CN106283660B - 一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括具体步骤:第一步:在室温下,在搅拌釜中将纺丝用非水溶性高分子聚合物搅拌溶解于溶剂中,得到质量分数为5~30%的电纺原料;第二步:将第一步得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,进行静电纺丝,得到纳米纤维模板材料;第三步:将第二步所制备的纳米纤维模板材料浸入到所配制的1mg/mL‑1g/mL的有机胺溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内搅拌,使纳米纤维模板材料与有机胺混合,随后搅拌5~10h,以去除甲醇或乙醇,制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的胺基改性纳米纤维材料。本发明胺基改性纳米纤维材料具有较高二氧化碳吸附能力和抗粉化性能,其制备方法简单,在碳捕集领域具有巨大的应用潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,属于二氧化碳吸附技术领域。
背景技术
随着化石燃料的常年使用,CO2的过度排放已成为全球气候变暖、海平面上升、飓风加剧、厄尔尼诺频发等重大灾难的诱因,因此CO2减排已成为当前国际社会亟待解决的环境问题。CO2捕集和封存是控制温室气体排放的重要技术之一,美国、欧盟、加拿大等发达国家和地区均制定了相关技术发展方向和路线。我国的能源结构以煤为主,CO2排放量将长期处于上升态势或维持高位,发展CO2捕集技术将是我国中长期温室气体减排的重要技术途径。
在众多碳捕集材料中,以固体吸附材料为基础的CO2捕集技术,克服了传统的以醇胺类吸收剂如单乙醇胺等为基础的液相吸收技术所存在的吸收剂易降解、设备腐蚀严重、再生能耗高等问题,是实现CO2减排的最具潜力的一种方法。目前,常用的固体吸附剂主要是基于物理吸附的多孔材料,如多孔炭、分子筛及金属有机骨架材料等,但上述颗粒状多孔材料在使用过程中普遍存在易粉化的问题,限制了其可操作性和实际应用性能。多孔纳米纤维材料以其连续性好、孔道结构丰富等结构优势,可有效克服颗粒材料因其结构不连续性和易粉化所带来的应用缺陷,在吸附分离领域表现出巨大的应用潜力。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,以解决上述颗粒状多孔材料在使用过程中普遍存在易粉化的问题。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供了如下技术方案:
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括具体步骤:
第一步:在室温下,在搅拌釜中将纺丝用非水溶性高分子聚合物搅拌溶解于溶剂中,得到质量分数为5~30%的电纺原料;
第二步:将第一步得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,进行静电纺丝,得到纳米纤维模板材料;
第三步:将有机胺溶解到甲醇或乙醇中,配成浓度为1mg/mL~1g/mL的有机胺溶液,将第二步所制备的纳米纤维模板材料浸入到所配制的1mg/mL~1g/mL的有机胺溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,设定温度为30~50℃、真空度低于0.098Mpa的条件下搅拌0.5~2h,使纳米纤维模板材料与有机胺混合,随后在温度为40~80℃、真空度低于0.098Mpa的条件下搅拌5~10h,以去除甲醇或乙醇,制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的胺基改性纳米纤维材料。
优选地,所述第一步中的搅拌速度为100~2500r/min。
优选地,所述第二步中的静电纺丝条件为:静电压为10~40kV,注射泵流速为0.3~4mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离为6~20cm。
优选地,所述的纺丝用非水溶性高分子聚合物为聚醚砜、醋酸纤维素、聚苯乙烯、纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乳酸、尼龙6、聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、聚异丁烯、聚己内酯、聚醋酸乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯硫醚、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、甲壳素、壳聚糖、葡聚糖、纤维蛋白、丝蛋白、明胶、琼脂和透明质酸中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
优选地,所述的溶剂为二甲基亚砜、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙醇、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、甲酸、乙酸、氯仿、乙醚、苯、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2,3,4-四氢化萘、环丁砜、嘧啶、甲酰胺、正己烷、氯苯、二氧杂环己烷、乙腈、乙烯基乙二醇、甲苯、甲基环己烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、二甲苯、环己烷、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、戊烷、苯甲醚、乙酸丁酯、三丁甲基乙醚、乙酸异丙酯、甲基四氢呋喃、石油醚、三氯乙酸、三氟乙酸以及吡啶中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
优选地,所述的有机胺为含胺基的小分子化合物或含胺基的聚合物。
更优选地,所述的含胺基的小分子化合物为二乙醇胺、二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、四乙烯五胺、五乙烯六胺、四乙撑五胺丙烯腈、尿素以及三聚氰胺中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
更优选地,所述的含胺基的聚合物为聚乙烯亚胺、聚丙烯酰胺、壳聚糖以及聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点如下:
本发明工艺简单,通过结合静电纺丝和浸渍技术,获得了可用于二氧化碳吸附分离的柔性纳米纤维材料。纳米纤维具有的比表面积大、孔隙率高等优点赋予该吸附材料较高的吸附量和吸附速率。多孔纳米纤维材料以其连续性好、孔道结构丰富等结构优势,可有效克服颗粒材料因其结构不连续性和易粉化所带来的应用缺陷,同时也避免了因材料粉化而导致的装置堵塞及二次污染。此外,纤维材料还具有足够的机械强度,在气源高流速、冲击大、震动情况下具有较好吸附循环稳定性。本发明的胺基改性纳米纤维材料在碳捕集领域具有巨大的应用潜力。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1~10中的纺丝用聚合物选用聚醚砜(分子量为4~5W)、醋酸纤维素(分子量为17~25W)、聚苯乙烯(分子量为10~15W)、纤维素(分子量为17~25W)、乙基纤维素(分子量为17~25W)、聚乳酸(分子量为20W)、尼龙6(分子量为17~25W)、聚丙烯腈(分子量为12W)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(分子量为8W)、聚氨酯(分子量为12W);溶剂选用二甲基亚砜、丙酮、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、氯仿、二甲基甲酰胺,均由上海晶纯试剂有限公司生产;高压电源选用天津东文高压电源厂生产的DW-P303-1ACD8型。
