CN106342732A - Loach fry culture method - Google Patents
Loach fry culture method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106342732A CN106342732A CN201610757056.0A CN201610757056A CN106342732A CN 106342732 A CN106342732 A CN 106342732A CN 201610757056 A CN201610757056 A CN 201610757056A CN 106342732 A CN106342732 A CN 106342732A
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- misgurni anguillicaudati
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- UGWKCNDTYUOTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;sulfuric acid Chemical compound [Cu].OS(O)(=O)=O UGWKCNDTYUOTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 3
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- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 241000252184 Misgurnus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000294599 Paramisgurnus dabryanus Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001597062 Channa argus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000252206 Cypriniformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001417104 Cyprinoidea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001275944 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000685385 Misgurnus bipartitus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000332718 Misgurnus mizolepis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a loach fry culture method. A loach larval stage feed culture pond, a larva culture facility pond and a fry culture pond cooperate to finish two-stage culture of loach fries. Primary culture includes that loach seedlings are cultured into loach larvae, culture time is one week, loach fries grow to 1-1.2 centimeters, and the facility pond serves as a culture facility. Secondary culture includes that the larvae are massively cultured into the fries, culture time is four weeks, loaches grow to 4 centimeters or more, and the pond serves as a culture facility. The loach fry culture method solves the problem that current large-scale loach fries cannot be massively produced under the artificial control condition, large-scale loach fries are massively produced, and rapid development of loach industries is facilitated.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to loach fry breeding method, belong to loach fry category, accurately and specifically loach fry
Extensive breeding method.
Background technology
Loach genus Cypriniformes, Cyprinoidei, Cobitidae, loach genus.This genus species is more, has Misgurni anguillicaudati (misgurnus
Anguillicaudatus), Misgurnus mizolepis (Gunther). (misgurnus dabryanus), Inner Mongol Misgurni anguillicaudati (Erichsen Misgurni anguillicaudati) (
Misgurnus bipartitus), cyan Misgurni anguillicaudati (misgurnus lividus), intend Misgurni anguillicaudati (paramisgurnus
Dabryanus guichcnot), Misgurni anguillicaudati (mesomisgurnus bipartitus) etc. in two colors.Have more than 10 in the whole world
Kind, profile is very nearly the same, generally for the mainly Misgurni anguillicaudati of cultivation.Recent years bring squama pair mud up in our countries, development again
Loach (paramisgurnus dabryanus) and Chinese snake head.Misgurni anguillicaudati is nutritious, delicious flavour, and its protein content reaches
21%, medicinal efficacy is notable, as a kind of nourishing food, increasingly likes for people.
Misgurni anguillicaudati is distributed widely in the ground such as Chinese, Japanese, Korea, Russia and the India of Asia bank.Remove Qinghai-Tibet in China
Outside plateau, the natural fresh water such as rivers and creeks in all parts of the country, irrigation canals and ditches, paddy field, pond, lake and reservoir is all distributed in waters, especially exists
The Changjiang river and Pearl River Delta middle and lower reaches distributed pole are wide, and Population is big, is a kind of small-sized economic freshwater Fish.
In China, Misgurni anguillicaudati in the past more to originate in natural water area, only leans on it from numerous self-fertile from long, in recent years, with consumption water
Flat raising, demand increases, the going from bad to worse of Misgurni anguillicaudati overfishing and habitat, and Misgurni anguillicaudati resource has been suffered to destroy, natural
Yield is greatly reduced, therefore, the province such as China Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shandong, Guangdong, Shanghai, the foreign trade in city and
Aquatic product department, is fishing on the basis of wild loach stores up outlet, the actively pilot production of development Misgurni anguillicaudati artificial propagation and cultivation；Separately
Outward, many research institutions in the whole nation combine produce reality, have carried out extensive artificial propagation and the rearing of fingerling research of Misgurni anguillicaudati
With the research of other biological aspect, and Misgurni anguillicaudati good variety selection research etc., achieve gratifying achievement in research and warp
Test.But at present, China's big specification loach breeding yield and the low bottleneck being still to restrict Misgurni anguillicaudati large-scale farming of survival rate.
Content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to: a kind of loach fry breeding method is provided, solves current loach fry survival rate low
Problem, promote Misgurni anguillicaudati industry fast development.
The present invention adopts following technical solution: Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, crow young cultivate facility pond and
The two-stage completing loach fry under the cooperation in seed rearing pond is cultivated；It is that loach water flower is cultivated into crow son, training that one-level is cultivated
Time of educating is 1 week, and to 1-1.2 centimetre, cultivate facility is that crow son cultivates facility pond to loach fry length；Two grades of cultivations are by crow
Son cultivates into seed on a large scale, and the time of cultivating is 4 weeks, and to more than 4 centimetres, cultivation facility is seed rearing pond to Misgurni anguillicaudati length.
