download PDF

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CN106436306B
CN106436306B CN201610411060.1A CN201610411060A CN106436306B CN 106436306 B CN106436306 B CN 106436306B CN 201610411060 A CN201610411060 A CN 201610411060A CN 106436306 B CN106436306 B CN 106436306B
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王文才
王磊
时永祥
田明
张立群
赵秀英
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Beijing University of Chemical Technology
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种纤维的表面改性方法,属于纤维表面改性技术领域。采用邻苯二酚和多胺仿生修饰的方法对纤维进行表面活化后,再用硅烷偶联剂等进行二次功能化,通过引入环氧、双键和多硫等活性基团在纤维与橡胶界面形成化学键合,以此来提高纤维与橡胶界面的粘合性能,使纤维骨架材料能够更好的应用于特种橡胶制品中。一方面能够改善传统纤维界面改性手段带来的环境问题,另一方面低成本,简易的操作流程可以实现工业化。

Description

一种纤维的表面改性方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纤维的表面改性方法,采用邻苯二酚和多胺对纤维进行表面修饰,之后用硅烷偶联剂进行二次功能化,引入的活性基团可以有效改善纤维与橡胶界面之间的粘合性能,该处理的纤维可以用于轮胎、传送带、胶管等领域,属于纤维表面改性技术领域。
背景技术
高性能纤维具有优异力学性能,较低的密度和较好的热稳定性,是理想的纤维骨架材料。但由于表面缺乏活性基团,所以纤维与橡胶复合材料的界面粘合性能很差,极大限制了纤维在橡胶复合材料中的应用。
传统的纤维表面改性手段主要分为化学和物理方法,化学方法是通过化学反应在纤维表面引入活性基团,主要包括针对芳纶表面的苯环的硝化/还原,酰卤化和酰胺基团的化学反应以及浸渍液的改性。Bnerashid R等人采用氯磺酸处理芳纶纤维,通过引入在纤维表面引入氯磺基,进一步转化为羟基、氨基、羧基等活性基团,提高了界面粘合性能,但是反应速度快且不易控制,同时对纤维造成一定损伤。对于二次浸渍工艺,先将芳纶纤维浸入环氧化物乳液或环氧化物与封闭异氰酸酯混合乳液,在浸渍RFL,可明显提高芳纶纤维与橡胶基体的粘合强度。宋月贤等用不含有机溶剂的水溶性高活性环氧树脂活化液和预缩合间苯二酚-甲醛树脂配制的RFL浸渍液,获得了较为理想的活化粘合效果,此法可使芳纶帘线和天然橡胶有优异的粘合性能。在美国专利US20120041113中,作者提出了用环氧,封闭型异氰酸酯,环氧固化剂以及丁吡胶乳来对纤维织物进行浸渍处理。但RFL体系中的甲醛和间苯二酚,以及封闭型异氰酸酯均存在一定毒性,对环境存在一定污染问题。CN100999868A虽然是一步法浸胶,但是前期需要进行水溶性聚氨酯和聚丙烯酸酯乳液的制备,工艺复杂,且需要高温处理。物理方法主要包含等离子体、电子束和超声波等对纤维表面进行刻蚀和清洗,在纤维表面引入活性基团并引发接枝。严志云等利用冷等离子体处理芳纶纤维并结合浸胶工艺使得芳纶纤维与橡胶的粘合强度提高了227%。但物理改性手段对设备要求条件高,反应条件苛刻,成本较高。
蚌类生物的胶蛋白能稳定的粘附在各种有机和无机基体表面,研究发现,胶蛋白含有较高浓度的邻苯二酚和氨基功能团。多巴胺是一种邻苯二酚胺,其结构与蚌类生物的胶蛋白类似,在碱性环境下可氧化自聚合形成交联聚合物,聚多巴胺几乎与所有基体都有很好的粘附力。在CN102634986使用多巴胺结合硅烷偶联剂对超高分子量聚乙烯进行表面处理,之后结合RFL浸渍使得其与橡胶的界面粘合强度得到有效提升,但多巴胺的价格较贵,不易实现批量操作。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种纤维的表面改性新方法,采用邻苯二酚和多胺仿生修饰的方法对纤维进行表面活化后,再用硅烷偶联剂进行二次功能化,通过引入环氧,双键和多硫等活性基团在纤维与橡胶界面形成化学键合,以此来提高纤维与橡胶界面的粘合性能,使纤维骨架材料能够更好的应用于特种橡胶制品中。一方面能够改善传统纤维界面改性手段带来的环境问题,另一方面低成本,简易的操作流程可以实现工业化。
一种纤维的表面改性的新方法,包含邻苯二酚和多胺的共沉积修饰和硅烷偶联剂的二次接枝,具体步骤和条件为:
(1)共沉积修饰
配制邻苯二酚-多胺的混合水溶液,邻苯二酚浓度为5-20mM/L,多胺的浓度为5~20mM/L,并将其pH调节至8.0~11;将丙酮清洗过的纤维缠绕在支架上,放入上述的混合水溶液中,进行搅拌反应(如以20~100转/min的速度进行磁力搅拌),搅拌时间不超过24h,能够使邻苯二酚氧化后与多胺在纤维表面共沉积形成酚胺低聚体层或聚酚胺层,进一步优选的邻苯二酚浓度为15mM/L,而多胺的浓度5mM/L,pH为9.5,搅拌时间为4h。
所述多胺为烯烃的多胺,优选二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、四乙烯五胺、五乙烯六胺或聚乙烯亚胺中的一种或几种。进一步优选四乙烯五胺。
所述邻苯二酚与多胺的摩尔比为优选3:1~1:2,进一步优选3:1。