实施例1
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将0.5g聚醚砜以转速100rpm搅拌溶解在9.5g二甲基亚砜中,得到质量分数为5%的电纺原料聚醚砜溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为10kV,注射泵流速0.3mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离6cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚醚砜纳米纤维模板材料。
将聚乙烯亚胺溶解到甲醇中,配成浓度为1mg/mL的聚乙烯亚胺的甲醇溶液,将制备的聚醚砜纳米纤维模板材料浸入到所配制的浓度为1mg/mL的聚乙烯亚胺的甲醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,设定温度为30℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌30min,使聚醚砜纳米纤维模板材料与聚乙烯亚胺充分混合,聚乙烯亚胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为40℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌5h,以使甲醇挥发尽,从而制得二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料。
实施例2
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将1g醋酸纤维素以转速300rpm搅拌溶解在9g丙酮中,得到质量分数为10%的电纺原料醋酸纤维素溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为10kV,注射泵流速0.5mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离10cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚醚砜纳米纤维模板材料。
将聚丙烯酰胺溶解到乙醇中,配制浓度为2mg/mL的聚丙烯酰胺的乙醇溶液,将制备的醋酸纤维素纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为2mg/mL的聚丙烯酰胺的乙醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为32℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌40min,使醋酸纤维素纳米纤维模板材料与聚丙烯酰胺充分混合,聚丙烯酰胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为40℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌5h,以使乙醇挥发尽,从而得到具有二氧化碳吸附功能的胺基改性纳米纤维材料。
实施例3
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将0.5g聚苯乙烯以转速200rpm搅拌溶解在9.5g二甲基亚砜中,得到质量分数为5%的电纺原料聚苯乙烯溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为15kV,注射泵流速1mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离10cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚苯乙烯纳米纤维模板材料。
将二乙醇胺溶解到甲醇中,配制浓度为10mg/mL的二乙醇胺的甲醇溶液,将制备的聚苯乙烯纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为10mg/mL的二乙醇胺的甲醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为33℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌45min,使聚苯乙烯纳米纤维模板材料与二乙醇胺充分混合,二乙醇胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为40℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌5h,以使甲醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的聚苯乙烯纳米纤维材料。
实施例4
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将1.5g纤维素以转速500rpm搅拌溶解在8.5g四氢呋喃中,得到质量分数为15%的电纺原料纤维素溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为20kV,注射泵流速2mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离8cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到纤维素纳米纤维模板材料。
将二乙烯三胺溶解到甲醇中,配制浓度为20mg/mL的二乙烯三胺甲醇溶液,将制备的纤维素纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为20mg/mL的二乙烯三胺甲醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为34℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌50min,使纤维素纳米纤维模板材料与二乙烯三胺充分混合,二乙烯三胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为50℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌6h,以使甲醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的纤维素纳米纤维材料。
实施例5
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将2g乙基纤维素以转速600rpm搅拌溶解在8g二甲基亚砜中,得到质量分数为20%的电纺原料乙基纤维素溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为20kV,注射泵流速1.5mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离12cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到乙基纤维素纳米纤维模板材料。
