CN106258452B - Barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method - Google Patents
Barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN106258452B CN106258452B CN201610850830.2A CN201610850830A CN106258452B CN 106258452 B CN106258452 B CN 106258452B CN 201610850830 A CN201610850830 A CN 201610850830A CN 106258452 B CN106258452 B CN 106258452B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
Abstract
The invention discloses a barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method, which comprises the following steps: 1) the implementation is carried out in two years: in the first year: selecting a proper cockspur grass variety for later use; 2) deeply ploughed land is irrigated in winter to press salt and ploughed in shallow land, deeply ploughed land is 25cm above before the last ten months of 9 months, the irrigation amount is 700-800m at the beginning of 10 months per year3/667m250-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) is scattered on the earth surface in 10 middle ten days2O5Content 12%), shallow turning for 10-12 cm; 3) preparing soil, ridging and laminating, and laminating a black plastic film with the thickness of 1.45m after the soil is leveled and pressed in the late 3 th ten days or 4 th beginning of the next year according to the climate condition, wherein the film surface is required to be 1.2m, and the distance between the two films is 0.4 m; 4) in the second year: the land is not ploughed deeply, a mulching film is reserved for implementing no-tillage measures, the water irrigation quantity is 700-3/667m2(ii) a 5) The steps of selecting varieties, sowing, fertilizing and irrigating and harvesting in time are the same as the steps in the first year. The invention has the beneficial effects that: wide release region, can be applied to heavy saline-alkali areas in China, improves local saline-alkali soil and has wide popularization prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technology of improvement, treatment and planting of saline-alkali soil in agriculture, and particularly relates to a method for improving heavy saline-alkali soil and planting barnyard grass with high yield and high quality.
Background
Saline-alkali soil is a soil type widely distributed on the earth, is an important land resource, and means that salt contained in the soil influences the normal growth of crops. According to incomplete statistics of the combined country textbook organization and the grain farming organization, the area of the saline-alkali land all over the world is 9.5438 hundred million hectares, and the saline-alkali land occupies 10% of the arable land area, wherein 9913 million hectares in China occupies about 25% of the arable land area in China. The land salinization problem is closely related to human activities, which not only causes the destruction of resources and the huge loss of agricultural production, but also threatens the biosphere and the ecological environment, and presents the harm to both economy and environment. In addition, the salinization process is often associated with, even promoted by, and transformed with the desertification process. The salinization degree of China is generally high, and crops can hardly survive in severe saline-alkali soil. The method has important practical significance for rapidly developing and effectively utilizing the salinized soil in the country with less cultivated land and more population, and well combining economic benefit, environmental protection and sustainable development.
At present, the method for treating saline-alkali soil at home and abroad mainly comprises the following steps: salt discharge method, salt pressing method and salt blocking method. The salt removal method is to wash the saline-alkali soil for a long time by using a large amount of water, so that the salt content of the surface layer of the saline-alkali soil is reduced; the salt pressing method is that natural precipitation or artificial big water irrigation is utilized to promote partial salt to permeate downwards along soil pores and cracks, and the salt in the surface soil is brought to the bottom layer along with water; the method can reduce the salt content of the surface layer of the saline-alkali soil, but cannot keep the salt content for a long time and needs a large amount of water sources. The salt blocking method is to replace soil on the surface layer of the saline-alkali soil by transplanting foreign soil, which not only has large engineering quantity, but also needs good soil resources, but also can not avoid salinization along with the passage of time. How to maintain the saline-alkali soil quality without degradation, control the salt-tolerant plant root zone without gathering excessive soil salinity and control the soil salinity content of the plough layer becomes a practical problem restricting the continuous development of saline-alkali soil agriculture in the saline-alkali soil zone.