本发明的纤维可以是任何形态的纤维制品。进一步纤维可为成分的纤维,如:
可优选芳纶纤维。
(2)二次功能单体的接枝
将一定量的二次功能单体加入步骤(1)反应了的溶液中在20~80℃下,继续搅拌反应2~8h,二次功能单体的用量为步骤(1)反应溶液的0.5~10vol%,将反应结束后的纤维取出用酒精清洗后,放置到烘箱中干燥(如60℃的烘箱中干燥12h)。
本发明进一步通过调节二次功能单体的浓度、反应温度以及反应时间,可以有效调节二次功能单体的接枝效率,从而进一步调节到纤维与橡胶界面的粘合性能。
所述的二次功能单体为能够与酚胺低聚体或聚酚胺反应,并且含有可参与橡胶交联反应的基团,选自下列物质中的任何一种:硅烷偶联剂KH560、硅烷偶联剂KH570、硅烷偶联剂Si69、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚、水性环氧等。由于酚胺低聚体以及聚酚胺中含有大量酚羟基和氨基,因此可与带有羟基、羧基、环氧基等的单体进行反应。由于需要改善与橡胶的界面相互作用,因此所选择的二次功能单体的另外一端需含有可参与橡胶交联反应的基团,如双键、环氧基团、多硫键等,使得硫化过程中,橡胶与纤维的界面形成化学键合,提高界面的粘合性能。优选步骤(2)硅烷偶联剂KH560浓度为1vol%,接枝反应时间为5h。
经本发明预处理的纤维可明显改善与天然橡胶和合成橡胶的粘合性能,合成橡胶包括:丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、顺丁橡胶、三元乙丙橡胶、丁基橡胶等。
本发明的优势和特点:
(1)采用邻苯二酚和多胺共沉积的仿生修饰方法对纤维进行表面改性,并将其引用在橡胶工业中,操作工艺简便,成本低廉,反应条件温和对纤维没有损伤,同时替代了封闭异氰酸酯的巨毒性,且能大幅度改善纤维与橡胶界面的粘合性能。
(2)采用酚胺共沉积结合二次功能化的方法对纤维进行表面处理,在纤维表面引入了可参与橡胶硫化交联反应的活性基团,有助于提高纤维与橡胶的粘合强度。
(3)在纤维表面形成的聚酚胺层,在引入酚羟基和氨基的同时还能一定程度提高纤维的耐热性,对耐热性差的纤维有一定保护作用。
(4)对于表面自由能较低的高性能纤维如芳纶,超高分子量聚乙烯等,相比传统的等离子体、液相氧化、乳液浸渍的方法,采用本发明的方法,步骤操作简单、设备要求低、成本低、对纤维基本没有损伤。
附图说明
图1、实施例1芳纶纤维的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图,其中(a)纯芳纶纤维,(b)聚(邻苯二酚-四乙烯五胺)改性的芳纶纤维和(c)硅烷偶联剂KH560二次接枝的聚(邻苯二酚-四乙烯五胺)改性的芳纶纤维。
图2、实施例1芳纶纤维的X射线光电子能谱(XPS)宽谱图
图3、实施例1芳纶纤维与橡胶抽出式样的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步说明书,但本发明并不限于以下实施例。
实施例1
1)配制邻苯二酚-四乙烯五胺的混合水溶液,其中邻苯二酚为15mM/L,四乙烯五胺的浓度为5mM/L,并用Tris和NaCO3将其PH调节至9.5。之后将丙酮清洗的芳纶纤维将丙酮清洗过的芳纶纤维缠绕在支架上,放入上述的混合溶液中,以60转/min的速度搅拌4h,得到表面沉积有聚(邻苯二酚-四乙烯五胺)的芳纶纤维。
2)继续向上述反应溶液中加入1vol%的硅烷偶联剂KH560,继续搅拌至均匀分散,将反应温度调节至60℃,反应时间为5h。之后将改性后的纤维用乙醇清洗,后放置真空烘箱干燥12h。
制备纤维/橡胶复合材料(抽出式样)取天然橡胶(SMR10)质量份30,丁苯橡胶(SBR1502)质量份70在密炼机中塑炼,依次加入活性剂:氧化锌质量份5,硬脂酸质量份2;防老剂4010NA质量份1;古马隆树脂质量份1;增粘剂:RA质量份1,RS质量份1;补强剂:炭黑N330质量份25,气相法白炭黑质量份10;增塑剂:芳烃油质量份10;最后加入硫磺质量份1和促进剂CZ质量份4。将混炼好的胶料用开炼机打三角包,出片,得到5mm的胶片。
3)抽出式样的制备:
抽出实验样品的尺寸参照ISO 4647制得。将混炼胶裁剪成与抽出模具相匹配的条形,填入到抽出实验模具的模腔中。将改性前后的纤维嵌入到胶条和模具里,再放置一层胶条。合上模具。
4)抽出式样的硫化:
将抽出实验样条在平板硫化机上进行硫化,硫化温度150℃,硫化压力15Mpa,硫化时间30min。
实施例2
过程同实施例1,将步骤2)中的硅烷偶联剂KH560换成Si69,得到用酚、胺和Si69进行表面处理的芳纶纤维。
实施例3
过程同实施例1,将步骤2)中的硅烷偶联剂KH560换成EGDE,得到用酚、胺和EGDE进行表面处理的芳纶纤维。
对比例1
将清洗过的芳纶纤维直接与橡胶进行复合,过程同实例1中步骤2)和步骤3)。剥离试验说明:纤维与橡胶粘合力测试依据ISO 4647标准在深圳瑞格尔仪器公司生产的万能材料试验机上进行测试。测试速度100mm/min,记录纤维从橡胶拔出时的最大力,测试不少于8个样品,记录最少8个有效数据的平均值。
表1:本发明实施例及对比例所得样条的性能对比
如表1中所示,对比例1的未改性的芳纶纤维与橡胶的样条,实施例为酚胺和不同二次功能化单体处理的芳纶纤维与橡胶的样条,实例1~实例3依次为KH560、Si69、EGDE。可以看出,相比未改性的芳纶纤维,经过酚胺和二次功能化的芳纶纤维与橡胶复合材料试样的粘合性能依次提升了91%,81%,和96%。说明这种改性方法能够有效改善芳纶纤维与橡胶的界面粘合强度,同时成本低廉,对纤维强度没有较大损伤。