将三聚氰胺溶解到乙醇中,配制浓度为30mg/mL的三聚氰胺的乙醇溶液,将制备的乙基纤维素纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为30mg/mL的三聚氰胺的乙醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为36℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌1h,使乙基纤维素纳米纤维模板材料与三聚氰胺充分混合,三聚氰胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为50℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌6h,以使乙醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的乙基纤维素纳米纤维材料。
实施例6
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将3g聚乳酸以转速800rpm搅拌溶解在7g N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,得到质量分数为30%的电纺原料聚乳酸溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为25kV,注射泵流速2mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离15cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚乳酸纳米纤维模板材料。
将三乙烯四胺溶解到甲醇中,配制浓度为60mg/mL的三乙烯四胺的甲醇溶液,将制备的聚乳酸纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为60mg/mL的三乙烯四胺的甲醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为36℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌1h,使聚乳酸纳米纤维模板材料与三乙烯四胺充分混合,三乙烯四胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为50℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌7h,以使甲醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的聚乳酸纳米纤维材料。
实施例7
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将1.5g尼龙6以转速1000rpm搅拌溶解在8.5g二甲基亚砜中,得到质量分数为15%的电纺原料尼龙6溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为30kV,注射泵流速2.5mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离20cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到尼龙6纳米纤维模板材料。
将壳聚糖溶解到乙醇中,配制浓度为100mg/mL的壳聚糖的乙醇溶液,将制备的尼龙6纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为100mg/mL的壳聚糖的乙醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为39℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌1.2h,使尼龙6纳米纤维模板材料与壳聚糖充分混合,壳聚糖浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为60℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌8h,以使乙醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的尼龙6纳米纤维材料。
实施例8
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将2g聚丙烯腈以转速1500rpm搅拌溶解在8g二甲基亚砜中,得到质量分数为20%的电纺原料聚丙烯腈溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为25kV,注射泵流速3mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离20cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚丙烯腈纳米纤维模板材料。
将五乙烯六胺溶解到甲醇中,配制浓度为300mg/mL的五乙烯六胺的甲醇溶液,将制备的聚丙烯腈纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为300mg/mL的五乙烯六胺的甲醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为43℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌1.5h,使聚丙烯腈纳米纤维模板材料与五乙烯六胺充分混合,五乙烯六胺浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为60℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌8h,以使甲醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的聚丙烯腈纳米纤维材料。
实施例9
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将1.8g聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯以转速2500rpm搅拌溶解在8.2g氯仿中,得到质量分数为18%的电纺原料聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为40kV,注射泵流速4mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离15cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯纳米纤维模板材料。
