CN105878655A - 治疗胆石症的金钱胆通颗粒 - Google Patents
治疗胆石症的金钱胆通颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105878655A CN105878655A CN201610387142.7A CN201610387142A CN105878655A CN 105878655 A CN105878655 A CN 105878655A CN 201610387142 A CN201610387142 A CN 201610387142A CN 105878655 A CN105878655 A CN 105878655A
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Abstract
本发明涉及治疗胆石症的金钱胆通颗粒。具体的说本发明涉及的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草10~1500份、虎杖10~1000份、蒲公英10~1000份、茵陈10~1000份、金钱草10~1000份、丹参10~500份、制香附10~500份、柴胡10~500份、乌梅10~500份、决明子10~500份,再配以适当辅料制成。本发明还涉及该金钱胆通颗粒的制备方法。本发明的金钱胆通颗粒具有优异的性质。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于中药技术领域,涉及一种治疗胆石症药物及其制备方法,特别是涉及一种治疗胆石症的金钱胆通颗粒组合物及其制备方法。
背景技术
胆石症是临床的常见病、多发病,我国发病率在10%以上,并呈逐年上升趋势。胆石症的形成机制,目前尚未完全清楚,一般认为与肝胆系统感染性炎症、胆汁成分、理化性质和流体力学的改变有关。近年来研究表明免疫反应、免疫复合物和某些基因表达的变化亦可能参与胆石症的形成。随着研究的深入,相信胆石症形成机制将会一步步被阐明。临床上按照结石在胆道系统内不同部位的分布,可分成胆囊结石和胆管结石(胆总管结石和肝内胆管结石);按照结石的化学组成及外观形态,又可分为胆固醇结石和胆色素结石。现在西医治疗胆石症主要是非手术疗法和手术治疗,其中非手术疗法包括口服胆酸溶石与碎石疗法,而手术治疗则主要有胆囊切除术、腹腔镜胆囊切除术、胆总管切开探查取石术、肝叶切除术等。至今上述治疗的方法所达到的效果仍不够临床患者满意:①非手术治疗虽然能短期内将病人已形成的结石部分或完全溶化,排出或取出。但治疗不但成功率小,代价太大(副作用、并发症及价格昂贵),而且不能根本解决结石的复发。此外对胆红素类结石的治疗目前尚无理想的方案。②手术治疗虽然能较彻底地清除结石本身及其发源地,但手术的合并症仍较高,胆管结石尤其手术治疗肝内胆管结石仍有较高的并发症及死亡率。此外,结石长期滞留在胆道内还可引起癌变,继发胰腺及肝脏损害等。
目前公开文献介绍了许多金钱草或金钱草合剂治疗尿道和胆结石病的研究成果,如《广西中医药》1990,13(6).40-41“金钱草冲剂的药理研究”,研究了金钱草冲剂治疗泌尿系统结石及止痛作用;《上海中医药杂志》2000,34(2).30-31“金钱通淋口服液治疗泌尿系统感染”为观察金钱通淋口服液(金钱草、石苇、海金沙、忍冬藤、白茅根)治疗泌尿系统感染下焦湿热型淋证(急性膀胱炎、急性肾盂肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎急性发作)的疗效;中国专利申请号200810043138.0“一种用于治疗胆石病的药物组合物”公开了一种治疗胆石病的药物组合物,该药物是由下述重量比的中药制备而成:制硝石80份、白矾35份、郁金90份、三棱45份、猪胆膏45份、金钱草225份、陈皮150份、制乳香35份、制没药35份、大黄45份、甘草25份;中国专利申请号200510200576.3“治疗胆石症的药物制剂及其制备方法”公开了一种治疗胆石症的药物制剂及其制备方法,它选用金钱草660g、茵陈660g、黄芩198g、木香198g,郁金198g,大黄330g、槟榔330g,麸炒枳实132g、精制芒硝66g、精制厚朴132g,制成散剂。
中医并无胆石症病名,但根据胆石症常见症状,可将其归属于″胁痛″、″胆胀″、″胃脘痛″、″黄疸″等范围。对于它的描述,最早可追溯于《内经》时代,如《素问·缪刺论》曰:″邪客于足少阳之络,令人胁痛不得息″,又如《灵枢·经脉》曰:″腹足少阳之脉,是动则病口苦,善太息,不能转侧″,再如《灵枢·胆论》云:″腹胀者,胁下胀痛,口中苦,善太息″,均明确指出了胆石症的病发部位,然肝居胁下,其经脉布两胁;胆附于肝,其脉亦循于胁,肝与胆之间通过经脉之络属而构成表里关系。胆所贮的胆汁来源于肝之余气,胆汁的正常排泄和发挥作用亦依赖于肝之疏泄。若是肝的疏泄功能失常,就会影响胆汁的分泌与排泄;反之,若是胆汁排泄不畅,亦会影响肝的疏泄。正是肝于胆在生理和病理上的密切联系,決定了肝胆二经在胆石症形成过程中的共同作用。正如《景岳全书·胁痛》篇云:″胁痛之本属于肝胆二经,以二经之脉皆循胁肋故也。″胆石症的病因,不外乎情志失调,饮食不节,外感湿邪三方面的因素,长期情志不舒可使肝郁气滞,疏泄失职,胆汁通降不利。暴饮暴食,饥饱失常,恣食辛辣,肥甘厚腻,浓茶冷饮,损伤脾胃,化湿生热,煎熬胆汁。地处潮湿,起居失宜,感受寒湿或湿热,影响脾胃运化,土壅木郁,胆气郁滞不通。诸因素皆使肝胆气机不畅,湿热内蕴,煎熬胆汁日久而成胆石,胆石既成,更能阻塞胆道,使气机进一步阻滞不畅而致胆石渐大。对于本病的病机分析、证型分类,由于不同的医疗看法和观察角度而存在着分歧,常见分型有气滞血瘀型、湿热蕴郁型、肝胆阳虚型、脾虚湿聚型和肝肾阴虚型等。目前较为权威的有中华人民共和国卫生部颁布的《中药新药临床研究指导原则》上列出的气滞、湿热和脓毒三个证型。由于湿热内蕴,易致气机阻滞;积热不散,热毒化火,腐熟成脓则成脓毒证。临床上胆石症的辨证分型仍以湿热证多见,湿热郁结,经络气血不舒,故右上腹不适,甚则绞痛难忍,痛引肩背;影响肝胆气机,胆气上逆,则见口苦咽干;胆气横逆犯胃,胃失和降,腑气不通,则见恶心呕吐,嘈杂泛酸,时时嗳气,大便秘结;湿热熏蒸,胆汁不循常道外溢,则可见睛黄或身目俱黄,湿热下注膀胱,则见尿黄。故临床治疗本病当法以清热利湿、行气止痛为主。
本领域仍然期待有具备优异性能的金钱胆通颗粒。
发明内容
本发明目的在于,提供一种具备优异性能的治疗胆石症的金钱胆通颗粒,以及其制备方法。本发明通过独特的方式制备金钱胆通颗粒,出人意料地发现所得到的金钱胆通颗粒具有优异的性能。本发明基于此发现而得以完成。