Wherein, loach fry breeding method comprises the following steps:
Step one: one-level is cultivated
(1) food organisms are cultivated: 10d before loach water flower is put in a suitable place to breed, with the ClO 2 solution of 0.5ppm concentration to Misgurni anguillicaudati opening
Bait culture pond carries out sterilization of cleaning up the pond, water filling 1.5～2.0m after sterilizing 2 days, fertilising training water, every mu of chicken fertilizer 400kg applying fermentation
～500kg, every 1d～2d agitation at the bottom of pond once；Splash weekly later 2 fermentations of becoming thoroughly decomposed chicken manure fertile, every time every mu of 50kg～
100kg；Splash weekly 1 em bacterium；If in the cultivating process of food organisms, find that every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density is less than 40
Individual, then bean milk of splashing is topdressed, that is, every mu, the dry Semen Glyciness of every meter of depth of water 1kg；
(2) pond requires: the young facility pond of cultivating of crow is arranged in light-passing plastic booth, and booth sets up sunshade net；Every mouthful
Swimming pool area 80～120, deep 50cm～60cm, pond water inlet suitable for reading, lower mouth at the bottom of pond portion's water outlet, outlet is inserted and adjusts water
The pvc pipe of position, pvc pipe is stamped the apopore of 40～50 diameter 0.2cm with electric drill, and apopore is pricked with the bolting silk cloth of 60 mesh
Tightly；At the bottom of pond slow fall from filling pipe end to lower mouth of a river, the range of decrease is 5%～10%；In pond, micro-pore oxygenation facility is set, on the outlet side of pond
Excavate an escape canal, escape canal is cement canal or Tu Qu, trench bottom is less than discharge outlet 30cm～50cm, be easy to collect
Seedling；
(3) fry is put in a suitable place to breed: puts loach water flower 500,000 tail～600,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every square metre in crow young cultivation facility pond；
(4) bait feeding: feed the wheel animalcule of artificial culture, wheel animalcule passes through pipeline and flows into Wu Zaipei from Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond
Educate facility pond, make every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density be more than 100；
(5) parasite killing: 5d behind pond under loach water flower, it is in 0.7ppm concentration that copper-bath of splashing makes water, is posted with killing protozoon class
Infested；
(6) collect Seedling: loach water flower becomes crow young after cultivating 1 week, body length to 1.2cm about, that is, emerge and enter the seed training of big specification
Educate the stage；During collection Seedling, seedling box will be collected and set up gutter, the depositary management of collection seedling box will be enclosed within drain pipe, pull out crow young cultivation facility
Change the pvc pipe in pond, make Misgurni anguillicaudati crow young with water inflow collection seedling box；
Step 2: two grades of cultivations
(1) pond requires: 1～2 mu of area, pond depth 80cm～100cm, and entering the convenient pond of draining is seed rearing pond；?
Pond overhead sets up bird prevention net, and along along the pool, surrounding mesh sheet impales, and intake-outlet is filtered with the bolting silk cloth of 40 mesh；The pool under crow son
Front 10d, is thoroughly cleaned up the pond with quick lime 75kg slurrying full pool spilling head for every mu；
(2) apply fertilizer: 7d, water filling 50cm before the young lower pool of crow, every mu of chicken fertilizer 400kg～500kg applying fermentation of becoming thoroughly decomposed, stir every 1d～2d
Dynamic at the bottom of pond once, promotes dormancy wheel animalcule spore development；
(3) try water: black son enters 1d before the pool, water scooped in bucket, it is young to put into a few tail Misgurni anguillicaudatis crows, after 24h, if crow young all just
Often, then put Seedling, conversely, then explanation water quality is bad, pond needs to change water, tries water after changing water in a few days again, until medicine poison of cleaning up the pond
Power disappears, and after water quality improves, just puts Seedling；
(4) draw abortive haul: black son enters 1d before pond, drawn in the net in pond 2～3 times with fry net, the harmful organism in pond is cleared out of；
(5) black son puts in a suitable place to breed: remove the impurity in collection seedling box, will be excessively several for Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son, and put into the seed training that pond carries out big specification
Educate the stage, put crow son's 40～500,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every mu；The black son that same pond is put in a suitable place to breed should be with batch of, and size is neat, physique
Healthy and strong；
(6) bait feeding: in the seed stage before 5cm for the Misgurni anguillicaudati, ingest zooplankton, such as wheel animalcule, protozoacide, cladocera and
Copepods；Misgurni anguillicaudati, in 5cm～8cm, is increasingly turned to omnivorous sex reversal, shell-fish of ingesting, chironomus larvas, water silk earthworm, land and water life
Insecticide and its larva, young spiral shell, Lumbricuss, also ingest filamentous algae, diatom, phytoclasts and seed simultaneously；Therefore, in the seed of Misgurni anguillicaudati
In cultivating process, Misgurni anguillicaudati, before 2 centimetres, is ingested by Misgurni anguillicaudati with the wheel animalcule in water body, small-sized cladocera；When Misgurni anguillicaudati length is to 2 centimetres
Afterwards, while continuing to cultivate agreeable to the taste food organisms, start to feed artifical compound feed, mixed feed meets ny5072；Daily throwing
Feed powder 2 times, morning 8:00～9:00, afternoon 5:00～6:00, feeding volume accounts for the 3%～5% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；When the young lower pool of crow
After 20d～25d, loach Seedling length, to 3cm～4cm, feeds loach fry mixed feed, and feedstuff meets ny5072, and day feeding volume accounts for mud
The 4%～5% of loach body weight；When loach Seedling length to more than 4cm, then cultivate and become loach identical with Misgurni anguillicaudati；
(7) water quality management: pond water quality should meet ny5051 water quality requirement, every 1 week, lower 1 em bacterium or photosynthetic bacteria adjusted water
Matter；Every 15d quick lime full pool spilling head 1 time, makes water be in 15ppm concentration；In summer high-temperature season, every 10d change water 10～
15cm；
(8) diseases prevention: the young lower pool of crow 1 week, making water with full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution is in 0.7ppm concentration, kills in water body
Protozoon, used a ketone-sulphoxylate every 1 week later；Loach fry is easy to obtain gas bubble disease, and the transparency of water therefore to be kept exists
25cm～30cm, if water colour is too dense, fills new water in time.
