CN105579120A - 过滤膜、过滤单元、过滤系统以及过滤方法 - Google Patents
过滤膜、过滤单元、过滤系统以及过滤方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105579120A CN105579120A CN201480052451.8A CN201480052451A CN105579120A CN 105579120 A CN105579120 A CN 105579120A CN 201480052451 A CN201480052451 A CN 201480052451A CN 105579120 A CN105579120 A CN 105579120A
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- filter
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- polyester
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种过滤膜,其中使用了由具有亲水性的合成纤维构成的无纺布作为过滤膜,所述过滤膜能够用于海水、河水等处理系统,并提供了高过滤流速,通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗可充分恢复过滤流速并具有长的使用寿命;特别地,提供了一种利用无纺布制造的过滤膜,该无纺布是通过这样的方式形成的:通过将亲水性树脂涂布到疏水性树脂纤维的各表面或与亲水性组分共聚合的方法,从而利用具有亲水性基团的材料使疏水性纤维亲水化,并由该纤维来制造无纺布。本发明还提供了一种使用该过滤膜的过滤单元和过滤装置,以及利用该过滤装置过滤海水和/或淡水的过滤方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于过滤处理海水、河水等的过滤膜、使用该过滤膜的过滤单元、以及使用该过滤单元以制造滤液的过滤系统(滤液制造装置)和过滤方法。
背景技术
本领域已经提出了用于被废水等污染的海水、河水等的无害化和排水的各种水处理系统(例如专利文献1)。压舱水是出于使船舶安全航行的原因而可能由船舶装载的海水,并且也已经提出了用于防止因排出的压舱水而导致的环境污染的各种水处理系统(例如专利文献1、专利文献2、专利文献4、专利文献5)。
在这种处理系统中,膜过滤广泛用于除去悬浮物(其为包含于待处理水中的固体)并除去浮游生物和微生物(例如细菌)。作为膜过滤使用的过滤膜,已经提出了由各种材料制成的多孔过滤膜。例如,专利文献1公开了一种过滤装置,其包括作为过滤器(过滤膜)的多孔层,该多孔层由选自以下材料中的材料制成:聚丙烯纤维;纤维素纤维和蜜胺树脂;纤维素纤维和酚醛树脂;纤维素纤维和蜜胺树脂和苯酚树脂;以及纤维素纤维和丙烯酸纤维和酚醛树脂,并且还描述了该过滤装置进一步设置有位于前述过滤装置的下游、并包括由聚四氟乙烯(PTFE,氟聚合物)制成的多孔膜的过滤装置。专利文献3公开了作为过滤膜的PTFE拉伸膜(多孔膜),其用于从海水中有效地除去被称为TEP(透明胞外聚合物颗粒)的粘性物质(胶状悬浮物),该物质分泌自浮游生物或微生物的细胞。
用于河水、海水、压舱水等的处理系统通常需要以高速执行处理。因此,期望的是能够进行高流量处理的过滤膜。在前述的材料中,聚酯(如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)被广泛地用作过滤膜用材料,这是因为聚酯是结实的并且有利于制造能够承受高流量所伴随的过滤压力的过滤膜。例如,专利文献4(第0022段)描述了:关于过滤膜用材料,“例如,当使用由聚酯、尼龙、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)等制成的拉伸多孔体、相分离多孔体或无纺布等多孔结构体时,由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯等聚酯制成的无纺布特别适合用于进行高流量处理“。专利文献5(第0010段,第5至7行)描述了由聚酯等制成的相对结实的过滤器可用作为处理船舶压舱水的装置的过滤器,以从海水中除去悬浮物并除去微生物。