为此,本发明第一方面提供了一种金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草10~1500份、虎杖10~1000份、蒲公英10~1000份、茵陈10~1000份、金钱草10~1000份、丹参10~500份、制香附10~500份、柴胡10~500份、乌梅10~500份、决明子10~500份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草500~1000份、虎杖300~450份、蒲公英300~450份、茵陈450~700份、金钱草450~700份、丹参100~250份、制香附100~250份、柴胡100~250份、乌梅100~250份、决明子100~250份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草700~800份、虎杖350~400份、蒲公英350~400份、茵陈500~600份、金钱草500~600份、丹参150~200份、制香附150~200份、柴胡150~200份、乌梅150~200份、决明子150~200份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草750份、虎杖375份、蒲公英375份、茵陈562.5份、金钱草562.5份、丹参187.5份、制香附187.5份、柴胡187.5份、乌梅187.5份、决明子187.5份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,其每1000g由连钱草700~800g、虎杖350~400g、蒲公英350~400g、茵陈500~600g、金钱草500~600g、丹参150~200g、制香附150~200g、柴胡150~200g、乌梅150~200g、决明子150~200g,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,其每1000g由连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,其中所述辅料选自:填充剂、调味剂及其组合。在一个实施方案中,所述的填充剂是糊精;其量通常根据经验调整,例如添加到规定的填充量。在一个实施方案中,所述调味剂是甜菊素;其量通常根据经验调整,通常可以在0.2%~2%范围内,例如0.2%~1%,例如0.2%~0.5%。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,其是照包括如下步骤的方法制备得到的:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
根据本发明第一方面任一实施方案的金钱胆通颗粒,其中在制备所述金钱胆通颗粒时的步骤(2)中,所用的提取溶剂水中添加0.2~1%乙酸,特别是添加了0.2~0.5%乙酸。已经出人意料地发现,当使连钱草和金钱草二者一起提取,并且在提取溶剂中添加少许乙酸时,呈现出人意料的优异效果。
进一步地,本发明第二方面提供了一种制备金钱胆通颗粒的方法,按照重量组分计算,所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草10~1500份、虎杖10~1000份、蒲公英10~1000份、茵陈10~1000份、金钱草10~1000份、丹参10~500份、制香附10~500份、柴胡10~500份、乌梅10~500份、决明子10~500份,再配以适当辅料制成;所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,其中在步骤(2)中,所用的提取溶剂水中添加0.2~1%乙酸,特别是添加了0.2~0.5%乙酸。已经出人意料地发现,当使连钱草和金钱草二者一起提取,并且在提取溶剂中添加少许乙酸时,呈现出人意料的优异效果。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,按照重量组分计算,所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草500~1000份、虎杖300~450份、蒲公英300~450份、茵陈450~700份、金钱草450~700份、丹参100~250份、制香附100~250份、柴胡100~250份、乌梅100~250份、决明子100~250份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,按照重量组分计算,所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草700~800份、虎杖350~400份、蒲公英350~400份、茵陈500~600份、金钱草500~600份、丹参150~200份、制香附150~200份、柴胡150~200份、乌梅150~200份、决明子150~200份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,按照重量组分计算,所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草750份、虎杖375份、蒲公英375份、茵陈562.5份、金钱草562.5份、丹参187.5份、制香附187.5份、柴胡187.5份、乌梅187.5份、决明子187.5份,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,所述金钱胆通颗粒每1000g由连钱草700~800g、虎杖350~400g、蒲公英350~400g、茵陈500~600g、金钱草500~600g、丹参150~200g、制香附150~200g、柴胡150~200g、乌梅150~200g、决明子150~200g,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,所述金钱胆通颗粒每1000g由连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g,再配以适当辅料制成。
根据本发明第二方面任一实施方案的方法,其中所述辅料选自:填充剂、调味剂及其组合。在一个实施方案中,所述的填充剂是糊精。在一个实施方案中,所述调味剂是甜菊素。
本发明的任一方面的任一实施方案,可以与其它实施方案进行组合,只要它们不会出现矛盾。此外,在本发明任一方面的任一实施方案中,任一技术特征可以适用于其它实施方案中的该技术特征,只要它们不会出现矛盾。下面对本发明作进一步的描述。
本发明所引述的所有文献,它们的全部内容通过引用并入本文,并且如果这些文献所表达的含义与本发明不一致时,以本发明的表述为准。此外,本发明使用的各种术语和短语具有本领域技术人员公知的一般含义,即便如此,本发明仍然希望在此对这些术语和短语作更详尽的说明和解释,提及的术语和短语如有与公知含义不一致的,以本发明所表述的含义为准。
使用本发明下文“试验例1:检测制剂中的典型组分”的方法,测定制备例1-8所得8批颗粒剂中指标物的含量均在1.3~1.6mg/g范围内,例如制备例1-5颗粒剂中指标物含量分别与其在制备例9中添加乙酸处理所得颗粒剂低0.5mg/g以上,表明在步骤(2)中改用添加乙酸的提取溶剂是非常有益的。更为出人意料的是,相对于其它方法制得的颗粒剂,制备例9所得颗粒剂具有更稳定的性质;具体是,使用本发明下文“试验例2:颗粒剂的稳定性”的方法,测定制备例1-8所得8批颗粒剂中指标物的残余百分数均在87.3~90.2%范围内,例如制备例1-5颗粒剂中指标物残余百分数分别与其在制备例9中添加乙酸处理所得颗粒剂低7%以上;本发明人长期致力于药品技术工作,可以理解制备方法差异可能会导致中药组合物中某些组分的提取率更高,但是完全无法理解也无法解释制备方法会引起产品稳定性的改善,上述结果完全是出人意料的。上述稳定性特征是产品的长期贮藏效果,而对于产品的即时状态,特别是其生物学效应如何,在本发明最后部分的药效学试验中,显示了通过特殊工艺制备得到的颗粒剂呈现更优异的效果。
