CN105660322A - Mountain economic forest rainwater gathering deep percolation device - Google Patents

Mountain economic forest rainwater gathering deep percolation device Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105660322A
CN105660322A CN201610018800.5A CN201610018800A CN105660322A CN 105660322 A CN105660322 A CN 105660322A CN 201610018800 A CN201610018800 A CN 201610018800A CN 105660322 A CN105660322 A CN 105660322A
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China
Prior art keywords
water
liquid manure
fertilizer
hole
pit
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CN201610018800.5A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
赵西宁
杨荣慧
吴普特
高晓东
宋小林
任佑平
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Northwest A&F University
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Northwest A&F University
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Priority to CN201610018800.5A priority Critical patent/CN105660322A/en
Publication of CN105660322A publication Critical patent/CN105660322A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G29/00Root feeders; Injecting fertilisers into the roots
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03BINSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
    • E03B3/00Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
    • E03B3/02Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water from rain-water
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/108Rainwater harvesting

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
  • Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a mountain economic forest rainwater gathering deep percolation device. A water and fertilizer pit is formed in the uphill face of a fruit tree, a waterproof layer is arranged at the bottom of the water and fertilizer pit, a drainage pipe is vertically installed in the middle of the water and fertilizer pit, and the periphery of the drainage pipe is filled with an organic filler layer. A rain gathering film is laid at the upper end of the water and fertilizer pit, the fruit tree (economic tree) is planted on the slope face of the downhill position on one side of the water and fertilizer pit, a fish scale pit is formed along a trunk of the fruit tree (economic tree) and the water and fertilizer pit, and a water measuring pipe is vertically installed between the trunk and the water and fertilizer pit. According to the device, water-saving irrigation, the water and fertilizer integration technology and water and soil conservation are organically combined, compared with surface irrigation, the effects of water saving, water holding, fertilizer holding, fertilizer promoting, reduction of ammonia volatilization, reduction of water evaporation loss and effective prevention of water and soil loss are achieved, the device is low in cost, simple in technology, easy to operate, good in effect and easy to grasp, and therefore the device has wide application prospects in arid and semi-arid fruit industry regions of China.

Description

A kind of mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer infiltrates device
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural irrigation technology, particularly relate to a kind of mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer and infiltrate device.
Background technology
Loess plateau is universally acknowledged maximum Fructus Mali pumilae aristogenesis district, is also the national eugenic district uniquely meeting seven climate-indexs of apple development requirement. Fructus Mali pumilae aristogenesis district, loess plateau height above sea level, day and night temperature is big, and sunshine is sufficient, is beneficial to the accumulation of Fructus Mali pumilae sugar part and painted; Dry, air humidity is low, and disease pest harm is relatively low, and pest and disease damage protected working is little, and environmental pollution is lighter; Loess soil layer is deep, and soil is mainly loessal soil, and quality is loosened, and ventilative water-holding capacity is strong, is suitable to apple development. Although Loess Plateau Region soil layer is deep, but improving the soil owing to for a long time not doing to plough deeply, do not execute or Shaoshi is fertile, think little of the reasonably combined of fertilizer, fruit tree growth, the seriality of production and chronicity, cause soil compaction serious in addition, and physicochemical character is deteriorated, and fertility declines.
Water and fertilizer are two material impact factors that agricultural productive force plays a decisive role, and the performance of the two effect also exists strong interdependency. Northern Shensi year rainfall is concentrated mainly on 7,8, JIUYUE and fruit tree growth water serious dislocation, before July, rainfall is few, natural precipitation almost infiltrates less than Root Absorption layer, and limited rainfall is gathered and drained into root zone by this device, has reached liquid manure and has interdepended and efficiently utilize purpose. Agricultural is that using of China is fertile, uses water rich and influential family simultaneously, carries out agricultural water conservation, joint fertilizer, improves the important topic that liquid manure utilization ratio is the agri-scientific research of current China. Suitable water and fertilizer condition is conducive to the harmonic growth of plant. China's Dry Land of Loess Plateau orchard water scarcity, rainwater resource distribution is serious uneven, and brief rain period applies chemical fertilizer and lacks water decomposition, and water and fertilizer utilization is on the low side, badly influences the sustainable development of drought-hit area fruit industry.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer and infiltrate device, aim to solve the problem that Dry Land of Loess Plateau orchard water scarcity, rainwater resource distribution is serious uneven, rainfall cannot enter to be seeped into root zone less, period of duration chemical fertilizer lacks water decomposition after executing, water and fertilizer utilization is on the low side, the problem badly influencing the sustainable development of drought-hit area fruit industry.