The invention selects barnyard grass variety as the first pasture. The wide application range and strong stress resistance of the Korean-Yang barnyard grass are adverse pioneer crops, reported by the scientific institute of livestock husbandry Gao Yutian. It is drought-resistant, low-temp. resistant and salt and alkali resistant. The growth is good on the land of saline-alkali soil at low temperature in plains, hillsides and beaches of various areas in south and north of China. Especially, the salt and alkali tolerance is beyond the reach of any crops. The research results of the subject research of pasture salt tolerance identification and application show that the salt tolerance of the first pasture carex tare is strongest, the germination critical value of the seeds is 0.45 percent of the salinity, and the germination critical value of the seeds is 0.75 percent. After emergence of seedlings, the saline-alkali tolerance is gradually enhanced, and the seedlings can normally grow, blossom and fruit under the condition of 0.6% of salinity. Under the general condition, 667m produces 5000kg of fresh grass and 1000kg of hay. The content of the crude protein of the hay is 6.66-8.20%, and the straw is hollow and has sweet taste. The compound fertilizer has wide application and the biological characteristics of salt and alkali resistance, strong fertility and wide adaptability, so that the compound fertilizer becomes a pioneer plant for improving saline-alkali soil and has wide development prospect in the aspect of utilizing the saline-alkali non-cultivated land resources in China.
Gao Yutian et al, "research on salt tolerance of Carex baccans praecox," reported that the degree of salt damage in soil for normal emergence of Carex baccans praecox reaches a critical value of 0.45% and a limiting value of 0.75%. Can grow normally in the middle and later growth stages by less than 0.6 percent. However, the barnyard grass is planted in the heavy saline-alkali soil by more than 0.8 percent, but the following difficulties are mainly caused: (1) the drought saline-alkali area has large annual wind and strong evaporation, and the sown seeds and surface soil are easily blown away by wind; (2) because the evaporation capacity of water is large, the soil on the surface of the soil is easy to dry, and seedlings can be dehydrated and died if the water management is not a little; (3) the saline alkali which returns to the surface soil along with evaporation is easy to burn seedlings.
The invention integrates the treatment technologies of saline-alkali soil at home and abroad, provides a method for improving the heavy saline-alkali soil and planting the barnyard grass in high yield and high quality on the basis of the traditional saline-alkali treatment, and explores a set of technologies for biologically improving the heavy saline-alkali soil and producing high-quality pasture.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for improving heavy saline-alkali soil and planting barnyard grass with high yield and high quality. Aiming at solving the technical difficulties of difficult treatment and slow effect of the heavy saline-alkali land, secondary salinization and difficult establishment and planting of the forage grass, provides an effective method for biologically improving the heavy saline-alkali land and a new technology for establishing and planting high-yield and high-quality forage grass.
In order to solve the problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method comprises the following steps:
1) the implementation is carried out in two years: in the first year: selecting a proper cockspur grass variety for later use;
2) deeply ploughed land is irrigated in winter to press salt and ploughed in shallow land, deeply ploughed land is 25cm above before the last ten months of 9 months, the irrigation amount is 700-800m at the beginning of 10 months per year3/667m250-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) is scattered on the earth surface in 10 middle ten days2O5Content 12%), shallow turning for 10-12 cm;
3) preparing soil, ridging and laminating, and laminating a black plastic film with the thickness of 1.45m after the soil is leveled and pressed in the late 3 th ten days or 4 th beginning of the next year according to the climate condition, wherein the film surface is required to be 1.2m, and the distance between the two films is 0.4 m;
4) sowing the selected proper cockspur grass variety in the step 1), after 7-10 days of film covering, using a corn roller dibbler to dibble 4 rows at equal intervals on each film, controlling 7-10 seeds in each hole, and controlling the secondary water level of heavy salt alkali to rise and get damp in 4 middle ten days generally, so as to prevent soil hardening from influencing the emergence of seedlings and preventing the holes from being unsealed;
5) topdressing and watering, watering in 6 middle ten days of the month, topdressing 8-10 kg/667m2Injecting secondary water and urea for 15-20 days, wherein the concentration of the secondary water and the urea is 10-15 kg/667m2Irrigating 1-2 times of water according to soil moisture content;
6) harvesting in time, wherein the barnyard grass is harvested in time after the leaves of the barnyard grass at the bottom of 9 months or at the beginning of 10 months are slightly yellow;
7) in the second year: the land is not ploughed deeply, a mulching film is reserved for implementing no-tillage measures, the water irrigation quantity is 700-3/667m2；
8) The step of land preparation and film covering is not carried out;
9) the steps of selecting varieties, sowing, fertilizing and irrigating and harvesting in time are the same as the steps in the first year.
Further, the no-tillage method is carried out in the first year in the step 1), and root systems are reserved in the soil.