连钱草为唇形科植物活血丹Glechoma longituba(Nakai)Kupr.的干燥地上部分。春至秋季采收,除去杂质,晒干。连钱草植物全草入药。味辛、微苦,性微寒。归肝、肾、膀胱经。具有利湿通淋,清热解毒,散瘀消肿的功效。临床上用于热淋,石淋,湿热黄疸,疮痈肿痛,跌打损伤。连钱草具有利胆作用,能促进胆细胞的胆汁分泌,肝胆管内胆汁增加,内压增高,胆道括纸醉金迷肌松弛,而使胆汁排出。连钱草具有利尿作用,煎剂大鼠灌胃有显著利尿作用,连续应用则利尿作用逐渐降低。麻醇家兔试验也有明显利尿作用。连钱草具有溶解结石作用,能使小便变为酸性,而使存在于碱性条件下的结石溶解。连钱草具有抑菌试验,对金黄色葡萄球菌极度敏感,宋内痢疾杆菌中离敏感,大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、伤寒杆菌均不敏感。
虎杖,Polygonum cuspidatum,别名假川七、土川七、红三七、三七或日本蓼,是一种蓼科植物。多年生草本,虎杖并不高,但亦可长至3至4米。茎有节而且中空,就像一支手杖一样,加上有三角型的叶,构造与竹非常类似,但两者其实并没有任何关连。虎杖的嫩叶都有红色的斑纹。雄雌异株。虎杖产于东亚地区,分布在日本北海道西部以南的地区、朝鲜半岛、台湾及中国的江苏、江西、山东、四川等地。虎杖以干燥根茎和根入药。虎杖具有利湿退黄,清热解毒,散瘀止痛,止咳化痰之功效。临床上用于湿热黄疸,淋浊,带下,风湿痹痛,痈肿疮毒,水火烫伤,经闭,症瘕,趺打损伤,肺热咳嗽。《本草纲目》记载虎杖研末酒服,治产后瘀血血痛,及坠扑昏闷有效。《名医别录》记载虎杖主通利月水,破流血症结。《滇南本草》记载虎杖攻诸肿毒,止咽喉疼痛,利小便,走经络。治五淋白浊,痔漏,疮痈,妇人赤白带下。
蒲公英,Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz,菊科,蒲公英属多年生草本植物。根圆锥状,表面棕褐色,皱缩,叶边缘有时具波状齿或羽状深裂,基部渐狭成叶柄,叶柄及主脉常带红紫色,花葶上部紫红色,密被蛛丝状白色长柔毛;头状花序,总苞钟状,瘦果暗褐色,长冠毛白色,花果期4~10月。别名黄花地丁、婆婆丁。在江南被叫作华花朗。菊科,是一种多年生草本植物。头状花序,种子上有白色冠毛结成的绒球,花开后随风飘到新的地方孕育新生命。蒲公英植物体中含有蒲公英醇、蒲公英素、胆碱、有机酸、菊糖等多种健康营养成分。有利尿、缓泻、退黄疸、利胆等功效。蒲公英可生吃、炒食、做汤,是药食兼用的植物。蒲公英性甘,味微苦,寒。具有清热解毒,消肿散结之功效。临床上常用于清热解毒,利尿散结。治急性乳腺炎,淋巴腺炎,瘰疬,疔毒疮肿,急性结膜炎,感冒发热,急性扁桃体炎,急性支气管炎,胃炎,肝炎,胆囊炎,尿路感染。蒲公英对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药菌株、溶血性链球菌有较强的杀菌作用。对肺炎双球菌、脑膜炎球菌、白喉杆菌、绿脓杆菌、痢疾杆菌、伤寒杆菌等及卡他球菌也有一定杀菌作用。蒲公英醇提液1:400能抑制结核菌,但煎剂1:100无效。其1:80的水煎剂能延缓ECHO11病毒细胞病变,醇提物(31mg/kg)能杀死钩端螺旋体,对某些真菌亦有抑制作用。对幽门弯曲杆菌有良好的杀灭作用。蒲公英叶有疏通乳脉管之阻塞,促进泌乳的作用。药用蒲公英中提取的多糖(Tof-CFr),以40、2、600mg/kg ip给于接种MM46肿瘤细胞的C3H小鼠,前期给药未见作用,但11-20d和2-20d的后期隔日给药则有效。对肿瘤细胞的迟延型过敏反应(T-DHR),在ddy-Ehrlich(同种肿瘤)系和C3H-MM46(同系肿瘤)系中,Tof-CFr后期给药其足跖反应与对照组相比均明显上升。在ADMC系中,Tof-CFr与已知能活化巨噬细胞的糖原相比,具有更强的激活能力。蒲公英有利胆作用,临床上治疗慢性胆囊痉挛及结石症有效。此外本品尚有利尿健胃,轻泻等作用。
茵陈,Artemisia scoparia Waldst.et Kit;拉丁名:ArtemisiacapillarisThunb。别名:因尘,马先,茵陈蒿,因陈蒿,绵茵陈,绒蒿、细叶青蒿,臭蒿、安吕草,婆婆蒿,野兰蒿。科属:菊科。茵陈蒿经冬不死,春则因陈根而生,故名因陈或茵陈。至夏其苗则变为蒿,故亦称茵陈蒿。茵陈性凉,味苦辛;入肝经、脾经、膀胱经,具有清热利湿之功效,主要用于湿热黄疸,胆囊炎,小便不利,风痒疮疥,湿疮瘙痒,湿温初起。配栀子、大黄治阳黄、配附子、干姜治阴黄。茵陈有显著的保肝作用,对甲,乙型肝炎,黄疸型肝炎,有显着的疗效.有利胆,促进胆汁分泌,增加胆汁中胆酸和胆红素排出的作用.能增加心脏冠脉血流量,改善微循环,并有降血压,降血脂,抗凝血,利尿解热平喘,驱除蛔虫及抑制多种致病性皮肤真菌与细菌的作用。降血脂与抗动脉粥样硬化:茵陈能使高血脂动物血清胆固醇和β-脂蛋白降低,主动脉壁中胆固醇含量明显降低,动脉壁粥样硬化斑块病变减轻。缓解黄疸:本品苦泄下降,性寒清热,善清利脾胃肝胆湿热,使之从小便而出,为治黄疸之要药。若身目发黄,小便短赤之阳黄证,常与栀子、黄柏、大黄同用,如茵陈蒿汤(《伤寒论》);若黄疸湿重于热者,可与茯苓、猪苓同用。抗肿瘤:茵陈水煎剂对小鼠艾氏腹水癌细胞和移植MethA细胞有抑杀作用,能延长荷瘤小鼠的存活时间。茵陈中茵陈色原酮和蓟黄素具有显着抑制Hela细胞和Ehrlich腹水癌细胞增殖作用。另外,茵陈水煎剂对致癌剂——黄曲霉毒素B,(AFBl)的致突变作用有显着抑制。由此推出茵陈可抗肿瘤。解热及抗微生物作用:茵陈蒿汤、蒿陈浸剂对家兔人工发热有解热作用。茵陈及其同属植物Artemisiatridentata及A.nova的挥发油,在试管内对金黄色葡萄球菌有明显的抑制作用,对痢疾杆菌、溶血性链球菌、肺炎双球菌、白喉杆菌、牛型及人型结核杆菌等也有一定的抑制作用。茵陈挥发油在试管内能抑制皮肤病原性真菌的生长,其抗真菌有效成分为茵陈炔酮。止痒、爽身:茵陈还有很好的清热止痒、爽身的效果,以茵陈适量煎汤兑入澡水中洗浴可治疗遍身风痒、头皮瘙痒等症。利胆作用:实验表明茵陈煎剂、茵陈栀子煎剂、茵陈蒿汤(茵陈、栀子、大黄以3:1.5:1)及其醇提取物均有促进大白鼠胆汁分泌的作用,但不够明显,茵陈煎剂对正常人的胆囊收缩(X线检查)只表现轻度缩小,容积改变不显着。茵陈的水浸液及精制浓缩浸液(去除及未去除挥发油的两种)对急性胆囊插管及慢性胆囊瘘管犬均有明显利胆作用,推测其有效成分可能是水及醇溶性物质,而挥发袖的作用则可疑或较弱;但也有报道,从南京茵陈中分离出的挥发油,对豚鼠有利胆作用。镇痛、抗炎:茵陈对伤寒混合菌苗所致家兔体温升高均有明显解热作用,茵陈中6,7-二甲基七叶苷元对热板法和醋酸扭体法致小鼠疼痛模型有一定程度的镇痛作用,并对角叉菜胶所致大鼠足跖关节肿胀程度有抑制作用。治新生儿黄疸:新生儿黄疸多为肝细胞尚未成熟,机体代偿功能不全而致,且可影响新生儿生长发育,故应早期治疗。茵陈大枣汤有促进肝细胞活性,益气生津,保肝退黄之功效。本法疗效佳,用法简单,无副作用,值得临床推广应用。降压作用:茵陈的水浸剂及精制浸液均有降压作用,6,7-二甲氧基香豆精静脉注射及十二指肠给药对大鼠、猫、兔、犬均表现降压作用,其降压作用可能系通过中枢以及内脏血管扩张而致;对离体心室纤颤兔心冠脉流量明显增加,并使其恢复节律收缩。对实验性肝炎的影响:实验表明,茵陈蒿汤、茵陈蒿及栀子大黄煎剂均能降低小白鼠四氯化碳中毒性肝炎的死亡率,茵陈的水浸液及精制浓缩浸液,对四氯化硪中毒性肝炎的犬其利胆作用较对正常犬显着,茵陈煎剂及茵陈挥发油对四氯化碳中毒性肝炎家兔的血清转氨酶无影响,但后者能使肝炎家兔食量增加,对病毒性肝炎之小白鼠无改善其死亡率及肝细胞病变的作用。茵陈蒿汤煎剂对家兔有促进肝细胞再生作用。利尿作用:茵陈的水浸液、精制浓缩浸液以及6,7-二甲氧基香豆精对犬均表现利尿作用;茵陈挥发油对中毒性肝炎之家兔能使尿量增加,尿色由黄变清。由此可得出茵陈有利尿的作用。其他作用:茵陈水煎剂3克/公斤对实验性动脉粥样硬化的家兔,给药2~3周后可使血清胆甾醇及β-脂蛋白下降,β/γ比率较对照组低,但C/P值却比对照组高。这就是说,茵陈对主动脉弓的病变及内脏脂肪沉着均表现保护作用。