Wherein, Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond and the crow young area cultivating facility pond ratio is for 1:2.
Wherein, Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond and crow young cultivation set up pipeline between facility pond, using water-head, mud
From flowing into, crow is young to cultivate facility pond to the water of loach open-mouthed bait culture pond.
Wherein, add beneficial organism bacterium in Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, beneficial organism bacterium is based on photosynthetic bacteria
Complex microorganism preparations, photosynthetic bacteria accounts for 50%.
Wherein, crow young cultivation plants water peanut in facility pond, and water plant area accounts for cultured area and is less than 30%-
50%, it is miniflow water condition.
The invention has the advantages that 1. the cultivation of loach fry being divided into two grades, seed is significantly increased and has survived
Rate, from the loach fry survival rate 50% of spray to 4cm/ tail；2. Misgurni anguillicaudati crow is young cultivates simple to operate, convenient management, survival rate
Height, reaches 80%, and the young collection of crow is simple；3. with special pond cultivation natural bait nursing loach water flower, low cost, simple to operate；④
Transplant water peanut in culture pond, not only adjust water temperature moreover it is possible to the harmful substance such as degradation of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate, environmental protection；5. two
Level culture pond overhead sets up bird prevention net, effectively prevents bird pest；6. add beneficial microbe bacterium in Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, protect
The population advantage of beneficial microbe bacterium in card water body.
Specific embodiment
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail.It should be understood that these embodiments are intended merely to
Illustrate the present invention, rather than limit the scope of the present invention by any way.
Embodiment 1: cultivate loach fry according to following steps
Step one: one-level is cultivated
(1) food organisms are cultivated: Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond 40m2, 10d 0.5ppm titanium dioxide before loach water flower is put in a suitable place to breed
Chlorine medicinal liquid is cleaned up the pond to Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, water filling after 2 days, fertilising；Every mu of chicken fertilizer 400kg applying fermentation, every 1d
Agitation at the bottom of pond is once；The chicken manure of later 2 fermentations of becoming thoroughly decomposed of splashing weekly is fertile, every mu of 50kg every time；Splash weekly 1 em bacterium；As
Fruit, in the cultivating process of food organisms, finds that every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density is less than 40, then (every mu, every meter of bean milk of splashing
The dry Semen Glyciness of depth of water 1kg) topdressed；
(2) pond requires: the young facility pond of cultivating of crow is arranged in light-passing plastic booth, and booth sets up sunshade net；Chi Zhong
Transplant water peanut, area accounts for cultivates the 30% of pool area；Every mouthful of swimming pool area 80, deep 50cm, pond water inlet suitable for reading, lower mouth
The water outlet of at the bottom of pond portion, outlet is inserted the pvc pipe adjusting water level, pvc pipe is stamped with electric drill the apopore of 40 diameter 0.2cm,
Apopore is tightened with the bolting silk cloth of 60 mesh；At the bottom of pond slow fall from filling pipe end to lower mouth of a river, the range of decrease is 5%；In pond, setting micro-pore oxygenation sets
Apply, an escape canal is excavated on pond outlet side, escape canal is cement canal or Tu Qu, trench bottom is less than discharge outlet
30cm, is easy to collect Seedling；
(3) fry is put in a suitable place to breed: day in May, 2015 11-18, puts loach water flower 500,000 in a suitable place to breed for every square metre in crow young cultivation facility pond
Tail；
(4) bait feeding: feed the wheel animalcule of artificial culture, wheel animalcule passes through pipeline and flows into Wu Zaipei from Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond
Educate facility pond, make every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density be more than 100；
(5) parasite killing: 5d behind pond under loach water flower, with full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution, make water be in 0.7ppm concentration, to kill
Protozoon class parasite；
(6) collect Seedling: loach water flower becomes crow young after cultivating 1 week, body length to 1.2cm about, that is, emerge and enter the seed training of big specification
Educate the stage；During collection Seedling, seedling box will be collected and set up gutter, the depositary management of collection seedling box will be enclosed within drain pipe, pull out crow young cultivation facility
Change the pvc pipe in pond, make Misgurni anguillicaudati crow young with water inflow collection seedling box；
Step 2: two grades of cultivations
(1) pond requires: 1 mu of area, pond depth 80cm, and entering the convenient pond of draining is seed rearing pond；In pond overhead frame
Set up defences trammel net, along along the pool, surrounding mesh sheet impales, intake-outlet is filtered with the bolting silk cloth of 40 mesh；10d before the pool under crow son, every mu
It is ashed into slurry full pool spilling head thoroughly to be cleaned up the pond with 75kg calculogenesis；
(2) apply fertilizer: 7d, water filling 50cm before the young lower pool of crow, every mu of chicken fertilizer 400kg applying fermentation of becoming thoroughly decomposed, every 1d agitation at the bottom of pond once,