引用列表
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利特开No.2010-119999
专利文献2:日本专利特开No.2011-251284
专利文献3:日本专利特开No.2012-196618
专利文献4:日本专利特开No.2012-245428
专利文献5:日本专利No.4835785
发明内容
技术问题
然而,在将聚酯(如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)用于过滤膜的情况下,存在的问题是,过滤膜中的孔隙不能确保用于使待处理水通过的足够的流路,从而妨碍了过滤流速。虽然有必要增加处理水压以提高过滤流速,但是随之而来的问题是膜的机械寿命缩短。例如,这一点也存在于上述专利文献1和专利文献3中所披露的膜中。
在使用过滤膜的水处理的情况下,该膜被水中的微生物(如浮游生物等)、漂浮物、固体物质等所堵塞,从而过滤流速随着时间推移而降低,最后过滤变得困难。当试图通过进行逆洗或用化学品清洗而恢复过滤流速时,仍然存在的问题是在常规过滤膜(如聚酯制成的过滤膜)的情况下,通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗而恢复过滤流速是不够的。在为了通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗恢复过滤流速从而增加喷流的情况下,膜的机械寿命缩短。在反复进行不足以恢复过滤流速的逆洗的情况下,最后的结果是即使当进行逆洗时,堵塞仍然使得过滤流速难以恢复。由聚酯制成的常规过滤膜存在的问题在于,在过滤流速恢复变得困难之前的膜使用时间(即膜的寿命)较短。
本发明的目的在于提供一种由多孔体制成的过滤膜,以及能够有效处理海水、河水等的过滤单元、过滤系统以及过滤方法,其中所述过滤膜能够用于海水、河水等的处理系统,并且能够实现高过滤流速,可通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗而使过滤流速充分恢复,并具有长的使用寿命。
问题的解决方案
本发明的第一方面是一种过滤膜,其使用了由具有亲水性的合成纤维形成的无纺布。
本发明的第二方面是一种过滤单元,其使用了第一方面的过滤膜。
本发明的第三方面是一种海水和/或淡水的过滤系统,包括第二方面的过滤单元,用于供给待处理水使之通过所述过滤单元的供水装置,以及清洗所述过滤单元的清洗装置。
本发明的第四方面是一种用于海水和/或淡水的过滤方法,其使用第三方面所述的过滤装置。
本发明的有益效果
根据本发明,提供了可以用于海水、河水等的处理系统的过滤膜。该过滤膜能够实现高过滤流速(处理速度),通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗而使过滤流速充分恢复,并具有长的使用寿命。利用本发明的过滤单元、以及使用该过滤单元的过滤系统和过滤方法,能够以高过滤流速进行海水、河水等的处理以及压舱水的处理,通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗能够充分恢复过滤流速,并且能够降低更换过滤膜的频率。即,能够进行有效过滤和水处理。
附图说明
图1是示出了当利用本发明的实施例和比较例的过滤膜进行过滤时,压差(处理水压力)和过滤时间之间的关系的图示。
具体实施方式
本发明的发明人进行了深入的研究,从而最终发现,由具有亲水性的合成纤维、特别是具有亲水性的聚酯纤维制成的无纺布可以用作过滤膜(过滤材料),从而提高过滤流量(每单位时间能够过滤的流量),使堵塞不易于发生,有助于通过逆洗恢复过滤流量,耐长时间使用,并具有长的使用寿命。本发明人由此完成了本发明。