金钱草,原名马蹄金,别名:过路黄、镜面草、翠屏草、荷苞草、肉馄饨草、金锁匙、连钱草等。拉丁文名是Dichondra repens Forst.。管状花目、旋花科多年生匍匐小草本。叶肾形至圆形,直径4-25毫米,花单生叶腋,花柄短于叶柄,丝状;绿叶,开黄色小花。主要分布于两半球热带和亚热带地区。全草供药用,有清热利尿、祛风止痛、止血生肌、消炎解毒、杀虫之功。可治急慢性肝炎,黄疸型肝炎,胆囊炎,肾炎,泌尿系感染,扁桃腺炎,口腔炎及痈疔疗毒,毒蛇咬伤,乳痈,痢疾,疟疾,肺出血等。金钱草味甘、微苦、性凉。归肝、胆、肾、膀胱经。金钱草是一种常见植物,而且是一种中药材,其主要功效就是可以预防结石和利胆排石可以说对结石有非常好治疗和预防作用,利水通淋;清热解毒;散瘀消肿,清利湿热,沙淋,尿涩作痛,黄疸尿赤,痈肿疔疮,主治肝胆及泌尿系结石;热淋;肾炎水肿;湿热黄疸;疮毒痈肿;毒蛇咬伤;跌打损伤。金钱草全草供药用,有清热利尿、祛风止痛、止血生肌、消炎解毒、杀虫之功。可治急慢性肝炎,黄疸型肝炎,胆囊炎,肾炎,泌尿系感染,扁桃腺炎,口腔炎及痈疔疗毒,毒蛇咬伤,乳痈,痢疾,疟疾,肺出血等。排石作用:金钱草有利胆排石和利尿排石作用。金钱草的醇不溶物中的多糖成分对尿路结石的主要成分一水草酸钙CaCO·HO的结晶有抑制作用。且抑制作用随浓度的增加而增加。金钱草还可使血液、尿液偏酸性,使在碱性环境中才能存在的结石溶解。减慢CaCO·HO生长速率,减少晶体聚集的程度,从而有利于治疗结石。被现代临床广泛应用并取得良好效果。百姓通常因为金钱草能用来清热利尿排石之功效泡水当茶饮料喝。利胆作用:药理及临床证实确有利胆作用,利胆作用可能在于促进肝细胞分泌胆汁,使肝胆内胆汁增多,内压增高,奥狄氏括约肌松弛,致使胆汁排泄增加。血栓抑制作用:金钱草总黄酮能显着减轻病理状态下大鼠体内静脉血栓形成的湿重和干重,降低血栓形成的百分率,显出显着的血栓抑制作用。增强免疫作用:金钱草对细胞免疫有抑制作用,能增强小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。金钱草作为脏器移植或自我免疫疾病的免疫抑制剂是有益的。
丹参,又名:郄蝉草(《本经》),奔马草(《四声本草》),长鼠尾草。多年生草本,高30~80厘米,全株密被黄白色柔毛及腺毛。根细长圆柱形,外皮朱红色。老根外皮疏松,多显紫棕色,常呈鳞片状剥落。质硬而脆,断面疏松,有裂隙或略平整而致密,皮部棕红色,木部灰黄色或紫褐色,导管束黄白色,呈放射状排列。气微,味微苦涩。茎直立,方形,表面有浅槽。花期5-8月。果期8-9月。主产安徽、山西、河北、四川、江苏等地。此外,湖北、甘肃、辽宁、陕西、山东、浙江、河南、江西等地。丹参为多年生草本,高30~100厘米,全株密布淡黄色柔毛及腺毛。根细长,圆柱形,外皮土红色。茎四棱形,上部分枝。叶对生,单数羽状复叶,小叶片卵圆形至宽卵圆形,两面密被白色柔毛。夏季开花,顶生和腋生的轮伞花序,每轮有花3~10朵,多轮排成疏离的总状花序;花萼略成钟状,紫色;花冠2唇形,蓝紫色,发育雄蕊2个,伸出花冠管外而盖于上唇之下,退化雄蕊2个,着生于上唇喉部的两侧;子房上位,4深裂,花柱较雄蕊长,柱头2裂片不相等。小坚果长圆形,熟时暗棕色或黑色,包于宿萼中。丹参的根茎短粗,根细长,略呈长圆柱形,微弯曲,长约10到25厘米,直径0.5到1.5厘米。表面棕红色或砖红色,粗糙,具不规则的纵皱纹;外皮呈鳞状片剥落。质坚且脆。断面疏松;皮部暗棕红色,木质部灰黄色或紫褐色;维管束黄白色,放射状排列。以条粗、色紫红色为佳。花期5–7月,果期8月。丹参对喜树碱、环磷酰胺的抗癌活性有增效作用.丹参对肉瘤180细胞有细胞毒作用.从丹参中分离出的有明显抗肿瘤活性成分紫丹参甲素,对小鼠Lewis肺癌、黑色素瘤1316和肉瘤180有不同程度的抑制作用.丹参对肿瘤的作用,有两种不同的报告:有实验发现,丹参有促进癌转移的作用.单独应用丹参对Lewis肺癌小鼠自发肺转移有明显促进作用;单独应用复方丹参注射液(含丹参和降香)对大鼠Walker256癌细胞血行扩散有促进作用。丹参注射液可使部分病人的胆固醇下降.在实验性动脉粥样硬化的大鼠,口服丹参煎剂未见有降低血脂的作用,对主动脉病变亦无保护作用.但对动脉粥样硬化家兔,可降低血和肝中的甘油三酯.复方丹参对高血脂家兔模型血清胆固醇、中性脂肪、β-脂蛋白亦有明显的降低作用.丹参及白花丹参能抑制家兔实验性冠状动脉大分支粥样斑块的形成。丹参有促进创伤愈合的作用.对人工骨折的家兔,能减轻局部淤血,改善局部循环,促进骨折愈合。其促进骨折愈合的作用,与其提高血清锌含量、加强骨折断端邻近骨组织中锌的动员以及通过提高骨痂中锌含量、锌/铜比值来加速骨痂组织生长和钙化过程有关。此外,丹参煎剂给家兔肌注,有降血糖作用。丹参酮有温和的雌激素样活性,并有抗雄性激素的作用。丹参对兔肾近曲小管上皮细胞有保护作用.丹参制剂对结缔组织病变可抑制胶原的合成,促进分解,可用于治疗硬皮病及瘢痕性疾病。丹参煎剂给小鼠腹腔注射43g/kg,48小时1次腹腔注射内未见动物死亡,而64g/kg组10只动物死亡2只。丹参水提醇溶部分,小鼠1次腹腔注射的半数致死量为80.5±3.1g生药/kg,丹参或复方丹参注射液,小鼠腹腔注射的半数致死量分别为136.7±3.8g/kg和61.5g±5.3g/1g。(以生药含量计);家兔每日腹腔注射丹参注射液2.4g/kg或复方丹参注射液3g/kg,连续14日,未见中毒性反应,动物血象、肝肾功能和体重等均无异常改变,实质性脏器除明显充血外,未见特殊变化。另外,小鼠每日灌胃2%丹参酮混悬溶液0.5ml,连续14日,大鼠每日灌胃2.5ml,连续10日,亦未见毒性。小白鼠腹腔注射半数致死量:丹参注射液36.7±3.8g/kg,复方丹参注射液61.5±5.26g/kg。麻醉动物静脉注射此二剂达临床应用量40~80倍亦无毒性反应;每天给家兔静脉注射临床用量的20~30倍连续14天,也未观察到毒性反应,而且对于血象,肝、肾功能,体重亦无不良影响,实质性脏器除明显充血外,来见特殊变化。
香附,原名“莎草”,始载于《名医别录》,列为中品。《唐本草》始称香附子。《本草纲目》列入草部芳草类,名“莎草香附子",并云:“莎叶如老韭叶而硬,光泽有剑脊棱,五、六月中抽一茎三棱中空,茎端复出数叶,开青花成穗如黍,中有细子,其根有须,须下结子一、二枚,转相延生,子上有细黑毛,大者如羊枣而两头尖,采得燎去毛,暴干货之”。香附性味:辛微苦甘,平。香附归经:入肺经、肝经、脾经、胃经。香附功能:理气解郁,调经止痛。香附主治:用于肝郁气滞,胸、胁、脘腹胀痛,消化不良,月经不调,经闭痛经,寒疝腹痛,乳房胀痛。香附的功能主治:理气解郁;调经止痛;安胎。主胁肋胀痛;乳房胀育;疝气疼痛;月经不调;脘腹痞满疼痛;嗳气吞酸,呕恶;经行腹痛;崩漏带下;胎动不安。用于肝郁气滞,胸、胁、脘腹胀痛,消化不良,胸脘痞闷,寒疝腹痛,乳房胀痛,月经不调,经闭痛经。香附的功效:疏肝解郁,理气宽中,调经止痛。香附的药理作用有以下报道:对阈下剂量戊巴比妥纳的协同作用:刘国卿等报道,给小鼠分别腹腔注射不同剂量香附挥发油0.03,0.06及0.10ml/kg(分别为1/10,1/5,1/3半数致死量),给药后30分钟,各组的小鼠均腹腔注射阈下剂量的戊巴比妥纳20mg/kg,以翻正反射消失为睡眠指标,观察各组的睡眠鼠数。