将尿素溶解到甲醇中,配制浓度为600mg/mL的尿素的甲醇溶液,将制备的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为600mg/mL的尿素的甲醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,在温度为47℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌1.8h,使聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯纳米纤维模板材料与尿素充分混合,尿素浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为70℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌8h,以使甲醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯纳米纤维材料。
实施例10
一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,具体步骤为:
在室温25℃下,在搅拌釜中将3g聚氨酯以转速800rpm搅拌溶解在7g二甲基甲酰胺中,得到质量分数为30%的电纺原料聚氨酯溶液,将得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,在静电压为40kV,注射泵流速3mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离10cm的条件下进行静电纺丝,得到聚氨酯纳米纤维模板材料。
将聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯溶解到乙醇中,配制浓度为1g/mL的聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯的乙醇溶液,将制备的聚氨酯纳米纤维模板材料浸入浓度为1g/mL的聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯的乙醇溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内在温度为50℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌2h,使聚氨酯纳米纤维模板材料与聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯充分混合,聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯浸渍到纳米纤维模板材料的孔道结构中,随后在温度为80℃、真空度为0.06Mpa的条件下搅拌10h,以使乙醇挥发尽,从而制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的聚氨酯纳米纤维材料。
实施例11
对上述制备的具有二氧化碳吸附功能的纳米纤维材料进行评价:
1、利用同步热重分析仪(TA-Q600TGA/DSC)分别测定实施例1~10所制备的具有二氧化碳吸附功能的纳米纤维材料在40℃下的CO2吸附量。实验结果见下表:
结论:从上表可以看出,根据实施例1~10所述的方法制备得到的具有二氧化碳吸附功能的纳米纤维材料对CO2的吸附量随胺基浓度的增加而增加,其对CO2的吸附量总体优于商用活性炭,最大可达到4.2mmol/g的吸附量。因此根据本发明实施例方法制备的胺基改性纳米纤维材料具有良好的CO2吸附性能。
Claims (5)
1.一种二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括具体步骤:
第一步:在室温下,在搅拌釜中将纺丝用非水溶性高分子聚合物搅拌溶解于溶剂中,得到质量分数为5~30%的电纺原料;
第二步:将第一步得到的电纺原料加入到静电纺丝装置中,进行静电纺丝,得到纳米纤维模板材料;所述静电纺丝条件为:静电压为10~40kV,注射泵流速为0.3~4mL/h,喷丝头距接收屏距离为6~20cm;
第三步:将有机胺溶解到甲醇或乙醇中,配成浓度为1mg/mL~1g/mL的有机胺溶液,将第二步所制备的纳米纤维模板材料浸入到所配制的1mg/mL~1g/mL的有机胺溶液中,在旋转蒸发仪内,设定温度为30~50℃、真空度低于0.098Mpa的条件下搅拌0.5~2h,使纳米纤维模板材料与有机胺混合,随后在温度为40~80℃、真空度低于0.098Mpa的条件下搅拌5~10h,以去除甲醇或乙醇,干燥,制得具有二氧化碳吸附功能的胺基改性纳米纤维材料;所述的有机胺为含胺基的小分子化合物或含胺基的聚合物;所述的含胺基的小分子化合物为二乙醇胺、二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、四乙烯五胺、五乙烯六胺、四乙撑五胺丙烯腈、尿素以及三聚氰胺中的一种或两种以上的混合物;所述的含胺基的聚合物为聚乙烯亚胺、聚丙烯酰胺、壳聚糖以及聚甲基丙烯酸氨基乙酯中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第一步中的搅拌速度为100~2500r/min。
3.如权利要求1所述的二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述第三步中的干燥温度为40~80℃,时间为5~10h。
4.如权利要求1所述的二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的纺丝用非水溶性高分子聚合物为聚醚砜、醋酸纤维素、聚苯乙烯、纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乳酸、尼龙6、聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物、聚异丁烯、聚己内酯、聚醋酸乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚苯硫醚、聚乙二醇、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、甲壳素、壳聚糖、葡聚糖、纤维蛋白、丝蛋白、明胶、琼脂和透明质酸中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
5.如权利要求1所述的二氧化碳吸附用胺基改性纳米纤维材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的溶剂为二甲基亚砜、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙醇、四氢呋喃、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、甲酸、乙酸、氯仿、乙醚、苯、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、三氯乙烷、1,1,2-三氯乙烯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2,3,4-四氢化萘、环丁砜、嘧啶、甲酰胺、正己烷、氯苯、二氧杂环己烷、乙腈、乙烯基乙二醇、甲苯、甲基环己烷、1,2-二氯乙烯、二甲苯、环己烷、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、戊烷、苯甲醚、乙酸丁酯、三丁甲基乙醚、乙酸异丙酯、甲基四氢呋喃、石油醚、三氯乙酸、三氟乙酸以及吡啶中的一种或两种以上的混合物。
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