CN102379197A - Aleurites montana large-area seedling raising method - Google Patents
Aleurites montana large-area seedling raising method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an Aleurites montana seedling raising method. The Aleurites montana is an excellent tung oil tree species which grows fast, highly contains oil and calorific value, highly produces energy and has a good development prospect. The invention discloses the Aleurites montana large-area seedling raising method, which mainly comprises the following five steps of: seed storage, seed germination, soil preparation for making beds, seeding and oil covering, and seedling-stage management. The method has the characteristics and the advantages of fast seedling growth, high survival rate, high quality, large seedling raising scale, low cost, easiness in management and the like. Compared with the traditional direct hole planting method, the survival rate of raised seedlings is improved by more than 20 percent. The seedling raising method is an important basis for ensuring large-scale planting, high yield and high quality of the Aleurites montana.
Description
Technical field the present invention relates to a kind of tung oil tree seedling-cultivating method, and especially a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method belongs to agricultural production.
Background technology tung oil tree whole body is precious; Reduce day by day at current global oil reserves, cause under the severe situation of whole world oil crisis, accelerate the tung oil tree establishing in large scale and promote; With the tung oil tree processing and fabricating is diesel oil and by-product; Progressively substituting oil is to strengthen the new forms of energy construction, benefits the nation and the people the offspring's that benefits future generations rising industry.Aleurite montana is that growth fast, high oil-containing, high heat are planted, one of the good tung oil tree of the high yield energy, and advantages for development are obvious.The artificial cultivation aleurite montana, growing seedlings is the important foundation of capturing stable high yield.Traditional aleurite montana plantation, many employings are attacked a vital point live, because in the stage in seedling stage, extensive management, thereby exist nursery stage of poor quality, cause the not high deficiency of tung oil tree output.In addition, the tung oil tree large tracts of land is grown seedlings does not still have mature experience.
Summary of the invention the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method, and this method is grown seedlings and had grow fast, advantages such as survival rate is high, quality good, the scale of growing seedlings is big, cost is low, manageability.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose, a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land of the present invention seedling-cultivating method is:
1, seed storage: must bury low temperature treatment through Wen Sha before the aleurite montana sowing, hide material for wetting with the composite material of river sand 70% and bog moss 30%, seed is 1: 5 with wet ratio of hiding material; To regularly stir seed and add water in good time during wet the Tibetan, prevent heating; The wet thickness of hiding comprises that covering is no more than 80-100 centimetre.
2, presprouting of seeds: indoor urge prior to seeding in three days with 30 ℃-40 ℃ warm water day soak night dew, short its broken germination out of danger.When outdoor vernalization, adopt lamination vernalization, seed is 1: 3 with the ratio of the composite material of river sand 70% and bog moss 30%, to add water be 30 ℃-40 ℃ warm water.
3, make bed: the selection height above sea level of nursery lot is no more than 800 meters wholely, and the gradient is no more than 20 degree, must guard against the low-lying land of ponding, selecting the rice field or often to plough the nonirrigated farmland for well, generally in flakes more than 5 mu; Herbicide glyphosate or paraquat weeding are selected in the inherent nursery lot weeding sterilization of first half of the month of whole ground for use, 50 kilograms of lime of every mu of usefulness or the sterilization of bactericide green alum; Be selected in wholely and carry out winter, the soil of turning over is dark more than 25 centimetres; Make a bed height of bed and exceed pavement 10-30 centimetre, the railway carriage or compartment face width is no more than 1.2 meters, and pavement is wide to be no more than 30 centimetres, is being made on the bed surface in thick railway carriage or compartment, and disposable 100 kilograms in every mu of phosphate fertilizer of base fertilizer and 25 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of using sufficient smashes railway carriage or compartment face soil block and rake.
4, sowing earthing: that will urge bud treats that sowing is sub, with upright withered clever pulvis 500-800 times of liquid seed soaking, in case bud-rot type damping off; Seeding quantity is pressed every mu of 50 kilograms of program requests of the gross area or drilling, and the program request seeding row spacing is (25-30) * (30-35) centimetre, and every square metre about the 30-40 grain; 5 * 5 * 5 centimetres in sowing cave, drill spacing is 35 centimetres, every meter long sowing 4-5 grain; 5 centimetres of sowing ditch depths, wide 10 centimetres; Broadcast the back and cover loess or native country, to cover seed degree of being, the railway carriage or compartment face is added a cover straw or weeds.