结果表明,不同剂量的香附挥发油均能明显协同戊巴比妥钠对小鼠的催眠作用(P<0.01)。对正常家兔的麻醉作用:给家兔分别缓慢静脉注射不同剂量的香附挥发油0.050,0.075及0.100mg/kg,平均麻醉时间依次为9.0,15.0,28.5分钟。各组动物给药后翻正反射迅速消失,在0.050mg/kg剂量组,家兔痛反应及角膜反射迟钝,听反应存在;其余二个剂量组家兔痛反应及角膜反射完全消失,听反应存在。各组家兔在给药后均有四肢强直现象,约3分钟后消失。协同东莨菪碱麻醉作用:以翻正反射消失为麻醉指标,观察各组家兔的平均麻醉时间。第一组静脉注射香附挥发油0.075ml/kg,均出现翻正反射消失。第二组脑室注射东莨菪碱。第三组静脉注射香附挥发油0.035ml/kg(未出现翻正反射消失),随后脑室注射东莨菪碱2mg/kg,结果显示,0.035ml/kg的剂量无麻醉作用,而能明显地延长东莨菪碱的麻醉时间,但并不影响麻醉深度。对戊四唑惊厥的影响:给小鼠腹腔注射香附挥发油0.1ml/kg(1/3半数致死量),给药后30分钟,ih戊四唑85mg/kg,观察小鼠阵挛性惊厥数。结果表明,香附挥发油对戊四唑引起的小鼠惊厥无保护作用。SinghN等亦报道香附醇提取物对小鼠戊四氮和电休克无保护作用。解热镇痛作用:邓素贞等报道,给小鼠皮下注射20%香附醇提取物,能明显提高小鼠的痛阈。刘国卿等用热板法测定痛阈,给小鼠腹腔注射香附挥发油0.1ml/kg,以腹腔注射盐吗啡10mg/kg作对照,分别于给药后15,30,60及90分钟测定各鼠的痛阈。结果表明,香附挥发油无明显镇痛作用。GuptaMB报道,香附醇提取物中所含的三萜类化合物(IV一B)5mg/kg灌服的镇痛效果与30mg/kg乙酰水杨酸相当。香附醇提取物对注射酵母菌引起的大鼠发热有解热作用,其效价约为水杨酸钠的6倍,其解热有效成分也是三萜类化合物。降温作用:给大鼠腹腔注射香附挥发油0.1ml/kg,以腹腔注射氯丙嗪5mg/kg作阳性对照,给药前后分别测定大鼠直肠体温。结果表明,给予香附挥发油30分钟后可明显降低大鼠正常体温(P<0.05),较氯丙嗪的降温作用强,但作用不及氯丙嗪持久,随后大鼠体温逐渐恢复正常。:苏联学者Akperbekova.BA等报道,给蛙皮下注射香附水或水一醇提取物,可使蛙心停止于收缩期。较低浓度时,对离体蛙心,以及在位蛙心、兔心和猫心有强心作用或减慢心率作用。香附总生物碱、甙类、黄酮类和酚类化合物的水溶液亦有强心和减慢心率作用,并且有明显的降压作用。刘国卿等研究了香附挥发油对猫血压的影响。用氯醛糖80mg/kg进行麻醉,记录猫颈动脉血压。给麻醉猫静脉注射香附挥发油0.1ml/kg后15秒,猫血压开始下降,150秒后比正常血压降低10.7-13.3kPa,5分钟后血压开始回升,8分钟后血压基本恢复正常水平。故认为短暂的血压下降与其局部作用有关。SinghN等用香附乙醇提取物20mg/kg静脉注射于麻醉犬,血压缓缓下降,持续0.5-l小时。乙醇提取物不影响肾上腺素和乙酰胆碱对血压的作用,但能部分阻断组织胺的作用。IndiraM等报道,去卵巢大鼠试验表明,香附挥发油有轻度雌激素样活性。挥发油0.2ml,间隔6h皮下注射2次,48小时后阴道上皮完全角质化;0.3ml给药三次时,在大量角质化细胞中反出现很多白细胞。白细胞的出现可能是挥发油的刺激作用所致。从挥发油分离出的成分中,以香附烯(Cyperene)I的作用最强,但不及挥发油本身。阴道内给药时,挥发油、香附烯I和香附酮可致上皮角质化,而香附醇和香附烯II则全无作用。有效成分全身给药的有效量不超过局部用药量一倍。故认为,这些成分可能属于雌激素原(ProesTCMLIBagen)一类,在体内转化后活性增强。香附的这一作用是其治疗月经不调的主要依据之一。张发初等报道,5%香附流浸膏对豚鼠、兔、猫和犬等动物的离体子宫,无论己孕或未孕,都有抑制作用,使其收缩力减弱、肌张力降低。其作用性质与当归素颇相似,但较弱。SinghN报道,香附醇提取物100mg/kg腹腔注射,对角叉菜胶和甲醛引起的大鼠脚肿有明显的抑制作用。此作用强于5-10mg/kg氢化考的松。GuptaMB研究证明其抗炎成分为三萜类化合物。其中成分IV-B对角叉菜胶所致脚肿的抗炎作用,比氢化考的松强8倍,安全范围大3倍。对甲醛性脚肿亦有抑制作用。灌胃和腹腔注射的效力之比为1:3,说明可能在消化道内只部分吸收。刘国卿等报道,按常规方法制备家兔离体肠管,用记纹鼓描记香附挥发油对离体肠管的影响。结果表明,当香附挥发油浓度为5μg/ml时可抑制肠管的收缩,当浓度增加至20μg/ml时,显明显的抑制作用,使肠管收缩幅度降低、张力下降。SinghN亦报道,香附醇提取物20μg/ml浓度时,对离体兔回肠平滑肌有直接抑制作用。体外试验,香附挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用,对其他细菌无效。香附烯Ⅰ和II的抑菌作用比挥发油强,且对宋内氏痢疾杆菌亦有效。氢化不影响其抗菌作用。香附酮则完全无效。香附提取物对某些真菌亦有抑制作用。:香附醇提取物对组织胺喷雾所致豚鼠支气管痉孪有保护作用。香附所含的前列腺素生物合成抑制物质主要为a-香附酮(a-Cyperone)。
柴胡,清虚热中药,用于感冒发热、寒热往来、疟疾、肝郁气滞、胸肋胀痛、脱肛、子宫脱落、月经不调。柴胡始载于《神农本草经》,列为上品。历代本草对柴胡的植物形态多有记述。《本草图经》载:“(柴胡)今关、陕、江湖间,近道皆有之,以银州者为胜。二月生苗,甚香,茎青紫,叶似竹叶稍紫……七月开黄花……根赤色,似前胡而强。芦头有赤毛如鼠尾,独窠长者好。二月八月采根。其中丹州柴胡、襄州柴胡、淄州柴胡图,以及《本草纲目》的竹叶柴胡图,《救荒本草》的柴胡图,均为柴胡属植物。柴胡的性味归经:性微寒、味苦、辛、归肝经、胆经,具疏肝利胆、疏气解郁、散火之功效。柴胡的功能主治:透表泄热,疏肝解郁,升举阳气;主治:肝郁气滞,胸肋胀痛,脱肛,子宫脱落,月经不调。柴胡可用于感冒发热,寒热往来,胸胁胀痛,月经不调,子宫脱垂,脱肛。柴胡具有以下药理功用:解热:有效成分:挥发油(丁香酚、已酸、r-十一酸内酯和对甲氧基苯二酮),柴胡皂苷(皂苷元A)。作用:对伤寒、副伤寒疫苗、大肠杆菌液、发酵牛奶、酵母等所致发热有明显解热作用;且能使动物正常体温下降。商品柴胡煎剂2g/kg给兔灌胃,对用疫苗及温刺引起的发热均有明显的解热作用。抗炎:有效成分:皂苷。作用:对多种致炎剂所致踝关节肿和结缔组织增生性炎症均有抑制作用。柴胡皂甙300mg/k柴胡g腹腔注射,可抑制角叉菜胶、5-羟色胺、组胺引起的大鼠足跖肿胀,抑制大鼠棉球肉芽肿,同时可使肾上腺肥大,胸腺萎缩;抑制炎症组织组胺释放及白细胞游走。促进免疫功能:有效成分:柴胡多糖。作用:吞噬功能增强、自然杀伤细胞功能增强,提高病毒特异性抗体滴度,提高淋巴细胞转核率,提高皮肤迟发性过敏反应。抗肝损伤:柴胡注射液(浓度1∶1)1ml/只皮下注射连续5天可显着降低四氯化碳引起的大鼠血清GPT升高,肝细胞变性及坏死也明显减轻,肝细胞内糖原及核糖核酸含量也接近正常。抗辐射损伤:柴胡多糖5mg/只腹腔注射,可提高照射小鼠的存活率,小鼠胸腺细胞中3H-TdR的掺入增加,同时加速胸腺细胞的释放,同时又使血浆中皮。质酮含量增加,切除肾上腺后,不再有这些表现,故认为是通过肾上腺皮质实现的。此外,体外有抗结核菌作用。药理作用研究进展:与中药药理研究数据库连接。