Promote dormancy wheel animalcule spore development；
(3) try water: black son enters 1d before the pool, water scooped in bucket, it is young to put into a few tail Misgurni anguillicaudatis crows, after 24h, if crow young all just
Often, then put Seedling, conversely, then explanation water quality is bad, pond needs to change water, tries water after changing water in a few days again, until medicine poison of cleaning up the pond
Power disappears, and after water quality improves, just puts Seedling；
(4) draw abortive haul: black son enters 1d before pond, drawn in the net in pond 2 times with fry net, the harmful organism in pond is cleared out of；
(5) black son puts in a suitable place to breed: remove the impurity in collection seedling box, will be excessively several for Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son, and put into the seed training that pond carries out big specification
Educate the stage, on May 18th, 2015, to June 19, puts crow son's 400,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every mu；The black son that same pond is put in a suitable place to breed should be same
Batch, size is neat, physically fit；
(6) bait feeding: in the seed stage before 5cm for the Misgurni anguillicaudati, ingest zooplankton, such as wheel animalcule, protozoacide, cladocera and
Copepods；Misgurni anguillicaudati, in 5cm～8cm, is increasingly turned to omnivorous sex reversal, shell-fish of ingesting, chironomus larvas, water silk earthworm, land and water life
Insecticide and its larva, young spiral shell, Lumbricuss, also ingest filamentous algae, diatom, phytoclasts and seed simultaneously；Therefore, in the seed of Misgurni anguillicaudati
In cultivating process, Misgurni anguillicaudati, before 2 centimetres, is ingested by Misgurni anguillicaudati with the wheel animalcule in water body, small-sized cladocera；When Misgurni anguillicaudati length is to 2 centimetres
Afterwards, while continuing to cultivate agreeable to the taste food organisms, start to feed artifical compound feed, mixed feed meets ny5072；Daily throwing
Feed powder 2 times, morning 8:00, afternoon 5:00, feeding volume accounts for the 3% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；After crow young lower pool 20d, loach Seedling length to 3cm-
4cm, feeds loach fry mixed feed, and feedstuff meets ny5072, and day feeding volume accounts for the 4% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；When loach Seedling length to 4cm
More than, then cultivate and become loach identical with Misgurni anguillicaudati；
(7) water quality management: pond water quality should meet ny5051 water quality requirement, lower 1 em bacterium regulating water quality every 1 week；Every 15d uses
Quick lime full pool spilling head 1 time, makes water be in 15ppm concentration；In summer high-temperature season, change water 10 every 10d；
(8) diseases prevention: the young lower pool of crow 1 week, full pool spilling head copper sulfate, make water be in 0.7ppm concentration to kill the protozoon in water body,
Later every 1 week with a medicine；Loach fry is easy to obtain gas bubble disease, the transparency keeping water in 25cm-30cm, if water colour
Too dense, fill new water in time.
One-level culture pond 80 m2, transplanted water peanut in pond, area accounts for cultivates the 30% of pool area；In May, 2014 11-18
Day, put loach water flower 500,000 tail in a suitable place to breed, produce Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son's (average size 1.1cm/ tail) 40.1 ten thousand tails, survival rate 80.2 %；
1 mu of two grades of culture ponds, on May 18th, 2014, to June 19, puts Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son's 400,000 tails in a suitable place to breed, produces Misgurni anguillicaudati large size seedling seed
26.7 ten thousand tails, survival rate 66.75%；Loach water flower to large size seedling seed cultivating survival rate be 53.40%.
Embodiment 2: cultivate loach fry according to following steps
Step one: one-level is cultivated
(1) food organisms are cultivated: Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond 50 m2, 10d 0.5ppm titanium dioxide before loach water flower is put in a suitable place to breed
Chlorine medicinal liquid is cleaned up the pond to Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, water filling after 2 days, fertilising；Every mu of chicken fertilizer 450kg applying fermentation, every 2d
Agitation at the bottom of pond is once；The chicken manure of later 2 fermentations of becoming thoroughly decomposed of splashing weekly is fertile, every mu of 75kg every time；Splash weekly 1 em bacterium；As
Fruit, in the cultivating process of food organisms, finds that every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density is less than 40, then (every mu, every meter of bean milk of splashing
The dry Semen Glyciness of depth of water 1kg) topdressed；
(2) pond requires: the young facility pond of cultivating of crow is arranged in light-passing plastic booth, and booth sets up sunshade net；Chi Zhong
The water plants such as water peanut are transplanted, area accounts for cultivates the 40% of pool area；Every mouthful of swimming pool area 100, deep 55cm, on pond
Mouth water inlet, lower mouth at the bottom of pond portion's water outlet, outlet is inserted the pvc pipe adjusting water level, pvc manages and stamps 45 diameters with electric drill
The apopore of 0.2cm, apopore is tightened with the bolting silk cloth of 60 mesh；At the bottom of pond slow fall from filling pipe end to lower mouth of a river, the range of decrease is 7%；Chi Zhong
Setting micro-pore oxygenation facility, an escape canal is excavated on pond outlet side, escape canal is cement canal or Tu Qu, irrigation canals and ditches bottom
Portion is less than discharge outlet 40cm, is easy to collect Seedling；
