CN106069207A - 一种自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法 - Google Patents
一种自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106069207A CN106069207A CN201610708160.0A CN201610708160A CN106069207A CN 106069207 A CN106069207 A CN 106069207A CN 201610708160 A CN201610708160 A CN 201610708160A CN 106069207 A CN106069207 A CN 106069207A
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- edible fungi
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Abstract
自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，包括自然林地的选择，种植季节安排，食用菌栽培、日常管理和采摘步骤。自然林下食用菌复合生态培育是新型的林下经济模式，林木与食用菌不仅生长空间互补，而且光、热、水、气、土等因素互补互惠、循环增益、协同发展，形成一种复合的生态发展模式。可解决林业长效经济与农民短期收益的矛盾，经济、生态与社会效益俱佳，对林业持续发展和“三农”问题解决具有重要意义。本发明利用林下自然条件栽培食用菌，结合旅游采摘，提供了一种崭新的自然林下复合栽培模式。
Description
技术领域
:
[0001]本发明涉及食用菌栽培领域，更具体的为一种在自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培模式。
背景技术
:
[0002]我国有森林面积1.75亿公顷，森林覆盖率为18.21%,以生态建设为主的林业发展战略对林地的综合利用和林区的经济发展提出了更高的要求。林下经济作为优势产业，是林区发展的新亮点。林木属于自养生物，占据林地上层空间，接受充足的阳光，在进行光合作用的过程中释放氧气，吸收二氧化碳，同时形成了阴凉、潮湿、通风的巨大林下空间。食用菌属于异养生物，其生长需要氧气，并释放出二氧化碳，忌强光、高温，喜潮湿和腐质殖，生长在林下，二者不仅在空间上互补，而且在光、热、水、气、土等因素上互补互惠，形成林业和食用菌双增效的生态可持续发展模式。
发明内容
[0003]本发明目的在于提供一种能持续高效利用土地空间将林下经济与休闲旅游相结合的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培模式。
[0004]为了实现本发明的上述目的，本发明提供了如下的技术方案:
[0005]自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，该方法包括自然林地的选择，种植季节安排，食用菌栽培、日常管理和采摘步骤。
[0006]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其中所述自然林地的选择步骤是指:选择远离污染源、排水方便、没有病虫害、阔叶树为主的成片林地，林地郁闭度达到适合菇类生长需求的0.7-0.9，林地周围有洁净的水源或蓄水池或水窖。
[0007]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其中所述自然林地的选择针阔混交林或针叶林。
[0008]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其中所述的种植季节安排步骤是指:根据所栽培食用菌的生长特性以及当地气候特点，决定食用菌的菌种制作、菌棒生产、林地种植的时间。
[0009]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其中所述的种植季节安排在昆明周边2100米的自然林下，露水鸡枞于12-1月制作菌种，2-5月制作菌棒，菌棒进林地排棒的最佳时期为6月，出菇期在7-9月份。
[0010]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，所述的食用菌的栽培和日常管理包括下述步骤:
[0011 ] I)开沟点式埋棒栽培:去除枯枝落叶层和浅层腐质殖，挖20-30cm深的凹畦，待将出菇的菌包脱袋，横摆在畦内，每个菌包之间间距5-6cm，畦内摆满后，覆上10-15cm厚的土，覆土后漫灌浇透，再次用土覆盖至与周边平齐；
[0012] 2)局部做畦栽培:在林地行间距的中线上留50_70cm的走道，在走道两侧各挖一个1.0-l.2m宽，深10-15cm的沟，在沟内进行多层铺料、播种，最后覆土做畦，顶部呈龟背状，高度距尚地面20-30cm;