5, seedling management: be the seeding stage March, the management main points for and time-division 2-3 criticize and take off grass, guarantee moisture, prevent to tan by the sun, prevent the slag waterlogging, note cold wave, be diligent in weeding and laxative prevention disease; Be the seedling phase April, focuses on weeding, keeps, fills the gaps with seedlings, and fertilising is main with the foliage fertilizer spraying, and laxative is to prevent and treat damping off and cutworm is attached most importance to; 5-9 month is that speed is given birth to the phase, management in earlier stage with nitrogen fertilizer application, weeding, keep a full stand of seedings and thinning is attached most importance to, the later stage is with potassium application, surely seedling, drought resisting and prevention and elimination of disease and pests are attached most importance to; 10-11 month is hardening period, the management main points for to take precautions against drought, frost prevention, antifreeze, lodging-prevention, anti-crushing by snow, preventing disease and pest, must guard against fertilising, spray gibberellin; In seedling management, will strengthen the intertill and clean tillage fertilising, intertillage should be carried out in the nursery stock seedling phase, selected the cloudy day, 2-5 centimetre of the intertillage degree of depth; The nursery weeding is artificial, mechanical or use chemical herbicide all must in time accomplish early except that Ex-all; Fertilising is wanted in time, and leaf chlorosis, plant are short and small, the top tip stops growing when nursery stock occurs, and apply fertilizer to the ill.
Aleurite montana another name Zou Tong, Zou's skin paulownia, big tung oil tree, Hua Tong, 7 years paulownias, section's name Euphorbiaceae.The aleurite montana biological property does, deciduous tree, the height of tree is more than 15 meters, vertical distribution is in height above sea level low mountain, hills and mild mountain region below 400 meters, be distributed in more below 750 meters the gentle slope pacifically.Be suitable for the interior growth in zone of about 16 ℃ of average temperatures of the whole year, bigger to the amplitude of adaptation of rainfall, all can grow in annual rainfall 1000-2000 millimeter area, and preferably loose fertile, soil layer is deep, grows in the damp soil.Aleurite montana happiness sunlight, not anti-concealment.Level land and the hills region growing fast result many at sunshine are many.3-5 is yielded positive results after the aleurite montana kind, and 35 years abound with the phase arranged, and general deserted mountain capable of using, unoccupied place plantation are not striven ground with grain, fruit tree, plants comparatively extensively, and production cost is low, economic benefit is high, abounds with phase mu value of showing no increases in output up to more than 2500 yuan.And the tung oil tree whole body is precious, and the withered slag after the oil expression is an ecological organic fertilier, and the paulownia shell can be endured alkali and make glycerine, and tree root branch bar can be done papermaking and system plank raw material, and the plantation tung oil tree is the rising industry that promotes the well-being of mankind.In recent years, China's tung oil tree industry development is very fast, and large tracts of land expands plants, and is the solid foundation of tung oil tree stable high yield especially with the quickly breeding high quality seedling.
A kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land of the present invention seedling-cultivating method has that seedling growth is fast, survival rate is high, quality is good, the scale of growing seedlings is big, cost is low; Characteristics such as manageability; Wherein survival rate of seedling tradition attack a vital point live raising more than 20%, be the important foundation of guaranteeing aleurite montana implant mass high yield and high quality.
Embodiment is further set forth beneficial effect of the present invention below in conjunction with embodiment.