(3) fry is put in a suitable place to breed: day in June, 2015 11-18, puts loach water flower 550,000 in a suitable place to breed for every square metre in crow young cultivation facility pond
Tail；
(4) bait feeding: feed the wheel animalcule of artificial culture, wheel animalcule passes through pipeline and flows into Wu Zaipei from Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond
Educate facility pond, make every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density be more than 100；
(5) parasite killing: 5d behind pond under loach water flower, full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution make water be in 0.7ppm concentration, to kill
Protozoon class parasite；
(6) collect Seedling: loach water flower becomes crow young after cultivating 1 week, body length to 1.2cm about, that is, emerge and enter the seed training of big specification
Educate the stage；During collection Seedling, seedling box will be collected and set up gutter, the depositary management of collection seedling box will be enclosed within drain pipe, pull out crow young cultivation facility
Change the pvc pipe in pond, make Misgurni anguillicaudati crow young with water inflow collection seedling box；
Step 2: two grades of cultivations
(1) pond requires: 1.5 mu of area, pond depth 90cm, and entering the convenient pond of draining is seed rearing pond；In pond overhead
Set up bird prevention net, surrounding mesh sheet impales along along the pool, intake-outlet is filtered with the bolting silk cloth of 40 mesh；10d before the pool under crow son, often
Mu is thoroughly cleaned up the pond with 75kg quicklime slurrying full pool spilling head；
(2) apply fertilizer: 7d, water filling 50cm before the young lower pool of crow, every mu of chicken fertilizer 450kg applying fermentation of becoming thoroughly decomposed, every 2d agitation at the bottom of pond once,
Promote dormancy wheel animalcule spore development；
(3) try water: black son enters 1d before the pool, water scooped in bucket, it is young to put into a few tail Misgurni anguillicaudatis crows, after 24h, if crow young all just
Often, then put Seedling, conversely, then explanation water quality is bad, pond needs to change water, tries water after changing water in a few days again, until medicine poison of cleaning up the pond
Power disappears, and after water quality improves, just puts Seedling；
(4) draw abortive haul: black son enters 1d before pond, drawn in the net in pond 3 times with fry net, the harmful organism in pond is cleared out of；
(5) black son puts in a suitable place to breed: remove the impurity in collection seedling box, will be excessively several for Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son, and put into the seed training that pond carries out big specification
Educate the stage, on June 18th, 2015, to July 19, puts crow son's 450,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every mu；The black son that same pond is put in a suitable place to breed should be same
Batch, size is neat, physically fit；
(6) bait feeding: in the seed stage before 5cm for the Misgurni anguillicaudati, ingest zooplankton, such as wheel animalcule, protozoacide, cladocera and
Copepods；Misgurni anguillicaudati, in 5cm～8cm, is increasingly turned to omnivorous sex reversal, shell-fish of ingesting, chironomus larvas, water silk earthworm, land and water life
Insecticide and its larva, young spiral shell, Lumbricuss, also ingest filamentous algae, diatom, phytoclasts and seed simultaneously；Therefore, in the seed of Misgurni anguillicaudati
In cultivating process, Misgurni anguillicaudati, before 2 centimetres, is ingested by Misgurni anguillicaudati with the wheel animalcule in water body, small-sized cladocera；When Misgurni anguillicaudati length is to 2 centimetres
Afterwards, while continuing to cultivate agreeable to the taste food organisms, start to feed artifical compound feed, mixed feed meets ny5072；Daily throwing
Feed powder 2 times, morning 8:30, afternoon 5:30, feeding volume accounts for the 4% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；After crow young lower pool 22d, loach Seedling length to 3cm
～4cm, feeds loach fry mixed feed, and feedstuff meets ny5072, and day feeding volume accounts for the 4.5% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；When loach Seedling length extremely
More than 4cm, then cultivate and become loach identical with Misgurni anguillicaudati；
(7) water quality management: pond water quality should meet ny5051 water quality requirement, lower 1 photosynthetic bacteria regulating water quality every 1 week；Often
15d quick lime full pool spilling head 1 time, makes water be in 15ppm concentration；In summer high-temperature season, change water 12cm every 10d；
(8) diseases prevention: the young lower pool of crow 1 week, full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution makes water be in 0.7ppm concentration, kills in water body
Protozoon, later every 1 week with a medicine；Loach fry is easy to obtain gas bubble disease, and the transparency of water therefore to be kept is in 25cm
～30cm, if water colour is too dense, fills new water in time.
One-level culture pond 100 m2, transplant the water plants such as water peanut in pond, area accounts for cultivates the 40% of pool area,
Day in June, 2014 11-18, put loach water flower 550,000 tail in a suitable place to breed, produce Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son's (average size 1.2cm/ tail) 46.3 ten thousand tails, become
Motility rate reaches 84.18%；1.5 mu of two grades of culture ponds, on June 18th, 2014, to July 19, puts Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son's 450,000 tails in a suitable place to breed, produces mud
Loach large size seedling seed 28.5 ten thousand tail, survival rate 63.33%.Loach water flower to large size seedling seed cultivating survival rate be 51.82%.
