CN105324873B - 锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂 - Google Patents
锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105324873B CN105324873B CN201480035648.0A CN201480035648A CN105324873B CN 105324873 B CN105324873 B CN 105324873B CN 201480035648 A CN201480035648 A CN 201480035648A CN 105324873 B CN105324873 B CN 105324873B
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Classifications
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- C08G18/0823—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups containing anionic or anionogenic groups containing carboxylate salt groups or groups forming them
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- C08G18/722—Combination of two or more aliphatic and/or cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Abstract
本发明提供一种锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂,其于形成在负极活性物质中将硅单独或复合化而成的电极层时,可在充放电时针对活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩而持续粘合性。本发明的锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂,含有聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体,且所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体含有含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,该含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯是至少使用(A)有机聚异氰酸酯及(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物而获得,相对于所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,(A)的含量为50质量%以上且80质量%以下且(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物含有(B1)具有两个以上的活性氢基的化合物及(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明是涉及一种锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂。
背景技术
最近,手机、笔记本电脑(note personal computer)、个人数字助理(PersonalDigital Assistant,PDA)、摄影机(video camera)、数字相机(digital camera)等便携用电子设备大量普及,对该电子设备越发要求小型化、轻量化,随之,对作为驱动电源的电池的小型化、轻量化、薄型化及高容量化的要求不断提高,正在活跃地进行对该问题的研究。锂电池具有高电压及良好的能量密度,且与Ni-Cd电池等相比具有更高的安全性,被广泛地用作便携用电子设备的电源。但是,伴随着小型、轻量化的显示器产业的发展,要求电池更小型化且轻量化,由此要求与现有的锂电池相比而更高的驱动电压、延长的寿命及高能量密度等经提高的电池特性。另外,最近正在开发汽车用、产业用等的中型或大型的锂电池,期待在提高高容量·高输出化的方面进行开发。因此,为了充分满足这种要求,正在不断努力地提高锂电池的各种构成要素的性能。
电池的特性因所使用的电极、电解质及其他电池材料而受到大的影响,特别是电极的情况下,其特性是由电极活性物质、集电体及对这些构件间赋予粘接力的粘合剂所决定。例如,所使用的活性物质的量及种类决定可与活性物质结合的锂离子的量,因此活性物质的量越多,而且越使用固有容量大的活性物质,可获得容量越高的电池。另外,在粘合剂在所述活性物质间、及活性物质与集电体之间具有优异粘接力的情况下,在电极内顺畅地进行电子及锂离子的移动,电极的内部电阻降低,因此可进行高效率的充放电。而且,在高容量电池的情况下,作为负极活性物质,需要碳及石墨、碳及硅那样的复合系电极,所以在充放电时大幅度地引起活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩,因此所述粘合剂必须除了优异的粘接力以外也具有优异的弹性,即便电极体积反复发生相当大的膨胀及收缩,也可维持原本的粘接力及恢复力。
关于用来获得这种电极的粘合剂,已知将聚四氟乙烯或聚偏二氟乙烯等氟树脂溶解在有机溶剂中而成的粘合剂。然而,氟树脂与构成集电体的金属的密接性不够高,而且柔软性不够高,因此特别在制造卷绕型电池的情况下,存在以下问题:所得的电极层产生裂缝,或所得的电极层与集电体发生剥离。为了维持充分的粘接力,必须增多投入量,因此在小型化方面有极限,且有由于与有机溶剂混合使用而制造烦杂的缺点。另一方面,关于可形成与构成集电体的金属的密接性高、而且柔软性高的电极层的粘合剂,已知包含苯乙烯-丁二烯系乳胶(Styrene Butadiene Rubber,SBR)的粘合剂(专利文献1、专利文献2、专利文献3)。SBR虽然弹性特性优异,但电极层与集电体的粘接力不充分,随着反复充放电而无法维持电极的结构,电池的寿命不可谓充分。另外,在面向电池的高容量化而在负极活性物质中将硅复合化的情况下,在充放电时,粘合剂无法追随活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩,电池的寿命大幅度地下降而成问题。
由于近年来的电池高容量化的要求,正在积极地进行在负极活性物质中将硅单独或复合化而成的电池的开发,要求开发出一种可针对充放电时的活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩而持续粘合性的粘合剂。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利特开平5-21068号公报
专利文献2:日本专利特开平11-7948号公报
专利文献3:日本专利特开2001-210318号公报
发明内容
发明所欲解决的问题