The present invention is achieved in that this mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer is infiltrated device and included: liquid manure hole, collection rain film, waterproof layer, the organic filler bed of material, moisture measurement pipe, drainage tube;
Being provided with liquid manure hole on economic forest hillside fields is domatic, the middle part in liquid manure hole is vertically installed with a drainage tube, and the bottom in liquid manure hole is provided with waterproof layer, and the surrounding of waterproof layer is filled with the organic filler bed of material; The upper end in liquid manure hole is equipped with collection rain film, and side, descending position, liquid manure hole kind is implanted with fruit tree, cheats along trunks of fruit trees and liquid manure and is laid with fish-scale pit, and vertically-mounted between trunk and liquid manure hole have a moisture measurement pipe.
The present invention also takes following technical measures:
The degree of depth in described liquid manure hole is 40cm-80cm.
Described top, liquid manure hole is provided with the concave surface that catchments of 100cm × 100cm, and the concave surface that catchments is equipped with collection rain film, integrates rain film and adopts thickness as 0.015mm polyethylene collection rain film, is of a size of 120cm × 120cm, and collection rain film is layed in liquid manure and cheats near coal-mine concave surface.
Described drainage tube adopts the one in vitrified-clay pipe, pvc pipe.
The described organic filler bed of material is by the straw of 50% pulverizing, weeds, branch material, and 20% fertilizer, 20% Fructus Jujubae garden mould and 10% chemical fertilizer are uniformly mixed.
Provided by the invention have the advantage that and have the benefit effect that this mountainous architecture woods (Fructus Jujubae garden) rainwater collecting deep layer is infiltrated device and the mountainous architecture Foresty industry standardized planting management that North Shaanxi is fast-developing is had important function, it is subject to nonirrigated farmland economic forest (Fructus Jujubae garden) the water-fertilizer integral regulation and administration technology of water stress for mountain region, also has certain reference for weather, land occupation condition similar area production; Water-saving irrigation, the Integration of Water into Fertilizer and water and soil conservation are organically combined by this device, compared with surface irrigation, there is water saving, water conservation, fertilizer conservation, short fertilizer, reduce ammonia volatilization, the effect reducing moisture evaporation loss, effectively preventing erosion, and with low cost, technology is simple, easily operation, effective easy grasp, therefore have broad application prospects in China arid and semi-arid fruit industry area.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is that the mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer that the embodiment of the present invention provides infiltrates the structural representation of device;
Fig. 2 is that the mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer that the embodiment of the present invention provides infiltrates the top view of device;
In figure: 1, economic forest hillside fields is domatic; 2, collection rain film; 3, liquid manure hole; 4, waterproof layer; 5, the organic filler bed of material; 6, moisture measurement pipe; 7, trunk; 8, fish-scale pit; 9, drainage tube; 10, tree crown.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to make the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearly understand, below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is further elaborated. Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is only in order to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing 1,2 and specific embodiment, the application principle of the present invention is further described.
This Fructus Jujubae garden, mountain region rainwater collecting deep layer is infiltrated device and is included: economic forest hillside fields is domatic 1, collection rain film 2, liquid manure hole 3, waterproof layer 4, the organic filler bed of material 5, moisture measurement pipe 6, drainage tube 9;
Being provided with liquid manure hole 3 on economic forest hillside fields domatic 1, the middle part in liquid manure hole 3 is vertically installed with a drainage tube 9, and the bottom in liquid manure hole 3 is provided with waterproof layer 4, and the surrounding of waterproof layer 4 is filled with the organic filler bed of material 5; The upper end in liquid manure hole 3 is equipped with collection rain film 2, and liquid manure is cheated 3 side, descending position kinds and is implanted with fruit tree, cheats 3 along trunks of fruit trees 7 and liquid manure and is laid with fish-scale pit 8, and vertically-mounted between trunk 7 and liquid manure hole 3 have a moisture measurement pipe 6.
In the liquid manure hole 3 that tree crown excavates from the suitable distance of trunks of fruit trees 7 and proper orientation for 10 times, the general 60cm-80cm of the degree of depth. Cheat the collection rain effect of 3 upper-part centralized rain films 2 by liquid manure or rainwash is introduced directly into liquid manure hole 3 by domatic persuasion system; Drainage tube 9 adopts the one in vitrified-clay pipe, pvc pipe. Cheating 3 walls by drainage tube 9 along liquid manure and directly act on fruit tree 7 root region soil, utilize for fruit tree 7 Root Absorption, it is achieved rainwater collecting deep layer is infiltrated, it is a kind of mid-deep strata solid irrigation method.