Embodiment 3: cultivate loach fry according to following steps
Step one: one-level is cultivated
(1) food organisms are cultivated: Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond 60,10d 0.5ppm titanium dioxide before loach water flower is put in a suitable place to breed
Chlorine medicinal liquid is cleaned up the pond to Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, water filling after 2 days, fertilising；Every mu of chicken fertilizer 500kg applying fermentation, every 1d
Agitation at the bottom of pond is once；The chicken manure of later 2 fermentations of becoming thoroughly decomposed of splashing weekly is fertile, every mu of 100kg every time；Splash weekly 1 em bacterium；As
Fruit, in the cultivating process of food organisms, finds that every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density is less than 40, then (every mu, every meter of bean milk of splashing
The dry Semen Glyciness of depth of water 1kg) topdressed；
(2) pond requires: the young facility pond of cultivating of crow is arranged in light-passing plastic booth, and booth sets up sunshade net；Chi Zhong
Transplant water peanut, area accounts for cultivates the 50% of pool area；Every mouthful of swimming pool area 120, deep 60cm, pond water inlet suitable for reading, lower mouth
The water outlet of at the bottom of pond portion, outlet is inserted the pvc pipe adjusting water level, pvc pipe is stamped with electric drill the apopore of 50 diameter 0.2cm,
Apopore is tightened with the bolting silk cloth of 60 mesh；At the bottom of pond slow fall from filling pipe end to lower mouth of a river, the range of decrease is 10%；Micro-pore oxygenation is set in pond
Facility, an escape canal is excavated on pond outlet side, escape canal is cement canal or Tu Qu, and trench bottom is less than discharge outlet
50cm, is easy to collect Seedling；
(3) fry is put in a suitable place to breed: day in May, 2015 21-28, puts loach water flower 600,000 in a suitable place to breed for every square metre in crow young cultivation facility pond
Tail；
(4) bait feeding: feed the wheel animalcule of artificial culture, wheel animalcule passes through pipeline and flows into Wu Zaipei from Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond
Educate facility pond, make every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density be more than 100；
(5) parasite killing: 5d behind pond under loach water flower, full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution make water be in 0.7ppm concentration, to kill
Protozoon class parasite；
(6) collect Seedling: loach water flower becomes crow young after cultivating 1 week, body length to 1.2cm about, that is, emerge and enter the seed training of big specification
Educate the stage；During collection Seedling, seedling box will be collected and set up gutter, the depositary management of collection seedling box will be enclosed within drain pipe, pull out crow young cultivation facility
Change the pvc pipe in pond, make Misgurni anguillicaudati crow young with water inflow collection seedling box；
Step 2: two grades of cultivations
(1) pond requires: 2 mu of area, pond depth 100cm, and entering the convenient pond of draining is seed rearing pond；In pond overhead frame
Set up defences trammel net, along along the pool, surrounding mesh sheet impales, intake-outlet is filtered with the bolting silk cloth of 40 mesh；10d before the pool under crow son, uses
75kg quicklime slurrying full pool spilling head is thoroughly cleaned up the pond；
(2) apply fertilizer: 7d, water filling 50cm before the young lower pool of crow, every mu of chicken fertilizer 500kg applying fermentation of becoming thoroughly decomposed, every 1d agitation at the bottom of pond once,
Promote dormancy wheel animalcule spore development；
(3) try water: black son enters 1d before the pool, water scooped in bucket, it is young to put into a few tail Misgurni anguillicaudatis crows, after 24h, if crow young all just
Often, then put Seedling, conversely, then explanation water quality is bad, pond needs to change water, tries water after changing water in a few days again, until medicine poison of cleaning up the pond
Power disappears, and after water quality improves, just puts Seedling；
(4) draw abortive haul: black son enters 1d before pond, drawn in the net in pond 2 times with fry net, the harmful organism in pond is cleared out of；
(5) black son puts in a suitable place to breed: remove the impurity in collection seedling box, will be excessively several for Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son, and put into the seed training that pond carries out big specification
Educate the stage, on May 28th, 2015, to July 29, puts crow son's 500,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every mu；The black son that same pond is put in a suitable place to breed should be same
Batch, size is neat, physically fit；
(6) bait feeding: in the seed stage before 5cm for the Misgurni anguillicaudati, ingest zooplankton, such as wheel animalcule, protozoacide, cladocera and
Copepods；Misgurni anguillicaudati, in 5cm～8cm, is increasingly turned to omnivorous sex reversal, shell-fish of ingesting, chironomus larvas, water silk earthworm, land and water life
Insecticide and its larva, young spiral shell, Lumbricuss, also ingest filamentous algae, diatom, phytoclasts and seed simultaneously；Therefore, in the seed of Misgurni anguillicaudati
In cultivating process, Misgurni anguillicaudati, before 2 centimetres, is ingested by Misgurni anguillicaudati with the wheel animalcule in water body, small-sized cladocera；When Misgurni anguillicaudati length is to 2 centimetres
Afterwards, while continuing to cultivate agreeable to the taste food organisms, start to feed artifical compound feed, mixed feed meets ny5072；Daily throwing
Feed powder 2 times, morning 9:00, afternoon 6:00, feeding volume accounts for the 5% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；After crow young lower pool 25d, loach Seedling length to 3cm
～4cm, feeds loach fry mixed feed, and feedstuff meets ny5072, and day feeding volume accounts for the 5% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；When loach Seedling length extremely
More than 4cm, then cultivate and become loach identical with Misgurni anguillicaudati；
(7) water quality management: pond water quality should meet ny5051 water quality requirement, lower 1 em bacterium regulating water quality every 1 week；Every 15d uses
Quick lime full pool spilling head 1 time, makes water be in 15ppm concentration；In summer high-temperature season, change water 15cm every 10d；
(8) diseases prevention: the young lower pool of crow 1 week, full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution make water be in 0.7ppm concentration, to kill water body
In protozoon, later every 1 week with a medicine；Loach fry is easy to obtain gas bubble disease, keep the transparency of water 25cm～
30cm, if water colour is too dense, fills new water in time.