[0013] 3)做菌床成片床式栽培:在林地内选取相对开阔的区域，进行菌床制作，挖床宽1.5-2.0m、深10-15cm、长度因地适中，在床内进行多层铺料、播种，最后覆土做床，高度距离地面20-30cm，菌床间距0.3-0.5m，菌床两侧下挖取土后兼做走道和排水，菌床表面铺一层河沙、松毛或稻草秸杆；
[0014] 4)表层覆盖:根据林地的郁闭度和菌类的散光需求，就地取材，选取松针、落叶、稻草秸杆、河沙进行表层覆盖，并保湿；
[0015] 5)灌溉:出菇期结合降雨情况进行适度灌溉，灌溉方式采用大水漫灌或喷灌或滴灌；
[0016] 6)米摘:在子实体尚未开伞、释放孢子前及时米摘。
[0017]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，所述的食用菌的栽培和日常管理中榆黄菇或灰树花的复合栽培采用开沟点式埋棒栽培，竹荪或大球盖菇复合栽培采用局部做畦栽培，露水鸡枞或灵芝复合栽培采用做菌床成片床式栽培方式。
[0018]根据所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，所述的做菌床成片床式栽培进一步在菌床上面搭建小型拱棚。
[0019]所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法在食用菌复合生态栽培中的应用，其中榆黄菇或灰树花的复合栽培采用开沟点式埋棒栽培，竹荪或大球盖菇复合栽培采用局部做畦栽培，露水鸡枞或灵芝复合栽培采用做菌床成片床式栽培方式。
[0020]现有的关于食用菌的栽培多采用菇房、温室或塑料暖棚，前期投入较高，且室内生产实现温、湿度达标，二氧化碳排出和氧气供给又有很大困难，易造成烂菇，导致经济损失。自然林下食用菌复合栽培模式，不仅减少了菇房搭建等成本，而且构建了林业和食用菌双增产模式，林业作为长效经济和短期就可收益的食用菌产业有机结合，构成生态互惠可持续发展的林区经济体系，对改良生态、促进林区农业增效，促进农民增收以及繁荣农村意义重大。
具体实施方式
[0021]下面用本发明的实施例来进一步说明本发明的实质性内容，但并不以此来限定本发明。
[0022] 实施例1
[0023]自然林下榆黄菇复合生态栽培:
[0024]输黄蘑Pleurotuscitrinopi Ieatus 隶属侧耳科 Pleurotaceae 侧耳属Pleurotus，因其菌盖呈草黄色或鲜黄色，故又名金顶侧耳，在植物学上亦被称为金顶蘑，又称黄蘑、榆黄菇或玉皇蘑。榆黄蘑子实体从外观上看好似一朵艳丽的鲜花，色泽金黄，体态优美。因此，榆黄菇适合自然林下复合生态栽培并结合旅游采摘，且榆黄菇适合一年四季栽培。
[0025]栽培林地要选择远离污染源，排水方便，没有病虫害的成片的林地，林木以阔叶树为佳，针阔混交林次之，针叶林亦可，郁闭度应达到适合菇类生长需要的0.7-0.9;周围有洁净的水源、蓄水池、水窖等；
[0026]栽培林地扒开枯枝落叶层和表层土，做成20-30cm的凹畦，待出菇的菌包脱袋，横摆在畦内，每个菌包之间间距5-6cm，畦床摆满后，覆上10-15cm厚的土，覆土后漫灌饶透，再次用土覆盖至与周边平齐，保持覆土层湿润，出菇后在子实体尚未开伞、释放孢子前及时采摘，并结合当地旅游业，开展自然林下食用菌采摘的旅游项目，增加经济收入。
[0027] 实施例2
[0028]自然林下竹荪复合生态栽培:
[0029]竹苏Di c tyophoraindus iata隶属鬼笔科Pha I Iaceae 竹苏属Di ctyophora，俗称竹笙、竹参、面纱菌、网纱菇等，因其常自然发生在有大量竹子残体和腐殖质的竹林地上而得名。我国竹荪生产过去长期依赖天然野生、产量稀少，价格昂贵。20世纪70年代开始人工驯化栽培，多采用熟料室内栽培，虽有成功，但产量低、周期长。本专利利用自然林下生态优势复合栽培竹荪，并与旅游林下采摘相结合，开发出一种崭新的栽培和旅游相结合模式。
[0030]栽培林地要选择远离污染源，排水方便，没有病虫害的成片的林地，林木以阔叶树为佳，针阔混交林次之，针叶林亦可，郁闭度应达到适合菇类生长需要的0.7-0.9;周围有洁净的水源、蓄水池、水窖等。竹荪可在3-4月播种，2-3个月后即可采收。
[0031] 做畦:在林地行间距的中线上留50-70cm的走道，在走道两侧各挖一个1.0-1.2m宽，深10-15cm的沟，并在沟内进行多层铺料、播种，最后覆土做畦，顶部呈龟背状，高度距离地面20-30cm。
[0032]竹荪可以利用自然林下的枯枝落叶并加入一些竹肩和木肩等作为栽培原料，预湿并建堆预发酵，待栽培料预发酵结束后，可进行进料铺床，第一层栽培料铺厚8-lOcm，播一层菌种，用种50 % ;再铺第二层料10-12cm，播第二层菌种，用种50 % ;第三层铺料厚4-5cm，料总厚22-27cm，用栽培种1-1.5袋，菌种分成小块，采用梅花形点播，穴距9-10011;铺料时压实，使料与菌种接触紧密，播种完毕，覆薄膜保温、保湿发菌，每天要掀薄膜数次通风换气；
[0033] 铺料后30-35d，菌丝吃料达2/3以上时进行覆土，覆土厚度为3-4cm，土层上再遮以松针，厚2-5cm，覆土后调湿覆土层，覆土后防止内湿外干，采用喷雾器喷湿覆土，覆土后严防菌床内部含水量过高，造成菌丝衰退，覆土后间隔1-3d喷水；
[0034]从覆土到出菇15-20d间，保持湿度并加强通风换气，使覆盖物和土层保持湿润的状态;晴天做到细雾勤喷，防止水流入料内，垄面相对湿度控制在90-95%，促使出菇；