本发明的第一方面是一种过滤膜,其使用了由具有亲水性的合成纤维形成的无纺布。在此,合成纤维是指由通过低分子量有机分子的聚合制备的聚合物而制成的化学纤维。具有亲水性的合成纤维的例子包括经过化学处理从而使之具有亲水性(亲水化处理)的疏水性合成纤维。它们例如为已经进行了亲水化处理的聚酯纤维、聚丙烯纤维等。
具有亲水性的合成纤维是指如下所述的纤维。当无纺布由亲水性合成纤维形成并且(该无纺布的一端)浸入水中时,该无纺布的吸水速度高达由疏水性聚酯纤维(未经过亲水化处理的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维)形成并且(该无纺布的一端)浸入水中的无纺布的吸水速度的至少六倍。在使用由具有亲水性的合成纤维、特别是具有亲水性的聚酯纤维形成的无纺布的情况下,待处理水容易渗入无纺布并且保留在无纺布中的气泡顺利释放。因此,确保了足够的流路,并能够提高过滤流速。此外,当通过逆洗或利用化学品清洗过滤膜时,清洗效果提高,从而更加充分地除去附着物,并充分恢复过滤流速。因此,不太可能发生堵塞。
无纺布是指由通过热、机械作用或化学作用而接合或交织在一起的纤维制成的织物,并且这种织物是在纤维之间具有间隙(孔)的多孔体。用于本发明的无纺布经过选择或处理,使得所选择的或经处理的织物具有适合于过滤应用的孔隙率和孔尺寸。
由具有亲水性的聚酯纤维形成的无纺布的一个例子是通过向疏水性聚酯纤维的各表面涂布亲水性赋予物质(以下称为“亲水化剂”)而使纤维具有亲水性。具有亲水性的聚酯纤维还包括通过利用具有亲水性官能团(如磺酰基、羧基、羟基等)的原料加以改性而得的聚酯纤维,以及由共聚合的聚酯和亲水性单体制成的纤维。
具有亲水性的纤维也可以是纤维素、人造纤维等。但是,为了提高膜过滤的过滤流速,要求过滤膜具有能够承受高流量的水压等的物理性能。通常具有亲水性的材料(例如纤维素、人造纤维等)在能够承受高流量的水压等物理性能方面是不足的。与此相反,通过将亲水性树脂涂布到合成纤维、特别是作为工程塑料的聚酯纤维的各表面,从而使表面具有亲水性而得到的过滤膜具有能够承受高流量的水压等的优良的物理性能,并且适合用作膜过滤用高流量水过滤的过滤膜。此外,通过使疏水性合成纤维、尤其是聚酯纤维与具有亲水性基团的化合物共聚的方法,或者通过利用具有亲水性基团的化合物将作为疏水性纤维的聚酯纤维改性的方法,能够制造具有能够承受高流量水压等的优异物理性能并同时具有亲水性的纤维。
鉴于上述情况,本发明的第一方面的优选形式可以是:
这样一种形式,其中具有亲水性的合成纤维是通过将亲水化剂涂布到疏水性聚酯纤维的各表面,以使纤维具有亲水性而制得的纤维,和
这样一种形式,其中具有亲水性的合成纤维是通过使聚酯和具有亲水性基团的化合物共聚而制备的共聚物。
聚酯纤维是优选的,这是因为聚酯纤维是结实的并且有利于制造能够承受高流量所伴随的过滤压力的过滤膜。在聚酯纤维中,特别优选的是二醇和芳香族二羧酸的缩合物,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯等。
涂布到疏水性聚酯纤维表面的亲水化剂(例如)可以是聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯,具有聚酯和亲水性基团的丙烯酸类聚合物的嵌段聚合物等。特别地,通过将任意这些亲水化剂涂布到聚酯树脂纤维的各表面上而制得的纤维在耐水性和耐化学性方面更优异,因此是优选的。
因此,第一方面的进一步优选的形式可以是这样的形式,其中具有亲水性的合成纤维是通过将亲水化剂涂布到聚酯树脂纤维的各表面上而制造的,并且所述亲水化剂是聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯和/或具有饱和聚酯和亲水基团的丙烯酸类聚合物的嵌段聚合物。聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯的聚合度优选为30以下,更优选为2至23,还更优选为2至10。作为具有饱和聚酯和亲水性基团的丙烯酸类聚合物的嵌段聚合物中的构成成分的饱和聚酯,其可以由二元酸(如己二酸、癸二酸)和二醇(如二甘醇、三甘醇)构成。