The inventor is located in the Xinning County, Hunan Province, and the Xinning County is the mountain region farming county, and the plantation tung oil tree is with a long history; Natural conditions are richly endowed by nature; Especially unique with landscape, domestic good mountain system world natural heritage, national scenic spot, national geological parks, this county is produced the development tung oil tree as preserving the ecological environment in recent years; The developing agricultural sightseeing tour is actively promoted, and the whole county 12 planning expansions are planted 300,000 mu.The inventor is devoted to tung oil tree cultivation and Study on Processing Technology exploitation for many years; Hunan new Rong Linye bioenergy development corporation, Ltd. serves as the technological guidance now; Company has built 7 in base, aleurite montana nursery, and annual cultivation nursery stock produces seedling more than 200 ten thousand strains more than 300 mu; Be that Hunan Province's emphasis supplies the seedling base, economic and social benefit very significantly.Combine production reality specifically to introduce the aleurite montana seedling-cultivating method at present, and brief introduction aleurite montana culture technique.
One, aleurite montana method for cultivating seedlings
1, seed storage
The seed long term storing method: 1. do and hide, seed is deposited in the place of shady and cool ventilation, stacks thickness and is no more than 60 centimeters, and jede Woche stirs once, notices that seed self water content should not be too high.2. wet the Tibetan helps seed sprouting, to the high seed of the water content Tibetan of will wetting.Wet principle of hiding is often to keep seed moistening.What the wet material of hiding was the most frequently used is the composite material of river sand 70% and bog moss 30%, and seed is 1: 5 with wet ratio of hiding material.The wet points for attention of hiding will often regularly be stirred seed and add water in good time, prevent heating.Wet keep indoor storage and two kinds of open-air storages, indoor stored seeds must ventilate, and when outdoor temperature is lower than the storage stock, will ventilate, if temperature is too high in the stock, stuffyly then causes stewing kind easily; Open-air storage will note settling ventilation hole owing to do not stir.The wet thickness of hiding comprises that covering is no more than 80-100 centimetre.The seed storage phase should be noted insect protected, diseases prevention and protection against rodents.During the seed interim storage, adopt packedly, every bag of weight is no more than 50 kilograms, notes ventilatedly, and sack is unsuitable in heaps.
2, presprouting of seeds
1. conventional water logging vernalization: the warm water three with 30 ℃-40 ℃ soaks three dew in three days prior to seeding, soak night dew day or day reveal soak night all can, require to soak and shortly reveal longly, short its broken chest germinates; 2. lamination vernalization: the material of lamination vernalization is with the wet material basically identical of hiding of seed, and the ratio of different is lamination vernalization seed and composite material is 1: 3, and added water is 30 ℃-40 ℃ warm water.Can carry out at indoor and outdoors, but seed is for a long time to be placed on outdoor lamination vernalization for well.
3, garden ground is selected and whole the bed of doing
Nursery lot is selected: convenient and two principal elements of suitable seedling growth of considered management.1. business operation condition: emphasis is considered to have a good transport service, the labour is sufficient, near planting site, the many places of experience personnel of necessarily growing seedlings are arranged.2. land occupation condition: under the prerequisite that guarantees sand loam and light clay loam, rice field geology granular structure is good, and preserve moisture and fertility is ventilative, is desirable nursery lot, secondly is often cultivated nonirrigated farmland.Necessary irrigation and drainage is convenient, and subterranean water level can not be too high, and too high then soil is wet, prevent water damage.Select the leeward slope, the southeast that faces south on the landform, height above sea level generally is no more than 800 meters, and the gradient is no more than 20 degree, must guard against the low-lying land of ponding.The tung oil tree large tracts of land is grown seedlings, and generally 5-100 mu in flakes is convenient to centralized management, reduces production costs.