[0035]竹荪菇型比较具有观赏性，因此在集中出菇期可与当地旅游相结合，开展林下采摘的养生旅游项目。
[0036] 实施例3
[0037]自然林下露水鸡枞复合栽培:
[0038] 露水鸡纵(鳞柄长根奥德蘑)Hymenopel Iisfurfuracea又称草鸡纵，隶属膨瑚菌科Physalacriaceae鳞柄长根奥德属Hymenopel I is。在昆明周边2100m的自然林下，露水鸡纵于12-1月制作生产种，2-5月制作菌棒，菌棒进林地排棒的最佳时期为6-7月，出菇期在8-10月份
[0039]栽培林地要选择远离污染源，排水方便，没有病虫害的成片的林地，林木以阔叶树为佳，针阔混交林次之，针叶林亦可，郁闭度应达到适合菇类生长需要的0.7-0.9;周围有洁净的水源、蓄水池、水窖等；
[0040] 菌床的建造:挖床宽1.5-2.0111、深10-15011、长度适中(因地制宜)，高度距离地面20-30cm，菌床间距0.3-0.5m，菌床两侧下挖取土后兼做走道和排水，菌床表面铺一层河沙、松毛或稻草秸杆，菌包脱袋，横摆在畦内，每个菌包之间间距5-6cm，畦床摆满后，覆上5-6cm厚的土，覆土后用喷雾器轻喷调湿，在16-20°C的气温条件下，覆土后7-10d，土中的菌包转成红褐色的菌膜，在转色前不喷水，但要保持覆土湿润，待转色后喷水，以早晚细喷为主，使土壤保持较高的空气相对湿度，不使土层板结，根据天气情况早晚进行通风换气，菌包转成红褐色的菌膜后10-15d待小黑点菇蕾冒出土层时，增加喷水次数，仍以细喷为主，早晚喷水，再经过5-10d在子实体尚未开伞、释放孢子前及时采摘，并结合当地旅游业，开展自然林下食用菌采摘的旅游项目，增加经济收入。
Claims (8)
1.自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于该方法包括自然林地的选择，种植季节安排，食用菌栽培、日常管理和采摘步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于所述自然林地的选择步骤是指:选择远离污染源、排水方便、没有病虫害、阔叶树为主的成片林地，林地郁闭度达到适合菇类生长需求的0.7-0.9，林地周围有洁净的水源或蓄水池或水窖。
3.根据权利要求1所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于所述自然林地的选择针阔混交林或针叶林。
4.根据权利要求1所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于所述的种植季节安排步骤是指:根据所栽培食用菌的生长特性以及当地气候特点，决定食用菌的菌种制作、菌棒生产、林地种植的时间。
5.根据权利要求4所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于所述的种植季节安排在昆明周边2100米的自然林下，露水鸡枞于12-1月制作菌种，2-5月制作菌棒，菌棒进林地排棒的最佳时期为6月，出菇期在7-9月份。
6.根据权利要求1所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于所述的食用菌的栽培和日常管理包括下述步骤: 1)开沟点式埋棒栽培:去除枯枝落叶层和浅层腐质殖，挖20-30cm深的凹畦，待将出菇的菌包脱袋，横摆在畦内，每个菌包之间间距5-6cm，畦内摆满后，覆上10-15cm厚的土，覆土后漫灌浇透，再次用土覆盖至与周边平齐； 2)局部做畦栽培:在林地行间距的中线上留50-70cm的走道，在走道两侧各挖一个1.0-1.2m宽，深10-15cm的沟，在沟内进行多层铺料、播种，最后覆土做畦，顶部呈龟背状，高度距尚地面20_30cm ； 3)做菌床成片床式栽培:在林地内选取相对开阔的区域，进行菌床制作，挖床宽1.5-2.0m、深10-15cm、长度因地适中，在床内进行多层铺料、播种，最后覆土做床，高度距离地面20-30cm，菌床间距0.3-0.5m，菌床两侧下挖取土后兼做走道和排水，菌床表面铺一层河沙、松毛或稻草稻杆； 4)表层覆盖:根据林地的郁闭度和菌类的散光需求，就地取材，选取松针、落叶、稻草秸杆、河沙进行表层覆盖，并保湿； 5)灌溉:出菇期结合降雨情况进行适度灌溉，灌溉方式采用大水漫灌或喷灌或滴灌； 6)采摘:在子实体尚未开伞、释放孢子前及时采摘。
7.根据权利要求6所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法，其特征在于所述的食用菌的栽培和日常管理中榆黄菇或灰树花的复合栽培采用开沟点式埋棒栽培，竹荪或大球盖菇复合栽培采用局部做畦栽培，露水鸡枞或灵芝复合栽培采用做菌床成片床式栽培方式。
8.权利要求要求I或6所述的自然林下食用菌复合生态栽培方法在食用菌复合生态栽培中的应用，其特征在于榆黄菇或灰树花的复合栽培采用开沟点式埋棒栽培，竹荪或大球盖菇复合栽培采用局部做畦栽培，露水鸡枞或灵芝复合栽培采用做菌床成片床式栽培方式。
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