在由纤维制造无纺布之前、或在无纺布制造之后可以进行亲水化剂的涂布。以质量比计,相对于被亲水化剂涂布的无纺布的质量,亲水化剂的涂布量优选为0.5质量%至5质量%,从而可以得到适合作为过滤膜的无纺布。亲水化剂的涂布量小于0.5质量%不是优选的,这是因为提高过滤流量和防止堵塞的效果不充分。通常来说,亲水化剂的涂布量大于5质量%不是优选的,这是因为无纺布的间隙填充有亲水化剂,这可能会降低过滤性能。
由聚酯和具有亲水基团的化合物的共聚合而制备的共聚物也是优选的,这是因为该共聚物具有得自聚酯的机械强度,从而能够获得具有更优异的机械强度的过滤膜。
如上所述,聚酯优选是饱和聚酯,特别是二醇和芳香族二羧酸的缩合物,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯等。当聚酯是通过二醇和二羧酸的脱水缩合而合成时,或者聚酯是通过在分子中具有羟基或具有羧基的化合物的脱水缩合而合成时,通过具有亲水性基团(例如磺酸金属碱基等)的化合物的共存而引发缩合反应,因此可将亲水性基团引入到待制得的聚合物中,由此能够获得上述共聚物。
作为具有亲水性基团的化合物,优选使用具有至少一种选自磺酰基、羧基和羟基的亲水性官能团的化合物。例如,用于将磺酸(砜基)金属碱基引入到聚酯中的原料可以是具有磺酸金属碱基的二元酸(其可以是二元酸的可缩合的衍生物)、或者具有磺酸金属碱基的多元醇中的任一者。具体而言,其可以(例如)为磺基间苯二甲酸、磺基对苯二甲酸、磺基邻苯二甲酸、4-磺基萘-2,7-二羧酸(或其衍生物)的盐,以及由以下结构式(化学式1、2)表示的化合物。
化学式1
化学式2
在将磺酸金属碱基引入到聚酯中的情况下,相对于全部共聚物,具有磺酸金属碱基的化合物的共聚比优选为0.1质量%至20质量%,更优选为0.5质量%至5质量%。当具有磺酸金属碱基的化合物超过20摩尔%时,难以制造聚酯。相反,当其小于0.1质量%时,可能无法获得足够的亲水性。
通过熔纺等公知方法,将通过上述方式获得的纤维形成为无纺布,由此获得所述无纺布。由疏水性聚酯纤维制成的公知无纺布可通过上述方式被亲水化。将所制造的无纺布加工成具有适合于过滤的尺寸和形状,从而形成过滤膜。具体而言,例如,根据过滤装置的用途等,将无纺布加工成具有合适的尺寸和合适的形状,例如平膜、圆筒状膜,并根据需要加工成折叠过滤器。
本发明的第二方面为使用了第一方面的过滤膜的过滤单元。在第二方面中,由于使用了上述过滤膜,因此可以提供具有高过滤流速的过滤单元。另外,由于不太可能发生堵塞,并且该过滤膜的清洗频率较低,所以过滤单元能够有效过滤水。将第一方面的过滤膜连接到(例如)用于供应待处理水的外壳上,并且根据需要设置加强材料,从而使所供应的水不会导致过滤膜的变形或破损,由此制造了第二方面的过滤单元。过滤单元可以例如是盒式过滤单元(过滤盒)。
本发明的第三方面是一种用于海水和/或淡水的过滤系统,包括第二方面的过滤单元,用于供给待处理水使之通过所述过滤单元的供水装置,以及清洗所述过滤单元的清洗装置。根据第三方面,能够提供一种过滤系统,该系统能够获得高过滤流速,并且能够有效地过滤水。另外,过滤膜的使用寿命得以延长,因此,能够降低系统的维护成本。优选地,过滤系统进一步包括用于控制供水装置和清洗装置的操作的控制器。因此,待处理水以预定的过滤流速和压差(处理水压力)被过滤并且过滤单元被适当地清洗。因此,可以有效且稳定地过滤水。
本发明的第四方面是一种使用了第三方面所述的过滤装置的用于过滤海水和/或淡水的方法。
根据第四方面,使用了过滤流速高并且不太可能发生堵塞的过滤装置。因此,可以提供这样的过滤方法,该方法适用于海水和淡水的纯化,特别是由于TEP等而可能导致堵塞的大量的水,如压舱水之类的海水;河水、湖水等之类的淡水;工业废水以及生活废水等。