Make bed: the weeding of 1. sterilizing, in first half of the month, elder generation is with weed killer herbicide (glyphosate, paraquat etc.) weeding on the nursery lot of choosing on whole ground wholely.With every mu of 50 kilograms of lime or common fungicide (green alum) sterilization, also can use the fire sterilization before the whole ground.2. wholely, program generally is divided into turns over and ploughs, and implements when the latter combines to make bed.The real tillage degree of depth will reach more than 25 centimetres, and the time preferably is selected in winter, is beneficial to freeze mashed soil block.The most handy rotovator rotary tillage twice, soil be broken but also powder not only.3. make bed, the soil side drag rand after turning over is made bed.The method of making bed is general under southern conventional seedbed system condition makes high bed, confirms that railway carriage or compartment face, pavement and draining main channel walk backward, requires the height of bed to exceed pavement 10-30 centimetre; The railway carriage or compartment face width is no more than 1.2 meters; Pavement is wide to be no more than 30 centimetres, and draining main channel trend moves towards vertical with railway carriage or compartment face, pavement, is layed onto the soil on the pavement on the face of railway carriage or compartment; Rake is carefully smashed the soil block on the face of railway carriage or compartment again, rakes into powder.4. apply fertilizer to the subsoil, be made on the bed surface in thick railway carriage or compartment, should the disposable base fertilizer of growing seedlings that uses sufficient, execute 100 kilograms in phosphate fertilizer and 25 kilograms of composite fertilizers for general every mu, using sufficient base fertilizer should carry out on the face of thick railway carriage or compartment.
4, sowing earthing
1. seed disinfection: will urge the sowing son treated of bud, with being no more than 0.5% potassium permanganate water seed soaking 1-2 hour, the seed time of broken chest should lack, also availablely founds withered clever pulvis 500-800 times of liquid and soaks seed, and helps preventing and treating bud-rot type damping off.2. seeding quantity: press the gross area and calculate 50 kilograms every mu.3. type of seeding: type of seeding has drilling and program request.The program request seeding row spacing is (25-30) * (30-35) centimetre, every square metre about the 30-40 grain, 5 * 5 * 5 centimetres in sowing cave.Drill spacing is 35 centimetres, every meter long sowing 4-5 grain, and 5 centimetres of sowing ditch depths, wide 10 centimetres.To sow during sowing evenly.4. broadcast the back earthing: cover with loess or native country, to cover seed degree of being, the aleurite montana seed belongs to cotyledon and goes out soil type, and the earthing lid is planted and should be approached, and purpose is to preserve moisture, the birds and beasts that prevents to expose to wind and rain harm.5. add a cover straw: add a cover the railway carriage or compartment face with straw or weeds etc. immediately after broadcasting, winter sowing is suitable thick, and covering is wanted evenly.If do not add a cover straw, it is thick slightly to broadcast the back earthing, but the slow 1-2 of a seed sprouting week, and it is irregular to emerge.
5, seedling management
1. seeding stage, in March, the management main points will reach time-division 2-3 and criticize and take off grass, guarantee moisture, prevent to tan by the sun, and prevent flood, note cold wave, are diligent in weeding and laxative prevention damage by disease and insect.2. seedling phase, in April, the management main points are weedings, keep a full stand of seedings, fill the gaps with seedlings, and fertilising is main with the foliage fertilizer spraying, and laxative is to prevent and treat damping off and cutworm is attached most importance to.3. speed is given birth to the phase, 5-9 month, in the management in earlier stage with nitrogen fertilizer application, weeding, keep a full stand of seedings and thinning is attached most importance to; Later stage attaches most importance to potassium application, steady seedling, drought resisting and prevention and elimination of disease and pests, will topdress during this, with quick enhancing nursery stock growing way more; Prevent stiff seedling, prevention and elimination of disease and pests is attached most importance to the blade face damage by disease and insect.4. hardening period,, in 10-11 month, the management main points will be taked precautions against drought, frost prevention, antifreeze, lodging-prevention, anti-crushing by snow, preventing disease and pest, must guard against fertilising and spray gibberellin.5. strengthen intertill and clean tillage, intertillage helps seedling growth, and intertillage should be intertilled degree of depth 2-5 centimetre in the nursery stock seedling phase.The nursery weeding is artificial, machinery or use chemical herbicide all must in time accomplish " weeding remove little except ", should advocate energetically and use the chemical herbicide