乌梅,别名酸梅、黄仔、合汉梅、干枝梅,为蔷薇科落叶乔木植物梅Prunus mume的近成熟果实,经烟火熏制而成。若用青梅以盐水日晒夜浸,10日后有白霜形成,叫做白霜梅,其功效类似,宜忌相同。据现代研究.青梅或梅子汁。乌梅中含钾多而含钠较少,因此,需要长期服用排钾性利尿药者宜食之;梅子中国含儿茶酸能促进肠蠕动,因此便秘之人宜食之。梅子中含多种有机酸,有改善肝脏机能的作用,故肝病患者宜食之。梅子中的梅酸可软化血管,推迟血管硬化,具有防老抗衰作。乌梅的归经:归肝、脾、肺、大肠经。乌梅的功效:敛肺,涩肠,生津,安蛔。乌梅的功能主治:用于肺虚久咳,久泻久痢,虚热消渴,蛔厥呕吐腹痛。
决明子,异名:草决明,羊明(《吴普本草》),羊角(《广雅》),马蹄决明(陶弘景),还瞳子(《医学正传》),狗屎豆(《生草药性备要》),假绿豆(《中国药植志》),马蹄子(《江苏植药志》),千里光(《山西中药志)),芹决(《陕西中药志》),羊角豆(《广东中药》),野青豆(《江西草药》),猪骨明、猪屎蓝豆、细叶猪屎豆、夜拉子、羊尾豆(《南方主要有毒植物》)。决明子性味归经为:苦,微寒。决明子具有清热明目,润肠通便。用于目赤涩痛,羞明多泪,头痛眩晕,目暗不明,大便秘结之功效。决明子归肝、肾、大肠经。有减肥之功效。治风热赤眼,青盲,雀目,高血压,肝炎,肝硬化腹水,习惯性便秘。决明子具有以下药理作用。抗菌作用:决明子醇提物对葡萄球菌、白喉杆菌、伤寒、副伤寒、大肠杆菌均有抑制作用,而水提物则无效。抗真菌作用:决明子水浸剂(1:4)在试管中对石膏样毛癣菌、许兰黄癣菌、奥杜盎小芽胞癣菌等皮肤真菌有不同程度抑制作用。决明子含大黄酚-9-蒽酮,体外对红色毛癣菌、须毛癣菌、犬小孢子菌、石膏样小孢子菌、地丝菌均有较强抑制作用。降压作用:决明子水浸液、醇-水浸液、醇浸液对麻醉犬、猫、兔等皆有降压作用。在慢性实验中,煎剂每日2g(生药)/kg,无降压作用。决明子注射液0.05g/100g体重静脉注入可使自发遗传性高血压大鼠收缩压明显降低,同时也使舒张压显著降低,其降压效果、降压幅度、作用时间均优于静脉注射利血平0.3mg/kg组大鼠。对高脂血症的影响:含7%决明子的高脂饮料喂养小鼠2星期,决明子不能影响血清总胆固醇(TC)水平,但能明显升高血清高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)含量及提高HDL-C/TC比值,即明显改善体内胆固醇的分布状况,而有利于预防动脉粥样硬化。抗血小板聚集作用:决明具有抗二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、花生四烯酸(AA)、胶原(collagen)诱导的血小板聚集作用。决明中的3个蒽醌化合物橙黄决明素、黄决明素、大黄素有微弱的抗血小板聚集活性。从中还发现3个蒽醌糖甙类化合物葡萄糖基美决明子素、葡萄糖基橙黄决明素和葡萄糖基黄决明素均具有强的血小板聚集抑制作用。对免疫功能的影响:决明子水煎醇沉剂15g/kg皮下注射可使小鼠胸腺萎缩,外周血淋巴细胞ANAE染色阴性率明显降低,使2,4-二硝基氯苯(DNCB)所致小鼠皮肤迟发型超敏反应受抑,但对血清溶血素形成无明显影响,另外决明子水煎醇沉剂可使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞百分率和吞噬指数明显增高,溶菌酶水平也明显高于对照组。保肝作用:决明子热水提取物口服670mg/kg对四氯化碳中毒小鼠肝脏有弱的解毒作用。决明子经石油醚脱脂、氯仿提取,再用甲醇提取,结果该甲醇提取物有显著的护肝作用。进一步从中分得大黄酚-l-O-三葡萄糖甙、大黄酚-1-O-四葡萄糖甙在1mg/ml时对四氯化碳损伤的肝细胞有弱的保护作用,还发现芦荟大黄素也有类似的抗肝毒作用。泻下作用:决明子具有缓泻作用。其流浸膏口服后泻下作用在3-5h达到高峰。从水煎液中得50%乙醇可溶部分,依次用醋酸乙酯、丁酸,分别得到各可溶部分及水溶部分。将泻下活性最高的丁醇部分用葡聚糖凝胶柱分离出数个组分,将具有活性的组分用酸水解,得到相同的大黄酚、二蒽酮及d-葡萄糖。口服这些组分后,可从大肠内检测到亚硝基二苯胺的缩合物及大黄酚蒽酮,但对用氯霉素处理而抑制肠内细菌增殖的小鼠,其泻下活性减半,蒽酮生成也降低。对胃液分泌的影响:对做了胃瘘的狗,空腹时给决明子流浸膏可促进胃液的分泌。抑制15-羟基前列腺素:脱氢酶(15-OH PGDH)作用具有利尿作用的前列腺素E2经15-羟基前列腺素脱氢酶作用转变为15-酮代前列腺素而被排到体外,通过抑制此体内反应可使利尿作用延长。决明子水提取液具有抑制15-OH PGDH活性。用乙烷、氯仿、甲醇、水依次提取,再用柱析法分离酶活性抑制物质,发现蒽醌衍生物决明素及美决明子素的IC50分别为1.064×10mol/,1.666×10mol/L,共存的蒽醌衍生物大黄酚及大黄素甲醚的IC50分别为1.789×10mol/L,1.236×10mol/L,抑制活性均样均较弱。决明子的提取物分段局部注入大鼠结扎的胃、十二指肠等,用高压液相检测,提取物B的剩余量为给药的66%(十二指肠)到88%(结肠),采用比色法,则所给的药量均可检出,而且在胃肠道的下段部位,被检出的量超过所给的药量。在这些部位,形成的代谢产物不能被高压液相测到,提取物B及其已知的代谢物仅有很少的吸收。决明子提取物iv给药后,用比色法测定,所给药量100%无变化,说明其在胃肠道各部位无吸收也未代谢。
具体实施方式
通过下面的实施例可以对本发明进行进一步的描述,然而,本发明的范围并不限于下述实施例。本领域的专业人员能够理解,在不背离本发明的精神和范围的前提下,可以对本发明进行各种变化和修饰。本发明对试验中所使用到的材料以及试验方法进行一般性和/或具体的描述。虽然为实现本发明目的所使用的许多材料和操作方法是本领域公知的,但是本发明仍然在此作尽可能详细描述。以下实施例进一步说明本发明,而不是限制本发明。
制备例1:制备金钱胆通颗粒
配方(制备金钱胆通颗粒1000g):连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g,甜菊素1g、糊精适量使最终颗粒重1000g。
制法:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加9倍量的水煎煮提取2小时,滤过;滤渣再加7倍量的水煎煮提取1.5小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加9倍量的水煎煮提取2小时,滤过;滤渣再加7倍量的水煎煮提取1.5小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
制备例2:制备金钱胆通颗粒
配方(制备金钱胆通颗粒1000g):连钱草700g、虎杖400g、蒲公英350g、茵陈500g、金钱草600g、丹参150g、制香附200g、柴胡150g、乌梅200g、决明子150g,甜菊素0.5g、糊精适量使最终颗粒重1000g。
制法:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加10倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;滤渣再加6倍量的水煎煮提取2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加8倍量的水煎煮提取3小时,滤过;滤渣再加8倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
制备例3:制备金钱胆通颗粒
配方(制备金钱胆通颗粒1000g):连钱草800g、虎杖350g、蒲公英400g、茵陈600g、金钱草500g、丹参200g、制香附150g、柴胡200g、乌梅150g、决明子200g,甜菊素1g、糊精适量使最终颗粒重1000g。