实施例
制作由本身具有亲水性的聚酯纤维形成的亲水性无纺布1,以及通过将亲水性树脂涂布至疏水性聚酯纤维,从而使该纤维具有亲水性而制得的亲水性无纺布2,并基于自然过滤方式评价亲水性和过滤性能。
1.过滤膜(亲水性无纺布)的制作
(实施例1)
(1)亲水性聚酯树脂(与亲水性单体共聚的聚酯纤维)的合成
在设置有温度计、搅拌器,惰性气体入口和回流冷却器的烧瓶中,放入166质量份的对苯二甲酸、54质量份的5-磺基间苯二甲酸钠和135质量份的乙二醇的混合物,并进行脱水缩合,直到在220℃下的酸值变成1以下,从而得到酯交换反应产物(低聚物)。
接着,将0.02质量份的85%磷酸水溶液加入到酯交换反应产物中,此后将其转移到缩聚反应罐中。随后,将反应体系加热升温的同时逐渐减压,并且在1hPa的减压下,以常规方式在290℃下引发缩聚反应,从而得到含有磺酸钠骨架、固有粘度为0.65的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯树脂。
(2)无纺布的制作
通过以常规方式对该树脂进行熔纺,获得重量为260g/m2且厚度为0.6mm的纺粘型亲水性无纺布1。
(实施例2)
(1)亲水化剂(树脂)的制备
将625质量份的聚酯/丙烯酸类嵌段共聚物(由TakamatsuOil&FatCo.,Ltd.制造,商品名为PESRESINA-647GEX)、4340质量份的水和35质量份的碳化二亚胺交联剂(由NisshinboChemicalInc.制造,商品名为CARBODILITESV-02)放入水槽中,从而制备亲水化剂。
2.亲水化剂的涂布(亲水化)
接着,将重量为260g/m2且厚度为0.6mm的纺粘型聚酯无纺布(由TorayIndustries,Inc.制造,商品名为AXTARG2260-1SBKO)浸渍在水槽中,在100℃下干燥三分钟,此后在170℃下热处理一分钟,从而使聚酯/丙烯酸类嵌段共聚物热固化,并获得亲水性无纺布2。相对于亲水性无纺布,聚酯/丙烯酸类嵌段共聚物的质量比为5质量%。
2.各无纺布的评价
(1)水渗透速度的评价
向所得到的亲水性无纺布1、2和未亲水化的聚酯无纺布(AXTARG2260-1SBKO)上,分别用滴管滴加一滴(约20mg)的去离子水中,并测量水滴完全渗透到无纺布中所耗费的时间。结果示于表1中。
[表1]
(2)保水性评价
将各亲水性无纺布1、2和未亲水化的聚酯无纺布(AXTARG2260-1SBKO)浸入水中30秒,并测定浸没前的重量和浸没后的重量,由此测定每单位面积的无纺布的保水量。结果示于表2中。
[表2]
从表1看出,与未经过亲水化并因此没有亲水性的聚酯无纺布AXTARG2260-1SBKO(疏水性纤维的无纺布)相比,亲水性无纺布(亲水性纤维的无纺布)1、2表现出显著更快的渗水速度。从表2还可以看出,在无纺布AXTARG2260-1SBKO的情况下,保水量相当小并且一些气泡被释放,而在亲水性无纺布1、2的情况下,其各自的保水量分别是无纺布AXTARG2260-1SBKO的13倍和14倍,并且由于水的渗透,气泡充分释放。
(3)过滤性能评价
将各无纺布浸入蒸馏水中一小时,以使无纺布与水融合。此后,基于自然过滤方式,每次用2L伊万里市(Imari)的海水反复进行过滤实验。将过滤流量(m3)除以过滤面积(m2)和过滤所需时间(s),从而确认过滤流速(平均流速)。结果示于表3中。
[表3]
由表3证实,亲水性无纺布1、2的过滤流速分别高达AXTARG2260-1SBKO的过滤流速的约2.2倍和约2.8倍。据认为,亲水性无纺布1、2能具有如此高的过滤流速的原因是因为如上所述,由气泡充分释放可以看出确保了充足的流路。
接着,除了上述无纺布之外,还制作了以下无纺布3至6,并且通过平膜过滤试验对其过滤性能进行评价。
1.无纺布的制作
(实施例3、4)