Described liquid manure is cheated 3 tops and is provided with the concave surface that catchments of 100cm × 100cm, the concave surface that catchments is equipped with collection rain film 2, integrates rain film 2 and adopt thickness as 0.015mm polyethylene collection rain film, is of a size of 120cm × 120cm, and collection rain film 2 is layed in liquid manure and cheats 3 near coal-mine concave surface.
Make the drainage tube 9 of three kinds of specifications of 40cm, 60cm and 80cm length with Φ 15cm vitrified-clay pipe or the pvc pipe hole of Φ 1mm (the tube wall circumferentially-spaced 1cm uniformly open), rainwater and the rainwash water collect waterproof collection rain film 2 are directly drained to jujube tree rhizosphere soil. Herba Eleocharitis acicularis is laid as waterproof layer 4, it is prevented that the deep percolation loss of the rainwash water collected bottom drainage tube 9.
The organic filler bed of material 5 is by materials such as the straw of 50% pulverizing, weeds, branches, and 20% fertilizer, 20% Fructus Jujubae garden mould and 10% chemical fertilizer are uniformly mixed. The materials such as straw, weeds, branch are gathered materials on the spot; Fertilizer be horsehit, cattle manure, pig manure, chicken manure, big argol etc. through high temperature fermentation reactor system, fully become thoroughly decomposed after the organic materials smashed to pieces; Fructus Jujubae garden mould is local Fructus Jujubae Orchard Soil; Chemical fertilizer is bought nearby in locality, and chemical fertilizer N, P, K join the amount of executing with reference to GB6127/T022-2015 mountain region Cold region apple Fructus Jujubae fertilizer practice specification.
The orchard of fruit tree strain spacing≤3m, liquid manure hole 3 is laid in two fruit tree centre positions; The orchard of fruit tree strain spacing > 3m, is respectively respectively arranged a liquid manure hole 3 from fruit tree 90cm place, totally two liquid manure holes 3 on two fruit tree lines.
With fish-scale pit 8 with the use of effect more preferably, liquid manure hole 3 is laid in fish-scale pit 8 central authorities in liquid manure hole 3. Near coal-mine 80cm × 80cm square that is designed as in liquid manure hole 3, hole, liquid manure hole 3 is deeply main to be designed according to different age of tree fruit trees: 1. below 15 years, the hole, orchard of the age of tree is set to 40cm deeply; 2. 60cm deeply it is set in the hole, orchard in age of 15-20 tree; 3. more than 20 years, the hole, orchard of the age of tree is set to 80cm deeply.
After hole, liquid manure hole 3 installation position is determined, first along fruit tree upward slope level land, cheat 3 design standards according to liquid manure and carry out the excavation construction in liquid manure hole 3; After the excavation of liquid manure hole 3, waterproof layer 4 is laid at the end, hole; Afterwards drainage tube 9 is put in liquid manure hole 3 central authorities; It is layered padding and compacting at drainage tube 9 surrounding porous organic nutrition base again, fills out and cause near coal-mine place, cover with soil, tread, accomplish concave shape (deep about the 10cm of groove); Square rib high for about 5cm is played from soakaway wall 10cm place; It is covered on square rib (to collect rain film 2 by the 120cm × 120cm size collection rain film 2 being cut into and be laid in groove surfaces, central bore, lid is fixed on drainage tube 9 mouthfuls place), rear rib periphery grave is lived, appropriate compacting, in order to Radix Saposhnikoviae (catchment area is designed as 100cm × 100cm); Last centered by liquid manure hole 3, along the semi-circular fish-scale pit 8 of fruit tree stem renovation; Construction terminates.
Flat Ground Orchard, the orchard of fruit tree strain spacing≤3m, soakaway is laid in two fruit tree centre positions;The orchard of fruit tree strain spacing > 3m, each on two fruit tree lines is respectively arranged a liquid manure hole 3 from jujube tree 90cm place, between two liquid manure holes 3 are set altogether.
In next year, after fruit harvesting, first carrying out branch and prune and clear garden, be 5cm length by the branch machine cuts under pruning, put into sagging place, earthing is renovated, and covers collection rain film 2. After these technical measures use use 2-3, then lay new liquid manure hole 3 around fruit tree another side.