weeding.6. fertilising, from profile, the nursery stock nutritional deficiency shows as leaf chlorosis, and plant is short and small, and the top tip stops growing, and normally in blocks or one-tenth spot shape distributes and occurs, and no center is not spread, and is comparatively stable.In case the discovery above-mentioned symptom, the fertilising of must suiting the medicine to the illness, the method for fertilising have spread fertilizer over the fields, row replacement, pouring, spraying, the above two will be robbed when raining heavyly and execute, both concentration of will noting applying fertilizer of back are no more than 0.5%.7. thinning and filling the gaps with seedlings, it is early suitable to fill the gaps with seedlings, and carries out in the nursery stock seedling phase.Thinning is late suitable, when nursery stock is expired the railway carriage or compartment, carries out.8. chemical herbicide method for using: preplant treatment is generally that the woods grass is clean, sulfometuron-methyl, paraquat, should high concentration spraying in first half of the month on whole ground, and before should broadcasting, trefanocide, Mo 9 granular, dalapon, vernolate when whole ground, puddle in soil.Broadcast the back preemergence application and be generally glyphosate, penta sodium pentachlorophenate, alachlor, even spraying is in table soil before should after broadcasting, emerging.Behind the seedling cauline leaf spraying generally with cover grass energy, standing grain anti-this, nitrofen, swep, Stam F-34, No. one, weed killer herbicide, atrazine, in seedling stage the tender weeds of children are carried out even spraying.Spread application to some taller and bigger weeds in the nursery stock, connects root and dials easy influence seedling growth on every side, preferably uses the clean partial smearing weeds of weed killer herbicide woods grass that drug effect is high, conductivity is strong.
Two, aleurite montana culture technique
1, build whole ground: different physical features, different soil has different requirement, specifically has step to put in order three kinds on ground, strip soil preparation, spot soil preparation.
2, cultivation method: two kinds of methods of afforestation seeding and tree planting are arranged.Afforestation seeding will pass through selected seed and directly broadcast in the whole good cave, make things convenient for the saving of labor, be traditional method.Establishing in large scale is main with tree planting generally.The present invention is the large tracts of land field seedling raising.With field seedling raising or non-irrigated seedlings and soil, flat ditch water discharge will be noted in the seedbed, prevents ponding.Will note protecting root system when getting seedling, it is best after raining, to get seedling, will starch root after getting seedling, and that did not plant the same day will heel in.General spacing in the rows is 4 meters when planting, and every mu 40 strain, is 80 * 80 * 70 centimetres deeply at the cave length and width of planting, plant seedling before, 5 kilograms of farmyard manures are put in every cave, 0.5 kilogram in phosphate fertilizer, 0.5 kilogram of composite fertilizer.The time of planting is in March of November to next year then.Plant Miao Shiyao accomplish seedling just, root relaxes, it is real that soil pressure is planted in layering, rhizome will be lower than ground 2-3 centimetre, and preserves moisture.
3, tending management: want high yield, at first will cultivate has good tree body structure, lays a solid foundation for bearing fruit.Emphasis will be done intertill and clean tillage, a kind and fertilising well in fostering, and cultivates good tree-like.The treelet phase, annual the 4-6 month and the 7-9 month, once weed with a hoe degree of depth 15-20 centimetre; The 5-6 month, urea 100 grams are executed in every strain, as the timely after-culture of being short of seedling is good; Carry out July applying fertilizer the second time about 150 grams, and the cultivation of putting a lodged plant upright, the protection branch.Therebetween can between plant soya bean, pea, peanut, potato, carrot, watermelon etc., but high-stem plant can not between plant, a plant species will be rotated, and leave 50 centimetres in seeds of a tung oil tree tree, is not close to, and hinders the growth of tung oil tree.Formation period, the farming of soil, the winter is dug summer shovel, carries out in the January in December to the second year, and is annual, and degree of depth 20-25 centimetre, can improve soil property, eliminate the insect that soil is pupated.Carry out the summer shovel 6-8 month, uproot weeds, vegetables mellow soil.Aleurite montana bears fruit the phase, and chase after fertilizers for potted flowers once mid or late April to May, and 7-8 imposes fruit fertilizer the first tenday period of a month month, discharges along tree crown open loop shape ditch.
4, the extermination of disease and insect pest: bituminous coal disease, looper, three kinds of damage by disease and insect of six spots beginning tetranychid are with lime sulfur or flolimat control.