本发明是根据像以上那样的情况而成,其目的在于提供一种粘合剂,所述粘合剂于形成在负极活性物质中将硅单独或复合化而成的电极层时,可在充放电时针对活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩而持续粘合性。
解决问题的技术手段
本发明人等人为了克服所述现有技术的问题进行了研究,从而完成了本发明。
1)提供一种锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂,其含有聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体,所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体含有含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,该含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯是至少使用(A)有机聚异氰酸酯及(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物所得,相对于所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,所述(A)有机聚异氰酸酯的含量为50质量%以上且80质量%以下,且所述(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物含有(B1)具有两个以上的活性氢基的化合物及(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物。
2)所述1)记载的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体优选的是所述(B)的平均羟基值为300mgKOH/g以上。
3)所述1)记载的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体优选的是含有芳香环结构或脂环结构,且芳香环结构或脂环结构的含有比例的合计为40质量%以上。
4)所述1)记载的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体优选的是表示该聚氨基甲酸酯的每1000分子量的交联密度为0.3~1.0的范围。
5)优选的是将由所述1)记载的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体所形成的皮膜在电解液中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,皮膜的重量增加率为50%以下。
6)优选的是将由所述1)记载的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体所形成的皮膜在电解液中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量为10MPa以上。
7)优选的是将由所述1)记载的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体所形成的皮膜在电解液中在60℃条件下浸渍3天,对浸渍所得的皮膜在80℃下进行24小时减压干燥后,皮膜的重量减少率为10wt%以下。
发明的效果
由本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体所形成的皮膜对电解液的膨润率低,即便浸渍在电解液中后也具有高的弹性模量,将本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体用作锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂的电极于形成在负极活性物质中将硅单独或复合化而成的电极层时,也针对活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩而持续粘合性。
具体实施方式
本发明的锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂含有聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体。另外,聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体含有含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,该含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯是至少使用(A)有机聚异氰酸酯及(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物而获得。
用于制备本发明的锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体组合物的(A)有机聚异氰酸酯并无特别限定,可使用该技术领域中通常使用的异氰酸酯。例如可举出:脂肪族聚异氰酸酯、脂环族聚异氰酸酯、芳香族聚异氰酸酯、芳香脂肪族聚异氰酸酯。
所述脂肪族聚异氰酸酯可举出:四亚甲基二异氰酸酯、十二亚甲基二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2,2,4-三甲基六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、离氨酸二异氰酸酯、2-甲基戊烷-1,5-二异氰酸酯、3-甲基戊烷-1,5-二异氰酸酯等。脂环族聚异氰酸酯可举出:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、氢化二甲苯二异氰酸酯、4,4′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,2′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、甲基亚环己基二异氰酸酯、1,3-双(异氰酸酯甲基)环己烷等。
所述芳香族聚异氰酸酯可举出:甲苯二异氰酸酯、2,2′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、2,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、4,4′-二苄基二异氰酸酯、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯、二甲苯二异氰酸酯、1,3-苯二异氰酸酯、1,4-苯二异氰酸酯等。
所述芳香脂肪族聚异氰酸酯可举出:二烷基二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、四烷基二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、α,α,α,α-四甲基二甲苯二异氰酸酯等。
另外,也可举出这些有机聚异氰酸酯的二聚物、三聚物或缩二脲化异氰酸酯等改性物。另外,这些化合物也可单独使用或并用两种以上。另外,从粘合性及耐电解液性的方面来看,有机聚异氰酸酯优选脂环族系和/或芳香族系异氰酸酯,特别优选4,4′-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、1,3-双(异氰酸酯甲基)环己烷。