Further, the salt content of the land in the step 2) is 0.8-1.0%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: 1. the barnyard grass has a emergence rate of 52-65% in the first year on heavy salt with a salt content of 0.8-1.0%, and a biological dry matter yield of 628-726kg/667m2The vegetation coverage is 73-82%; the rate of emergence in the second year is 80-95%, and the yield of biological dry matter is 986-2The vegetation coverage is 95-100 percent, the crude protein of the planted barnyard grass is 12.04 percent, which is 5.3 percent higher than the highest 11.43 percent reported by a Hongka researcher Gao of animal research institute in Yang city of Shang province in Liaoning province; the vegetation coverage of the land is increased, the water evaporation of the soil is inhibited, the movement of the earth surface of the salinity of the soil below a plough layer is controlled, the vegetation coverage of the saline-alkali land is improved in a large area, the water and soil wind erosion is protected, and the ecological environment is protected. 2. The barnyard grass has developed root system, the no-tillage method is implemented in the first year, the root system is reserved in the soil, the effect of separating capillary tubes of the soil is good, and the salt accumulation below a plough layer is cut off. 3. Planting barnyard grass in heavy salt alkaline earth for two years, and adding saltThe content is reduced by less than 0.4 percent, and the saline-alkali soil with the salt content of 0.8 to 1.0 percent is fundamentally treated. 4. The barnyard grass has strong adaptability and wide release region, can be applied to heavy saline-alkali areas in China, improves local saline-alkali areas, and has wide popularization prospect.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method comprises the following steps:
1) the implementation is carried out in two years: in the first year: selecting a proper cockspur grass variety for later use;
2) deeply ploughed land is irrigated in winter to press salt and ploughed in shallow land, deeply ploughed land is 25cm above before the last ten months of 9 months, the irrigation amount is 700-800m at the beginning of 10 months per year3/667m250-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) is scattered on the earth surface in 10 middle ten days2O5Content 12%), shallow turning for 10-12 cm;
3) preparing soil, ridging and laminating, and laminating a black plastic film with the thickness of 1.45m after the soil is leveled and pressed in the late 3 th ten days or 4 th beginning of the next year according to the climate condition, wherein the film surface is required to be 1.2m, and the distance between the two films is 0.4 m;
4) sowing the selected proper cockspur grass variety in the step 1), after 7-10 days of film covering, using a corn roller dibbler to dibble 4 rows at equal intervals on each film, controlling 7-10 seeds in each hole, and controlling the secondary water level of heavy salt alkali to rise and get damp in 4 middle ten days generally, so as to prevent soil hardening from influencing the emergence of seedlings and preventing the holes from being unsealed;
5) topdressing and watering, watering in 6 middle ten days of the month, topdressing 8-10 kg/667m2Injecting secondary water and urea for 15-20 days, wherein the concentration of the secondary water and the urea is 10-15 kg/667m2Irrigating 1-2 times of water according to soil moisture content;
6) harvesting in time, wherein the barnyard grass is harvested in time after the leaves of the barnyard grass at the bottom of 9 months or at the beginning of 10 months are slightly yellow;
7) in the second year: the land is not ploughed deeply, a mulching film is reserved for implementing no-tillage measures, the water irrigation quantity is 700-3/667m2；
8) The step of land preparation and film covering is not carried out;
9) the steps of selecting varieties, sowing, fertilizing and irrigating and harvesting in time are the same as the steps in the first year.
The no-tillage method is implemented in the first year in the step 1), and the root system is reserved in the soil.
The salt content of the land in the step 2) is 0.8-1.0%.