制法:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加8倍量的水煎煮提取3小时,滤过;滤渣再加8倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加10倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;滤渣再加6倍量的水煎煮提取2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
制备例4:制备金钱胆通颗粒
配方(制备金钱胆通颗粒1000g):连钱草500g、虎杖450g、蒲公英300g、茵陈700g、金钱草450g、丹参250g、制香附100g、柴胡250g、乌梅100g、决明子250g,甜菊素1g、糊精适量使最终颗粒重1000g。
制法:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加10倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;滤渣再加6倍量的水煎煮提取2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加8倍量的水煎煮提取3小时,滤过;滤渣再加8倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
制备例5:制备金钱胆通颗粒
配方(制备金钱胆通颗粒1000g):连钱草1000g、虎杖300g、蒲公英450g、茵陈450g、金钱草700g、丹参100g、制香附250g、柴胡100g、乌梅250g、决明子100g,甜菊素0.5g、糊精适量使最终颗粒重1000g。
制法:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加8倍量的水煎煮提取3小时,滤过;滤渣再加8倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加10倍量的水煎煮提取1小时,滤过;滤渣再加6倍量的水煎煮提取2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得。
制备例6:制备金钱胆通颗粒(标)
配方(制备金钱胆通颗粒1000g):连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g,甜菊素1g、糊精适量使最终颗粒重1000g。
制法:将十味药材分别成中块,加8倍量的水煎煮二次,每次1.5小时(其中第一次加10.5倍量水,先浸泡1小时再煎煮);合并煎液,过滤,滤液浓缩至相对密度1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量糊精、甜菊素,混匀,制粒,60℃真空干燥,制成1000g,即得。
制备例7:制备金钱胆通颗粒(632#E2)
配方:连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g。
制法:
1.取金钱草药材,粉碎成最粗粉,加8倍量90%乙醇,浸泡1小时后,回流3次,每次2小时,合并药液,滤过,滤液减压回收乙醇并浓缩至相对密度1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏A,备用。
2.连钱草、虎杖、蒲公英、茵陈、丹参、制香附、柴胡、乌梅、决明子九味药材,粉碎成粗粉,煎煮二次,每次1.5小时,其中第一次加12倍量的水(先浸泡3小时,再煎煮),第二次加10倍量的水,合并药液,滤过,滤液浓缩至相对密度1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏B,备用。
3.合并上述A、B,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加浸膏粉量1/3的糊精和1.4%的甜味素制粒,60℃真空干燥,整粒,包装,即得。
制备例8:制备金钱胆通颗粒(283#E3)
配方:连钱草1200g、金钱草1500g、虎杖600g、茵陈800g、蒲公英800g、柴胡300g、丹参1000g、香附300g、乌梅200g、决明子200g。
制法:以上十味药材分别成中块,加水第一次69L水、第二次55L水,煎煮二次,每次1.5小时,合并煎液,过滤,滤液浓缩至相对密度不低于1.22(55~60℃)的清膏,以上浸膏干燥,粉碎成细粉,加蔗糖粉至2500g,搅匀,制成颗粒,包装每袋10g,即得。
制备例9:制备金钱胆通颗粒
分别参照制备例1-5的配方和制法,不同的仅是在其步骤(2)中,所用的提取溶剂水中添加乙酸,其浓度分别为0.4%、0.2%、0.3%、0.5%、0.4%,制得5批颗粒剂样品,样品分别记为91#、92#、93#、94#、95#。
试验例1:检测制剂中的典型组分
金钱胆通颗粒中所用的金钱草是其重要组分,为此,例如CN101380405B(200810166632.X)所记载,在制备金钱胆通颗粒时特别地将金钱草单独提取,因此测定制剂中的源于金钱草的典型化学组分是极具意义的。金钱草的典型成分是槲皮素和山柰素,二者总和在本文中称为指标物。
【含量测定】照高效液相色谱法(2015年版中国药典四部通则0512)测定。
色谱条件与系统适用性试验:以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;以甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(50:50)为流动相;检测波长为360nm。理论板数按槲皮素峰计算应不低于2500。
对照品溶液的制备:取槲皮素对照品、山柰素对照品适量,精密称定,加流动相制成每1ml各含槲皮素4μg、山柰素20μg的溶液,即得。
供试品溶液的制备:取金钱胆通颗粒约2g,精密称定,置50ml量瓶中,加流动相溶解并定容,滤过,取续滤液,即得。
测定法:分别精密吸取对照品溶液与供试品溶液各20μl,注入液相色谱仪,记录色谱图,计算金钱胆通颗粒中槲皮素和山柰素的总量,由于每批颗粒剂金钱草的投料量不同,因此以理论投料1g金钱草量所得颗粒中包含的槲皮素和山柰素mg总量(mg/g),表征颗粒剂中的指标物的含量。
经测定,制备例9所得五批颗粒剂中指标物的含量均在2.2~2.6mg/g范围内。
试验例2:颗粒剂的稳定性
将本发明颗粒剂置于密封袋中,置40℃放置5个月,针对每一批颗粒剂,测定其在0月时指标物含量以及5月时指标物含量,计算5月时指标物含量相对于0月时指标物含量的百分数,为指标物经此稳定性试验后的残余百分数,此残余百分数越接近于100%则表明颗粒剂越稳定,通常来讲如果低于90%则表明制剂稳定性不足。经测定,制备例9所得五批颗粒剂中指标物的残余百分数均在97.6~99.2%范围内。
试验例3:药效学试验
1.动物及分组:体重200~250gSD大鼠,雄性,称重,按体重随机分组,空白对照组(包括生理盐水组和食用油对照组)、不同的制备例颗粒剂组。