为了获得本发明的锂二次电池的电极用粘合剂的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体组合物,优选的是相对于聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体中的聚氨基甲酸酯,所述(A)有机聚异氰酸酯的含量为50质量%以上且80质量%以下,更优选50质量%以上且75质量%以下。若有机聚异氰酸酯的含量为50质量%以上,则耐电解液性变良好,若为80质量%以下,则聚氨基甲酸酯树脂的乳化特性良好,可获得稳定的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体。
本发明的(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物为具有一个以上的羟基、氨基或巯基的化合物。活性氢基可存在于分子末端、分子内、或分子末端与分子内这两个的任一处。
所述(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物为(B1)具有两个以上的活性氢基的化合物及(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物。
所述(B1)具有两个以上的活性氢基的化合物可例示:通常众所周知的聚醚、聚酯、聚醚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚硫醚、聚缩醛、聚烯烃、聚矽氧烷、氟系、植物油系等,优选的是在分子末端具有两个以上的羟基的化合物。从操作性的观点来看,这些具有两个以上的活性氢基的化合物的分子量优选50~5000的范围。例如可举出:乙二醇、丙二醇(propyleneglycol)、丙二醇(propane diol)、丁二醇、戊二醇、3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇、己二醇、新戊二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、四乙二醇、聚乙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、双酚A、双酚F、双酚S、氢化双酚A、二溴双酚A、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、对苯二甲酸二羟基乙酯、对苯二酚二羟基乙基醚、三羟甲基丙烷、甘油、季戊四醇等多元醇,这些多元醇的氧亚烷基衍生物或由这些多元醇及氧亚烷基衍生物与多元羧酸、多元羧酸酐或多元羧酸酯所得的酯化合物,聚碳酸酯多元醇、聚己内酯多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚硫醚多元醇、聚缩醛多元醇、聚四亚甲基二醇、聚丁二烯多元醇、蓖麻油多元醇、大豆油多元醇、氟多元醇、硅多元醇等多元醇化合物或其改性物。环氧烷可举出:环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷、环氧丁烷等。这些含有具有两个以上的活性氢原子的基团的化合物可单独使用,也可并用两种以上。
所谓所述(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物中的离子性,是指阴离子或阳离子。离子性亲水基例如可举出:含有羧基、磺酸基及其盐的化合物,三级或四级铵盐。这些中,从与集电体的密接性的方面来看,优选的是含有羧基。
所述含有羧基的化合物例如除了2,2-二羟甲基丙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸、2,2-二羟甲基戊酸、二氧基马来酸、2,6-二氧基苯甲酸、3,4-二氨基苯甲酸等含羧酸的化合物及这些化合物的衍生物以及这些化合物的盐以外,可举出使用这些化合物所得的聚酯多元醇。进而也可举出:丙氨酸、氨基丁酸、氨基己酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、组氨酸等氨基酸类,琥珀酸、己二酸、马来酸酐、邻苯二甲酸、偏苯三甲酸酐等羧酸类。
所述含磺酸基的化合物例如可举出:2-氧基乙磺酸、苯酚磺酸、磺基苯甲酸、磺基琥珀酸、5-磺基间苯二甲酸、对氨基苯磺酸(Sulfanilic acid)、1,3-苯二胺-4,6-二磺酸、2,4-二氨基甲苯-5-磺酸等含磺酸的化合物及这些化合物的衍生物,以及将这些化合物共聚合所得的聚酯多元醇、聚酰胺多元醇、聚酰胺聚酯多元醇等。
将所述羧基或磺酸基中和而制成盐,由此可将最终获得的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂调整为水分散性。该情况的中和剂例如可举出:氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾等不挥发性碱,三甲胺、三乙胺、二甲基乙醇胺、甲基二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺等三级胺类、氨等挥发性碱等。中和可在氨基甲酸酯化反应前、反应中或反应后的任意时间进行。
所述四级铵盐的情况下,像上文所述那样通过与卤化烷基、二烷基硫酸的反应而四级化,由此导入四级铵盐。为了导入阳离子性官能基,首先导入二甲基氨基乙醇、甲基二乙醇胺等烷醇胺。然后,在导入中和碱的情况下,添加甲酸、乙酸等有机羧酸、盐酸、硫酸等无机酸,在导入四级铵盐的情况下,使用氯甲烷、溴甲烷等卤化烷基、二甲基硫酸等二烷基硫酸作为四级化试剂。从乳化的容易性的观点来看,优选甲基二乙醇胺与有机羧酸的组合、或甲基二乙醇胺与二甲基硫酸的组合。
所述(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物可将所述化合物分别单独使用,也可组合使用。相对于最终获得的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂固体成分100重量份,所述(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物的含量优选的是至少为0.005当量~0.2当量,更优选0.01当量~0.1当量。若为所述范围,则乳化特性变良好。
除了所述(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物以外,也可并用具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的非离子性亲水基的化合物。可举出:分子内具有至少一个活性氢原子且含有包含环氧乙烷的重复单元的基团、以及包含环氧乙烷的重复单元与其他环氧烷的重复单元的基团的非离子性化合物等。所述含非离子性基的化合物优选的是含有至少30重量%以上的环氧乙烷的重复单元、且分子中含有至少一个以上的活性氢的分子量300~20,000的化合物,例如可举出:聚氧基乙二醇或聚氧亚乙基-聚氧亚丙基共聚物二醇、聚氧亚乙基-聚氧亚丁基共聚物二醇、聚氧亚乙基-聚氧亚烷基共聚物二醇或其单烷基醚等含非离子性基的化合物或将这些化合物共聚合所得的聚酯聚醚多元醇。在使用含非离子性基的化合物的情况下,优选的是相对于最终获得的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂固体成分100重量份,至少将该化合物设定为1重量份~30重量份,特别优选的是使用5重量份~20重量份。