Claims (6)
1. aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method; This method is accomplished by seed storage, presprouting of seeds, whole the bed, sowing earthing, five steps of seedling management done; The process that it is characterized in that said seed storage is: must bury low temperature treatment through Wen Sha before the aleurite montana sowing; Composite material with river sand 70% and bog moss 30% is the wet material of hiding, and seed is 1: 5 with wet ratio of hiding material; To regularly stir seed and add water in good time during wet the Tibetan, prevent heating; The wet thickness of hiding comprises that covering is no more than 80-100 centimetre.
2. a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the process of said presprouting of seeds is: indoor urge prior to seeding in three days with 30 ℃-40 ℃ warm water day soak night dew, short its broken germination out of danger.
3. a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method according to claim 1; It is characterized in that the said process of making bed is wholely: the selection height above sea level of nursery lot is no more than 800 meters; The gradient is no more than 20 degree; Must guard against the low-lying land of ponding, selecting the rice field or often to plough the nonirrigated farmland for well, generally in flakes more than 5 mu; Herbicide glyphosate or paraquat weeding are selected in the inherent nursery lot weeding sterilization of first half of the month of whole ground for use, 50 kilograms of lime of every mu of usefulness or the sterilization of bactericide green alum; Be selected in wholely and carry out winter, the soil of turning over is dark more than 25 centimetres; Make a bed height of bed and exceed pavement 10-30 centimetre, the railway carriage or compartment face width is no more than 1.2 meters, and pavement is wide to be no more than 30 centimetres, is being made on the bed surface in thick railway carriage or compartment, and disposable 100 kilograms in every mu of phosphate fertilizer of base fertilizer and 25 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of using sufficient smashes railway carriage or compartment face soil block and rake.
4. a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the process of said sowing earthing is: that will urge bud treats that sowing is sub, with upright withered clever pulvis 500-800 times of liquid seed soaking, in case bud-rot type damping off; Seeding quantity is pressed every mu of 50 kilograms of program requests of the gross area or drilling, and the program request seeding row spacing is (25-30) * (30-35) centimetre, and every square metre about the 30-40 grain; 5 * 5 * 5 centimetres in sowing cave, drill spacing is 35 centimetres, every meter long sowing 4-5 grain; 5 centimetres of sowing ditch depths, wide 10 centimetres; Broadcast the back and cover loess or native country, to cover seed degree of being, the railway carriage or compartment face is added a cover straw or weeds.
5. a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that the process of said seedling management is: be the seeding stage March, the management main points for and time-division 2-3 criticize and take off grass; Guarantee moisture, prevent to tan by the sun, prevent the slag waterlogging; Note cold wave, be diligent in weeding and laxative prevention disease; Be the seedling phase April, focuses on weeding, keeps, fills the gaps with seedlings, and fertilising is main with the foliage fertilizer spraying, and laxative is to prevent and treat damping off and cutworm is attached most importance to; 5-9 month is that speed is given birth to the phase, management in earlier stage with nitrogen fertilizer application, weeding, keep a full stand of seedings and thinning is attached most importance to, the later stage is with potassium application, surely seedling, drought resisting and prevention and elimination of disease and pests are attached most importance to; 10-11 month is hardening period, the management main points for to take precautions against drought, frost prevention, antifreeze, lodging-prevention, anti-crushing by snow, preventing disease and pest, must guard against fertilising, spray gibberellin; In seedling management, will strengthen the intertill and clean tillage fertilising, intertillage should be carried out in the nursery stock seedling phase, selected the cloudy day, 2-5 centimetre of the intertillage degree of depth; The nursery weeding is artificial, mechanical or use chemical herbicide all must in time accomplish early except that Ex-all; Fertilising is wanted in time, and leaf chlorosis, plant are short and small, the top tip stops growing when nursery stock occurs, and apply fertilizer to the ill.
6. a kind of aleurite montana large tracts of land seedling-cultivating method according to claim 1; The process that it is characterized in that said presprouting of seeds is: when outdoor vernalization; Adopt lamination vernalization, seed is 1: 3 with the ratio of the composite material of river sand 70% and bog moss 30%, to add water be 30 ℃-40 ℃ warm water.
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