按照与实施例2相同的方法获得亲水性无纺布3、4,不同之处在于:当制备亲水性树脂时,通过改变混合物中聚酯/丙烯酸类嵌段共聚物(PESRESINA-647GEX)、水和碳二亚胺交联剂之间的比例,从而将丙烯酸类嵌段共聚物(PESRESINA-647GEX)与亲水性无纺布的比例设为2.5质量%(实施例3)和1.25质量%(实施例4)。
(实施例5)
在由5质量份的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(由Shin-NakamuraChemicalCo.,Ltd.制造,商品名为NKEsterA-600)、40质量份的二甘醇和55质量份的水组成的溶液中,将0.3份的聚合引发剂(由WakoPureChemicalIndustries,Ltd.制造的V-50)溶解。在得到的溶液中,浸渍聚酯无纺布(由TorayIndustries,Inc.制造,商品名为AXTARG2260-1SBKO),然后在120℃下干燥30分钟,用60℃的水清洗20分钟,在120℃下干燥,由此得到亲水性无纺布5。丙烯酸类聚合物(NKEsterA-600)与亲水性无纺布是的质量比为5质量%。
(实施例6)
按照与实施例5相同的方法获得亲水性无纺布6,不同之处在于:当制备其中将浸渍聚酯无纺布的溶液时,将聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯(由Shin-NakamuraChemicalCo.,Ltd.制造,商品名为NKEsterA-600)的比例设为1.25质量%。
2.平膜过滤试验
将上述无纺布2至6分别用作过滤膜并制作平膜型过滤单元。除了将非亲水性聚酯无纺布AXTARG2260-1SBKO用作对照例之外,制作相同结构的过滤单元。
将所制作的各过滤单元用于以65ml/分钟的流速(有效膜面积:11.34cm2)过滤伊万里市(ImariCity)的海水。过滤持续进行直到压差达到2kPa,并且当压差达到2kPa时,进行逆洗。
重复进行过滤和逆洗,并基于过滤持续时间对过滤性能进行评价。图1示出了评价结果。
图1是示出了当使用上述无纺布2至6和AXTARG2260-1SBKO作为过滤膜来进行过滤时,压差(处理水压力)和过滤时间之间的关系的图。在图1中,与使用AXTARG2260-1SBKO(现有膜)的过滤单元相比,使用无纺布2至6的过滤单元的压差增加更慢,并且过滤变困难之前(即使进行了逆洗也无法恢复过滤流量之前)的时间更长,由此能够进行更长时间的过滤。从上述结果可以确认,当使用将亲水性纤维的无纺布用作过滤膜的过滤单元时,相应地延长了过滤寿命。
虽然基于实施方案对本发明进行了描述,但是本发明并不限定于上述实施方案。在本发明相同或等价的范围内,可以对上述实施方案进行各种修改。
Claims (7)
1.一种过滤膜,其使用了由具有亲水性的合成纤维形成的无纺布。
2.根据权利要求1所述的过滤膜,其中所述具有亲水性的合成纤维是通过将亲水化剂涂布至疏水性聚酯纤维的各表面,以使该纤维具有亲水性而制得的纤维。
3.根据权利要求2所述的过滤膜,其中所述具有亲水性的合成纤维是通过将聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯和/或具有饱和聚酯和亲水性基团的丙烯酸类聚合物的嵌段聚合物涂布到聚酯树脂纤维的各表面上而制得的纤维。
4.根据权利要求1所述的过滤膜,其中所述具有亲水性的合成纤维是通过使聚酯和具有亲水性基团的化合物共聚而制备的共聚物。
5.一种过滤单元,其使用了根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的过滤膜。
6.一种海水和/或淡水的过滤系统,包括根据权利要求5所述的过滤单元,用于供给待处理水使之通过所述过滤单元的供水装置,以及清洗所述过滤单元的清洗装置。
7.一种海水和/或淡水的过滤方法,其利用了根据权利要求6所述的过滤装置。
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