2.实验操作:实验前禁食不禁水12h,麻醉前灌胃生理盐水1ml/100g,然后每鼠用乌拉坦(1g/kg)腹腔注射麻醉后,仰位固定于固定板上。沿腹正中线切口约2cm,打开腹腔,找到胃幽门部,翻转十二指肠,在十二指肠降部肠系膜中找到白色有韧性的胆管。在胆管下穿2根丝线,结扎乳头部,向肝脏方向作一“V”形切口,插入塑料管(可见有淡黄色胆汁流出),结扎固定,用小烧杯收集胆汁。手术后用止血钳夹闭腹壁,以盐水纱布覆盖。待稳定20min后,先收集30min胆汁,然后各组大鼠由十二指肠分别给药,空白对照组给等容量的生理盐水或食用油。给药后每30min收集胆汁1次,共3次,
记录胆汁流量(ml)。
3.实验结果
实验结果见表1。
表1:给药前后胆汁流量变化(x±S,n=10)
从以上结果可以看出,各给药组均有一定的促进胆汁分泌作用。与空白对照组相比,差异非常显著或差异显著。而且使用特定工艺制备的颗粒剂显示明显更优异的药效学结果。
本发明金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草、金钱草、茵陈、虎杖、柴胡、蒲公英、香附(制)、丹参、决明子、乌梅十味中药组成,具有清利湿热、疏通肝胆、止痛排石的功效;用于胆石症湿热郁结于少阳胆腑之胁痛,痛在右胁,固定不移,或继发绞痛,上引肩背,便秘尿黄,甚至身目俱黄发热,舌质暗红,苔厚腻或黄腻,脉弦滑或弦紧。
以上所述实施例仅是为充分说明本发明而所举的较佳的实施例,本发明的保护范围不限于此。本技术领域的技术人员在本发明基础上所作的等同替代或变换,均在本发明的保护范围之内。本发明的保护范围以权利要求书为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草10~1500份、虎杖10~1000份、蒲公英10~1000份、茵陈10~1000份、金钱草10~1000份、丹参10~500份、制香附10~500份、柴胡10~500份、乌梅10~500份、决明子10~500份,再配以适当辅料制成。
2.根据权利要求1的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草500~1000份、虎杖300~450份、蒲公英300~450份、茵陈450~700份、金钱草450~700份、丹参100~250份、制香附100~250份、柴胡100~250份、乌梅100~250份、决明子100~250份,再配以适当辅料制成。
3.根据权利要求1的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草700~800份、虎杖350~400份、蒲公英350~400份、茵陈500~600份、金钱草500~600份、丹参150~200份、制香附150~200份、柴胡150~200份、乌梅150~200份、决明子150~200份,再配以适当辅料制成。
4.根据权利要求1的金钱胆通颗粒,其每1000g由连钱草700~800g、虎杖350~400g、蒲公英350~400g、茵陈500~600g、金钱草500~600g、丹参150~200g、制香附150~200g、柴胡150~200g、乌梅150~200g、决明子150~200g,再配以适当辅料制成。
5.根据权利要求1的金钱胆通颗粒,按照重量组分计算,由连钱草750份、虎杖375份、蒲公英375份、茵陈562.5份、金钱草562.5份、丹参187.5份、制香附187.5份、柴胡187.5份、乌梅187.5份、决明子187.5份,再配以适当辅料制成;或者,其每1000g由连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g,再配以适当辅料制成。
6.根据权利要求1的金钱胆通颗粒,其中所述辅料选自:填充剂、调味剂及其组合;在一个实施方案中,所述的填充剂是糊精;其量通常根据经验调整,例如添加到规定的填充量;在一个实施方案中,所述调味剂是甜菊素;其量在0.2%~2%范围内,例如0.2%~1%,例如0.2%~0.5%。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项的金钱胆通颗粒,其是照包括如下步骤的方法制备得到的:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得;进一步地,步骤(2)中,所用的提取溶剂水中添加0.2~1%乙酸,例如0.2~0.5%乙酸。
8.一种制备金钱胆通颗粒的方法,按照重量组分计算,所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草10~1500份、虎杖10~1000份、蒲公英10~1000份、茵陈10~1000份、金钱草10~1000份、丹参10~500份、制香附10~500份、柴胡10~500份、乌梅10~500份、决明子10~500份,再配以适当辅料制成;所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将十味药材分别成中块,备用;
(2)将连钱草和金钱草一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(3)将其余八味药材一起加8~10倍量的水煎煮提取1~3小时,滤过;滤渣再加6~8倍量的水煎煮提取1~2小时,滤过;合并两次滤液,备用;
(4)将步骤(2)和步骤(3)所得滤液合并,减压浓缩至相对密度为1.05~1.10(55~60℃)的清膏,喷雾干燥,得浸膏粉,加入适量辅料,混匀,制粒,干燥,即得;进一步地,步骤(2)中,所用的提取溶剂水中添加0.2~1%乙酸,例如0.2~0.5%乙酸。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,按照重量组分计算,
所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草500~1000份、虎杖300~450份、蒲公英300~450份、茵陈450~700份、金钱草450~700份、丹参100~250份、制香附100~250份、柴胡100~250份、乌梅100~250份、决明子100~250份,再配以适当辅料制成;或者
所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草700~800份、虎杖350~400份、蒲公英350~400份、茵陈500~600份、金钱草500~600份、丹参150~200份、制香附150~200份、柴胡150~200份、乌梅150~200份、决明子150~200份,再配以适当辅料制成;或者
所述金钱胆通颗粒由连钱草750份、虎杖375份、蒲公英375份、茵陈562.5份、金钱草562.5份、丹参187.5份、制香附187.5份、柴胡187.5份、乌梅187.5份、决明子187.5份,再配以适当辅料制成;或者
所述金钱胆通颗粒每1000g由连钱草700~800g、虎杖350~400g、蒲公英350~400g、茵陈500~600g、金钱草500~600g、丹参150~200g、制香附150~200g、柴胡150~200g、乌梅150~200g、决明子150~200g,再配以适当辅料制成;或者
所述金钱胆通颗粒每1000g由连钱草750g、虎杖375g、蒲公英375g、茵陈562.5g、金钱草562.5g、丹参187.5g、制香附187.5g、柴胡187.5g、乌梅187.5g、决明子187.5g,再配以适当辅料制成。
10.根据权利要求8的方法,其中所述辅料选自:填充剂、调味剂及其组合;在一个实施方案中,所述的填充剂是糊精;在一个实施方案中,所述调味剂是甜菊素。
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