One-level culture pond 120 m2, transplanted the water plants such as water peanut in pond, area accounts for cultivates the 50% of pool area；
Day in May, 2015 21-28, put loach water flower 600,000 tail in a suitable place to breed, produce Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son's (average size 1.23cm/ tail) 52.9 ten thousand tails,
Survival rate 88.17 %；2 mu of two grades of culture ponds, on May 28th, 2015, to July 29, puts Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son's 500,000 tails in a suitable place to breed, produces
Misgurni anguillicaudati large size seedling seed 32.51 ten thousand tail, survival rate 65.02%.Loach water flower to large size seedling seed cultivating survival rate is
54.18%.
Claims (5)
1. loach fry breeding method, is characterized in that: in Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond, crow young cultivation facility pond and seed
The two-stage completing loach fry under the cooperation cultivating pond is cultivated；It is loach water flower to be cultivated into crow son, during cultivation that one-level is cultivated
Between be 1 week, to 1-1.2 centimetre, cultivate facility is crow young cultivation facility pond to loach fry length；Two grades of cultivations are by Wu Zai great
Scale cultivates into seed, and the time of cultivating is 4 weeks, and to more than 4 centimetres, cultivation facility is seed rearing pond to Misgurni anguillicaudati length；Wherein, mud
Loach offspring seed cultivation method comprises the following steps:
Step one: one-level is cultivated
(1) food organisms are cultivated: 10d before loach water flower is put in a suitable place to breed, with the ClO 2 solution of 0.5ppm concentration to Misgurni anguillicaudati opening
Bait culture pond carries out sterilization of cleaning up the pond, water filling 1.5～2.0m after sterilizing 2 days, fertilising training water, every mu of chicken fertilizer 400kg applying fermentation
～500kg, every 1d～2d agitation at the bottom of pond once；Splash weekly later 2 fermentations of becoming thoroughly decomposed chicken manure fertile, every time every mu of 50kg～
100kg；Splash weekly 1 em bacterium；If in the cultivating process of food organisms, find that every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density is less than 40
Individual, then bean milk of splashing is topdressed, that is, every mu, the dry Semen Glyciness of every meter of depth of water 1kg；
(2) pond requires: the young facility pond of cultivating of crow is arranged in light-passing plastic booth, and booth sets up sunshade net；Every mouthful
Swimming pool area 80～120, deep 50cm～60cm, pond water inlet suitable for reading, lower mouth at the bottom of pond portion's water outlet, outlet is inserted and adjusts water
The pvc pipe of position, pvc pipe is stamped the apopore of 40～50 diameter 0.2cm with electric drill, and apopore is pricked with the bolting silk cloth of 60 mesh
Tightly；At the bottom of pond slow fall from filling pipe end to lower mouth of a river, the range of decrease is 5%～10%；In pond, micro-pore oxygenation facility is set, on the outlet side of pond
Excavate an escape canal, escape canal is cement canal or Tu Qu, trench bottom is less than discharge outlet 30cm～50cm, be easy to collect
Seedling；
(3) fry is put in a suitable place to breed: puts loach water flower 500,000 tail～600,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every square metre in crow young cultivation facility pond；
(4) bait feeding: feed the wheel animalcule of artificial culture, wheel animalcule passes through pipeline and flows into Wu Zaipei from Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond
Educate facility pond, make every milliliter of water wheel animalcule density be more than 100；
(5) parasite killing: 5d behind pond under loach water flower, it is in 0.7ppm concentration that copper-bath of splashing makes water, is posted with killing protozoon class
Infested；
(6) collect Seedling: loach water flower becomes crow young after cultivating 1 week, body length to 1.2cm about, that is, emerge and enter the seed training of big specification
Educate the stage；During collection Seedling, seedling box will be collected and set up gutter, the depositary management of collection seedling box will be enclosed within drain pipe, pull out crow young cultivation facility
Change the pvc pipe in pond, make Misgurni anguillicaudati crow young with water inflow collection seedling box；
Step 2: two grades of cultivations
(1) pond requires: 1～2 mu of area, pond depth 80cm～100cm, and entering the convenient pond of draining is seed rearing pond；?