Example 2
A barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method comprises the following steps:
1) the implementation is carried out in two years: in the first year: selecting barnyard grass variety as Korean No. one for standby;
2) 2013 year 2014: deeply ploughing the land for more than 25cm in 2013 in 9 and 25 months, and watering quantity of 800m in 10 and 9 days per year3/667m250-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) is sprinkled on the ground surface in 20 days in 10 months2O5Content 12%), shallow turning for 10-12 cm;
3) 4, 5 days in 2014, covering a black plastic film with the thickness of 1.45m after rotary tillage land soil compaction, wherein the film surface is required to be 1.2m, and the distance between the two films is 0.4 m;
4) after 4 months and 15 days, a corn roller dibbler is used for pushing 4 rows at equal intervals, 7-10 seeds are controlled in each hole, the secondary water level of heavy salt alkali generally rises in the middle ten days of 4 months and gets damp, and the problem that the soil hardening influences the emergence of seedlings that the hole is not sealed is prevented;
5) the water is poured for 20 days after 6 months, 8-10 kg of urea is added per 667m2Injecting secondary water and urea 10-15 kg/667m in 7 months and 10 days2Filling water once in 10 days in 8 months and 5 days in 9 months respectively;
6) harvesting after the leaves of the barnyard grass slightly yellow in 28 days in 9 months;
7) deeply ploughing the land after the barnyard grass is harvested in 2014, and reserving a mulching film for implementing a no-tillage measure;
8) winter water is poured in 26 days in 10 months, the water pouring amount is 700-3/667m2；
9) Sowing the seeds in 12 days in 4 months, selecting varieties, sowing methods and top dressing and irrigating in 2015, and harvesting in 28 days in 10 months, wherein the selection of varieties, sowing methods and top dressing and irrigating are the same as those in 2014. The improvement of the whole saline-alkali soil is completed in two years. The implementation data is as follows:
(1) after the whole saline-alkali soil is improved for two years, the salinity of a plough layer of 0-30cm soil: from 0.98% to 0.73% in 2014, and from 0.78% to 0.37% in 2014. The salinity of the soil plough layer is reduced to be below 0.4 percent. Obviously increases the organic matters of the plough layer and obviously improves the soil structure. See table 1 for details:
table 1 results of the tests for salinity of the cultivated layers;
(2) pasture planting effect on heavy saline-alkali land
The emergence rate in 2014 is 52 percent, the green coverage reaches 73 percent, and the dry matter yield 678kg/667m2278 yuan of pure profit; the emergence rate in 2015 is 80%, the green coverage reaches 95%, and the dry matter yield is 986kg/667m2And the pure income is 386 yuan. See table 2 for details:
table 2 barnyard grass planting effect;
the no-tillage method is implemented in the first year in the step 1), and the root system is reserved in the soil.
The salt content of the land in the step 2) is 0.8-1.0%.
Example 3
A barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method comprises the following steps:
the implementation is carried out in two years: in the first year: selecting barnyard grass variety as Korean No. one for standby; 2013 year 2014: deep soil turnover is over 25cm in 9, 22 and 11 days every year in 2013, the irrigation quantity is 700-800m3/667m250-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) is scattered on the earth surface in 22 days after 10 months2O5Content 12%), shallow-turned 10-12 cm. 6 days 4 months 6 years 2014, covering a black plastic film with the thickness of 1.45m after rotary tillage land soil compaction, wherein the film surface is required to be 1.2m, and the distance between the two films is 0.4 m; after 4 months and 16 days, a corn roller dibbler is used for pushing 4 rows at equal intervals, 7-10 seeds are controlled in each hole, the secondary water level of heavy salt alkali generally rises in the middle ten days of 4 months and gets damp, and the problem that the emergence of seedlings is not sealed due to soil hardening is prevented; the water is poured in the 6 th and 19 th days, 8-10 kg of urea is added per 667m2Injecting secondary water and urea 10-15 kg/667m in 12 days in 7 months2Filling water once in 8 months, 12 days and 9 months, 5 days respectively; 9 and 2The 6-day cockspur grass leaves were harvested after they were slightly yellow. Deeply ploughing the land after the barnyard grass is harvested in 2014, and reserving a mulching film for implementing a no-tillage measure; the water is poured into the winter in 28 days of 10 months, and the water pouring quantity is 700-800m3/667m2(ii) a Sowing the seeds in 10 days in 4 months, selecting varieties, sowing methods and top dressing and irrigating in 2015, and harvesting in 28 days in 10 months, wherein the selection of varieties, sowing methods and top dressing and irrigating are the same as those in 2014. The improvement of the whole saline-alkali soil is completed in two years. The implementation data is as follows:
(1) after the whole saline-alkali soil is improved for two years, the salinity of a plough layer of 0-30cm soil: from 0.82% to 0.68% in 2014, and from 0.70% to 0.28% in 2014. The salinity of the soil plough layer is reduced to be below 0.3 percent. Obviously increases the organic matters of the plough layer and obviously improves the soil structure. See table 1 for details:
table 1 results of the tests for salinity of the cultivated layers;
(2) the pasture planting effect of the heavy saline-alkali soil is achieved;
the emergence rate in 2014 is 65 percent, the green coverage reaches 82 percent, and the dry matter yield is 726kg/667m2Pure profit 326 yuan; the emergence rate in 2015 is 90 percent, the green coverage reaches 100 percent, and the yield of dry matters is 1045kg/667m2And 645 yuan of pure income. See table 2 for details:
table 2 barnyard grass planting effect;
the no-tillage method is implemented in the first year in the step 1), and the root system is reserved in the soil.