Claims (5)

1.一种纤维的表面改性的方法,其特征在于,首先采用邻苯二酚和多胺进行共沉积修饰,然后再进行二次功能单体的接枝,具体步骤和条件为:
(1)共沉积修饰
配制邻苯二酚-多胺的混合水溶液,邻苯二酚浓度为5-20 mM/L,多胺的浓度为5~20mM/L,并将其pH 调节至8.0~11;将丙酮清洗过的纤维缠绕在支架上,放入上述的混合水溶液中,进行搅拌反应,搅拌时间不超过24 h,能够使邻苯二酚氧化后与多胺在纤维表面共沉积形成酚胺低聚体层或聚酚胺层,所述多胺为烯烃的多胺;
(2)二次功能单体的接枝
将一定量的二次功能单体加入步骤(1)反应了的溶液中,在20~80℃ 下继续搅拌反应2~8 h,二次功能单体的用量为步骤(1)反应溶液的0.5~ 10 vol %,将反应结束后的纤维取出用酒精清洗后,放置到烘箱中干燥;二次功能单体为能够与酚胺低聚体或聚酚胺反应,并且含有可参与橡胶交联反应的基团的物质;多胺选择二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、四乙烯五胺、五乙烯六胺中的一种或几种;邻苯二酚与多胺的摩尔比为3:1~1:2;
纤维为芳纶纤维;
二次功能单体选自下列物质中的任何一种:硅烷偶联剂KH560、硅烷偶联剂KH570、硅烷偶联剂Si69、乙二醇二缩水甘油醚。
2.按照权利要求1所述的一种纤维的表面改性的方法,其特征在于,邻苯二酚浓度为15mM/L,而多胺的浓度5mM/L,pH为9.5,搅拌时间为4 h。
3.按照权利要求1所述的一种纤维的表面改性的方法,其特征在于,多胺为四乙烯五胺。
4.按照权利要求1所述的一种纤维的表面改性的方法,其特征在于,邻苯二酚与多胺的摩尔比为3:1。
5.按照权利要求1所述的一种纤维的表面改性的方法,其特征在于,纤维是任何形态的纤维制品。
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