Pond overhead sets up bird prevention net, and along along the pool, surrounding mesh sheet impales, and intake-outlet is filtered with the bolting silk cloth of 40 mesh；The pool under crow son
Front 10d, is thoroughly cleaned up the pond with quick lime 75kg slurrying full pool spilling head for every mu；
(2) apply fertilizer: 7d, water filling 50cm before the young lower pool of crow, every mu of chicken fertilizer 400kg～500kg applying fermentation of becoming thoroughly decomposed, stir every 1d～2d
Dynamic at the bottom of pond once, promotes dormancy wheel animalcule spore development；
(3) try water: black son enters 1d before the pool, water scooped in bucket, it is young to put into a few tail Misgurni anguillicaudatis crows, after 24h, if crow young all just
Often, then put Seedling, conversely, then explanation water quality is bad, pond needs to change water, tries water after changing water in a few days again, until medicine poison of cleaning up the pond
Power disappears, and after water quality improves, just puts Seedling；
(4) draw abortive haul: black son enters 1d before pond, drawn in the net in pond 2～3 times with fry net, the harmful organism in pond is cleared out of；
(5) black son puts in a suitable place to breed: remove the impurity in collection seedling box, will be excessively several for Misgurni anguillicaudati crow son, and put into the seed training that pond carries out big specification
Educate the stage, put crow son's 40～500,000 tails in a suitable place to breed for every mu；The black son that same pond is put in a suitable place to breed should be with batch of, and size is neat, physique
Healthy and strong；
(6) bait feeding: in the seed stage before 5cm for the Misgurni anguillicaudati, ingest zooplankton, such as wheel animalcule, protozoacide, cladocera and
Copepods；Misgurni anguillicaudati, in 5cm～8cm, is increasingly turned to omnivorous sex reversal, shell-fish of ingesting, chironomus larvas, water silk earthworm, land and water life
Insecticide and its larva, young spiral shell, Lumbricuss, also ingest filamentous algae, diatom, phytoclasts and seed simultaneously；Therefore, in the seed of Misgurni anguillicaudati
In cultivating process, Misgurni anguillicaudati, before 2 centimetres, is ingested by Misgurni anguillicaudati with the wheel animalcule in water body, small-sized cladocera；When Misgurni anguillicaudati length is to 2 centimetres
Afterwards, while continuing to cultivate agreeable to the taste food organisms, start to feed artifical compound feed, mixed feed meets ny5072；Daily throwing
Feed powder 2 times, morning 8:00～9:00, afternoon 5:00～6:00, feeding volume accounts for the 3%～5% of Misgurni anguillicaudati body weight；When the young lower pool of crow
After 20d～25d, loach Seedling length, to 3cm～4cm, feeds loach fry mixed feed, and feedstuff meets ny5072, and day feeding volume accounts for mud
The 4%～5% of loach body weight；When loach Seedling length to more than 4cm, then cultivate and become loach identical with Misgurni anguillicaudati；
(7) water quality management: pond water quality should meet ny5051 water quality requirement, every 1 week, lower 1 em bacterium or photosynthetic bacteria adjusted water
Matter；Every 15d quick lime full pool spilling head 1 time, makes water be in 15ppm concentration；In summer high-temperature season, every 10d change water 10～
15cm；
(8) diseases prevention: the young lower pool of crow 1 week, making water with full pool spilling head after sulphuric acid copper dissolution is in 0.7ppm concentration, kills in water body
Protozoon, used a ketone-sulphoxylate every 1 week later；Loach fry is easy to obtain gas bubble disease, and the transparency of water therefore to be kept exists
25cm～30cm, if water colour is too dense, fills new water in time.
2. loach fry breeding method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond and Wu Zaipei
Educate the area in facility pond than for 1:2.
3. loach fry breeding method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond and Wu Zaipei
Educate erection pipeline between facility pond, using water-head, crow is young to cultivate facility to the water of Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond from flowing into
Change pond.
4. loach fry breeding method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: is added with Misgurni anguillicaudati open-mouthed bait culture pond
Beneficial biological bacteria, beneficial organism bacterium is the complex microorganism preparations based on photosynthetic bacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria accounts for 50%.
5. loach fry breeding method according to claim 1, is characterized in that: crow young cultivation plants water in facility pond
Semen arachidis hypogaeae, water plant area accounts for cultured area and is less than 30%-50%, is miniflow water condition.
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| CN110150200A (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2019-08-23 | 广西壮族自治区水产科学研究院 | Misgurnus auguillicaudatus seed method for breeding graded |
| CN111109176A (en) * | 2019-12-29 | 2020-05-08 | 南京瀚邦生态农业科技有限公司 | Three-stage water purification system for aquaculture |
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| CN107372222A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-11-24 | 何亮 | A kind of cultural method of medicinal loach |
| CN107439426A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2017-12-08 | 何亮 | A kind of cultural method of loach |
| CN107581104A (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2018-01-16 | 何亮 | A kind of high density loach breeding method |
| CN107581104B (en) * | 2017-08-23 | 2020-12-29 | 何亮 | High-density loach breeding method |
| CN107667918A (en) * | 2017-10-24 | 2018-02-09 | 宿松富民水产养殖有限公司 | A kind of cultural method for improving the loach fry speed of growth |
| CN108243999A (en) * | 2018-01-10 | 2018-07-06 | 广西平南县平原农牧有限公司 | A kind of cultural method of Chinese snake head |
| CN108184725A (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2018-06-22 | 广西平南县平原农牧有限公司 | A kind of cultural method of loach prevention disease |
| CN108353829A (en) * | 2018-01-31 | 2018-08-03 | 广西平南县平原农牧有限公司 | A kind of loach pond offspring seed cultivation method |
| CN110150200A (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2019-08-23 | 广西壮族自治区水产科学研究院 | Misgurnus auguillicaudatus seed method for breeding graded |
| CN110150200B (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2021-09-07 | 广西壮族自治区水产科学研究院 | Paramisgurnus dabryanus fry grading cultivation method |
| CN111109176A (en) * | 2019-12-29 | 2020-05-08 | 南京瀚邦生态农业科技有限公司 | Three-stage water purification system for aquaculture |
| CN112335580A (en) * | 2020-09-27 | 2021-02-09 | 天津蕴华农业科技发展有限公司 | Ecological breeding method for loaches with high survival rate |
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