The salt content of the land in the step 2) is 0.8-1.0%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: 1. the barnyard grass has a emergence rate of 52-65% in the first year on heavy salt with a salt content of 0.8-1.0%, and a biological dry matter yield of 628-726kg/667m2The vegetation coverage is 73-82%; the rate of emergence in the second year is 80-95%, and the yield of biological dry matter is 986-2The vegetation coverage is 95-100%, and the crude protein of the planted barnyard grass is 12.04%, which is higher than that of livestock raised in Yang city of Liaoning provinceThe institute Gao Yutian researchers reported 5.3% of the highest 11.43%; the vegetation coverage of the land is increased, the water evaporation of the soil is inhibited, the movement of the earth surface of the salinity of the soil below a plough layer is controlled, the vegetation coverage of the saline-alkali land is improved in a large area, the water and soil wind erosion is protected, and the ecological environment is protected. 2. The barnyard grass has developed root system, the no-tillage method is implemented in the first year, the root system is reserved in the soil, the effect of separating capillary tubes of the soil is good, and the salt accumulation below a plough layer is cut off. 3. After the barnyard grass is planted in the heavy-salt alkaline earth in a circulating manner for two years, the salt content is reduced by below 0.4 percent, and the saline-alkali soil with the salt content of 0.8 to 1.0 percent is fundamentally treated. 4. The barnyard grass has strong adaptability and wide release region, can be applied to heavy saline-alkali areas in China, improves local saline-alkali areas, and has wide popularization prospect.
The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that are not thought of through the inventive work should be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A barnyard grass biological improvement heavy saline-alkali soil and high-yield and high-quality planting method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
1) the implementation is carried out in two years: in the first year: selecting a proper cockspur grass variety for later use;
2) deeply ploughed land is irrigated in winter to press salt and ploughed in shallow land, deeply ploughed land is 25cm above before the last ten months of 9 months, the irrigation amount is 700-800m at the beginning of 10 months per year3/667m250-60 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) is scattered on the earth surface in 10 middle ten days2O5Content 12%), shallow turning for 10-12 cm;
3) preparing soil, ridging and laminating, and laminating a black plastic film with the thickness of 1.45m after the soil is leveled and pressed in the late 3 th ten days or 4 th beginning of the next year according to the climate condition, wherein the film surface is required to be 1.2m, and the distance between the two films is 0.4 m;
4) sowing the selected proper cockspur grass variety in the step 1), after 7-10 days of film covering, using a corn roller dibbler to dibble 4 rows at equal intervals on each film, controlling 7-10 seeds in each hole, and controlling the secondary water level of heavy salt alkali to rise and get damp in 4 middle ten days generally, so as to prevent soil hardening from influencing the emergence of seedlings and preventing the holes from being unsealed;
5) topdressing and irrigation for 6 monthsIn middle ten days, irrigating with 8-10 kg urea solution/667 m2Injecting secondary water and urea for 15-20 days, wherein the concentration of the secondary water and the urea is 10-15 kg/667m2Irrigating 1-2 times of water according to soil moisture content;
6) harvesting in time, wherein the barnyard grass is harvested in time after the leaves of the barnyard grass at the bottom of 9 months or at the beginning of 10 months are slightly yellow;
7) in the second year: the land is not ploughed deeply, a mulching film is reserved for implementing no-tillage measures, the water irrigation quantity is 700-3/667m2；
8) The step of land preparation and film covering is not carried out;
9) the steps of selecting varieties, sowing, fertilizing and irrigating and harvesting in time are the same as the steps in the first year.
2. The method for biologically improving the heavy saline-alkali soil and planting the barnyard grass with high yield and high quality as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the no-tillage method is implemented in the first year in the step 1), and the root system is reserved in the soil.
3. The method for biologically improving the heavy saline-alkali soil and planting the barnyard grass with high yield and high quality as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the salt content of the land in the step 2) is 0.8-1.0%.
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