Liquid manure was cheated for 3 construction periods, and the interior porous organic nutrition base manure power in hole can substantially meet jujube tree and grow demand the whole year. As needed dressing fertilizer in fruit tree period of duration, concrete measure is with reference to GB6127/T022-2015 mountain region Cold region apple Fructus Jujubae fertilizer practice specification. Impose fertilizer, drainage tube 9 will be used directly to apply fruit tree rhizosphere soil with the form of solution, and directly absorb for jujube tree.
It is cheat 3 backfill porous organic nutritive medium materials by liquid manure rainwater collecting technology, rainwater deep drainage technology and three technology of drain seepage control technique to be organically combined that liquid manure cheats 3 combination techniques. Backfill porous organic nutrition base is this technology water conservation, fertilizer conservation, the key link that liquid manure efficiently utilizes. Porous organic nutrition base has loose porous band dynamic characteristic, wherein the organic colloid in organic matter can adsorb substantial amounts of cation and hydrone, there is the effect of good water conservation, fertilizer conservation, and can absorb for jujube tree rhizosphere soil sustained release moisture and nutrition supplying jujube tree, reach the efficient utilizing status of liquid manure.
This device proposed from 2012, accumulated till now 7 small towns test spreads (seeing attached list) such as Baota District Kawaguchi, osiery, Zao Yuan, He Zhuan level grounds.
Subordinate list rich water hole irrigation technology weight gaining water conservation show-how popularizing area (unit: ten thousand mu)
Performance analysis:
(1) economic benefit: after this project implementation, yield increases production 800 kilograms by per mu yield, 10000 per mu yields reach 8,000,000 kilograms, per kilogram 4 yuan meter, rise in value just up to 32,000,000 yuan every year: upper every mu of annual the fertilising ingeniously of labour can save 5 labours about 600 yuan compared with in the past, 10000 mu can be reduced 6,000,000 yuan: source of manure utilization rate can increase by 40%, every mu of fertilising calculates by 500 yuan and reduces cost 200 yuan, 10000 mu can be reduced 2,000,000 yuan: each hole fertilising water collection rainwater about 600 jin, fund 300 yuan can be saved for every mu by usual roping calculating, 10000 mu can be reduced 3,000,000 yuan. economic benefit is very considerable, radiation is driven Regional Economic Development, has good social benefit.
(2) social benefit: by this project Demonstration And Extension, the fruit industry management level in radiation-curable drive periphery small towns promote steadily, Project Areas orchard worker is by participating in project construction, both self science business fruit, pipe fruit ability had been improve, add again income, had very important social benefit by traditional to contemporary transformation and transformation and upgrade to promoting pagoda fruit industry.
(3) ecological benefits: implementing hole fertilising water is ecological agricultural model construction, mainly being the theme with green, environmental protection, whole project is built up and not only will not be produced link pollution, but also can reduce soil erosion, fertilizing soil, improve the value in soil, increase soil organic matter content. Simultaneously, moreover it is possible to improve Vegetation condition and preserve the ecological environment, it is achieved fruit industry cycle development, promote that fruit industry sustainable and healthy development has very big realistic meaning.
The foregoing is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not in order to limit the present invention, all any amendment, equivalent replacement and improvement etc. made within the spirit and principles in the present invention, should be included within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. a mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer infiltrates device, it is characterised in that this rainwater collecting deep layer is infiltrated device and included: liquid manure hole, collection rain film, waterproof layer, the organic filler bed of material, moisture measurement pipe, drainage tube;
Being provided with liquid manure hole on economic forest hillside fields is domatic, the middle part in liquid manure hole is vertically installed with a drainage tube, and the bottom in liquid manure hole is provided with waterproof layer, and the surrounding of waterproof layer is filled with the organic filler bed of material; The upper end in liquid manure hole is equipped with collection rain film, and side, descending position, liquid manure hole kind is implanted with fruit tree, cheats along trunks of fruit trees and liquid manure and is laid with fish-scale pit, and vertically-mounted between trunk and liquid manure hole have a moisture measurement pipe.
2. mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer as claimed in claim 1 infiltrates device, it is characterised in that the degree of depth in described liquid manure hole is 40cm-80cm.
3. mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer as claimed in claim 1 infiltrates device, it is characterized in that, described top, liquid manure hole is provided with the concave surface that catchments of 100cm × 100cm, catchment and concave surface is equipped with collection rain film, integrating rain film adopts thickness as 0.015mm polyethylene collection rain film, being of a size of 120cm × 120cm, collection rain film is layed in liquid manure and cheats near coal-mine concave surface.
4. mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer as claimed in claim 1 infiltrates device, it is characterised in that described drainage tube adopts the one in vitrified-clay pipe, pvc pipe.
5. mountainous architecture woods rainwater collecting deep layer as claimed in claim 1 infiltrates device, it is characterized in that, the described organic filler bed of material is by the straw of 50% pulverizing, weeds, branch material, and 20% fertilizer, 20% Fructus Jujubae garden mould and 10% chemical fertilizer are uniformly mixed.
CN201610018800.5A 2016-01-12 2016-01-12 Mountain economic forest rainwater gathering deep percolation device Withdrawn CN105660322A (en)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106385927A (en) * 2016-09-18 2017-02-15 西北农林科技大学 Gathering infiltration device
CN107586219A (en) * 2017-07-25 2018-01-16 西北农林科技大学 A kind of Apples In Mountainous Area garden rich water hole preparation method
CN107996376A (en) * 2017-12-05 2018-05-08 浙江易拓园林开发有限公司 Town squares move full-automatic presbyopic glasses curing system
CN108739313A (en) * 2018-07-04 2018-11-06 甘肃中医药大学 A kind of nonirrigated farmland enrichment storm-water system
CN111434215A (en) * 2019-01-11 2020-07-21 宁夏农林科学院荒漠化治理研究所(宁夏防沙治沙与水土保持重点实验室) Barren mountain rain-collecting land-preparation afforestation method
CN112293232A (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-02-02 西北农林科技大学 Storage penetrant unit suitable for fruit tree root liquid manure is applyed
CN112514774A (en) * 2020-12-10 2021-03-19 山西省蚕业科学研究院 Rain-collecting infiltrating irrigation method for fruit trees in dry farming area
CN113197004A (en) * 2021-04-09 2021-08-03 山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所 Method and device for planting ecological economic forest under irrigation-free condition
CN114071991A (en) * 2019-04-26 2022-02-18 格拉纳达大学 Infiltration device
CN114847135A (en) * 2022-05-25 2022-08-05 西北农林科技大学 Rainwater collection, irrigation supplement, seepage promotion and drainage integrated system for hillside orchard and implementation method thereof

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106385927A (en) * 2016-09-18 2017-02-15 西北农林科技大学 Gathering infiltration device
CN107586219A (en) * 2017-07-25 2018-01-16 西北农林科技大学 A kind of Apples In Mountainous Area garden rich water hole preparation method
CN107586219B (en) * 2017-07-25 2020-12-11 西北农林科技大学 Preparation method of fertilizer water pit for mountain apple orchard
CN107996376A (en) * 2017-12-05 2018-05-08 浙江易拓园林开发有限公司 Town squares move full-automatic presbyopic glasses curing system
CN108739313A (en) * 2018-07-04 2018-11-06 甘肃中医药大学 A kind of nonirrigated farmland enrichment storm-water system
CN111434215A (en) * 2019-01-11 2020-07-21 宁夏农林科学院荒漠化治理研究所(宁夏防沙治沙与水土保持重点实验室) Barren mountain rain-collecting land-preparation afforestation method
CN114071991A (en) * 2019-04-26 2022-02-18 格拉纳达大学 Infiltration device
CN114071991B (en) * 2019-04-26 2023-08-08 格拉纳达大学 Inlet device
CN112293232A (en) * 2020-10-30 2021-02-02 西北农林科技大学 Storage penetrant unit suitable for fruit tree root liquid manure is applyed
CN112514774A (en) * 2020-12-10 2021-03-19 山西省蚕业科学研究院 Rain-collecting infiltrating irrigation method for fruit trees in dry farming area
CN113197004A (en) * 2021-04-09 2021-08-03 山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所 Method and device for planting ecological economic forest under irrigation-free condition
CN113197004B (en) * 2021-04-09 2024-02-02 山西省农业科学院经济作物研究所 Planting method and device for ecological economic forest under irrigation-free condition
CN114847135A (en) * 2022-05-25 2022-08-05 西北农林科技大学 Rainwater collection, irrigation supplement, seepage promotion and drainage integrated system for hillside orchard and implementation method thereof
CN114847135B (en) * 2022-05-25 2023-09-15 西北农林科技大学 Rain collecting, filling, seepage promoting and waterlogging draining integrated system for hillside orchard and implementation method thereof
WO2023226435A1 (en) * 2022-05-25 2023-11-30 西北农林科技大学 Rainwater harvesting, irrigation supplementation, infiltration promotion, and drainage type comprehensive system for mountain orchards, and implementation method therefor

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Application publication date: 20160615