为了获得本发明的锂二次电池的电极用聚氨基甲酸酯系粘合剂的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体组合物,优选的是所述(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物的平均羟基值为300mgKOH/g以上且2000mgKOH/g以下,更优选350mgKOH/g以上且2000mgKOH/g以下,最优选400mgKOH/g以上且2000mgKOH/g以下。若为所述范围,则耐电解液性变良好。
并用链伸长剂作为所述(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物也为优选形态。链伸长剂可使用二胺、或也发挥导入内部交联结构的功能的多胺。二胺可例示:乙二胺、三亚甲基二胺、哌嗪、异佛尔酮二胺、二甲苯二胺、4,4′-联苯二胺、4,4′-亚甲基二苯胺、4,4′-氧基二苯胺等,多胺可例示二乙三胺、二丙三胺、三乙四胺。通过使用链伸长剂,可增大聚氨基甲酸酯树脂的分子量,可获得所得的氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体的耐电解液性提高的效果,因此优选。
在制备聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体时,为了使含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯分散,也可使用表面活性剂。表面活性剂可合适地使用非离子性表面活性剂。但是,因使用表面活性剂,浸渍在碳酸酯系溶剂中时的皮膜的重量减少率增大,因此优选的是尽量不使用。
关于聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体中的含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯的分子量,优选的是导入分支结构或内部交联结构而尽可能大,优选重量平均分子量50,000以上。其原因在于,增大分子量而调整为不溶于溶剂中的情况下,可获得耐电解液性优异的涂膜。
聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的制造方法并无特别限定,通常根据多元醇、亲水性官能基导入材料、单链多元醇及链伸长剂所含的具有与异氰酸酯基的反应性的官能基的合计,使化学计量过剩的聚异氰酸酯(异氰酸酯基与反应性官能基的当量比1∶0.5~0.98)在无溶剂条件下、或不具有活性氢的有机溶媒中反应,合成末端为异氰酸酯的氨基甲酸酯预聚物后,将亲水性官能基中和而在水中进行分散乳化。然后,添加当量少于残存的异氰酸酯基的链伸长剂(异氰酸酯基与链伸长剂的当量比1∶0.5~0.95),使乳化微胞(micell)中的异氰酸酯基与链伸长剂的多胺进行界面聚合反应而生成脲键。由此乳化微胞内的交联密度提高,形成三维交联结构。通过像这样形成三维交联结构,可获得显示出优异的耐电解液性的涂膜。然后,视需要将所使用的溶剂除去,由此可获得聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体。
本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体为了提高耐电解液性或60℃下的弹性模量,优选的是含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯中的芳香环结构或脂环结构的含有比例的合计为所述聚氨基甲酸酯中的40质量%以上,更优选43质量%以上。
本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体优选的是表示其羧基含量的酸值为3mgKOH/g以上。若酸值为3mgKOH/g以上,则在水中的分散性良好。酸值可依照日本工业标准(Japanese Industrial Standards,JIS)K 1557来测定。
在氨基甲酸酯预聚物的合成时,也可使用对于异氰酸酯基为非活性、且可将所生成的氨基甲酸酯预聚物溶解的溶剂。这些溶剂可举出:二噁烷、甲基乙基酮、二甲基甲酰胺、四氢呋喃、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、甲苯、丙二醇单甲醚乙酸酯等。反应中使用的这些亲水性有机溶剂优选的是最终除去。
本发明的含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯的交联密度优选的是该聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体的每1000分子量为0.3以上且1.0以下。这里所谓交联密度,可通过利用数1所示的式子进行计算而求出。即,使WA1g的分子量MWA1、官能基数FA1的有机聚异氰酸酯(A)、WA2g的分子量MWA2及官能基数FA2的有机聚异氰酸酯(A)、WAjg(j为1以上的整数)的分子量MWAj及官能基数FAj的有机聚异氰酸酯(A)、WB1g的分子量MWB1及官能基数FB1的具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物(B)、WB2g的分子量MWB2及官能基数FB2的具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物(B)、以及WBkg(k为1以上的整数)的分子量MWBk及官能基数FBk的具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物(B)反应,所得的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体所含的树脂固体成分的每1000分子量的交联密度可利用下述数1通过计算而求出。若交联密度为0.3以上,则交联密度高,因此耐电解液性或60℃下的弹性模量良好,若为1.0以下,则制作电极层时不易产生破裂,容易获得最佳的电极层。
[数1]
关于评价本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的耐电解液性的方法,可通过以下方式进行评价:将由所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体所形成的皮膜在电解液中在特定的温度条件下浸渍特定的时间,测定浸渍后的重量增加率,或将浸渍后的皮膜加以减压干燥后,测定重量减少率。
所述电解液只要为通常的锂二次电池的非水电解液中所用的有机溶媒,则并无特别限定,例如可举出:碳酸酯化合物、内酯化合物、醚化合物、环丁砜化合物、二氧杂环戊烷化合物、酮化合物、腈化合物、卤化烃化合物等。详细可举出:碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、乙二醇碳酸二甲酯、丙二醇碳酸二甲酯、乙二醇碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙烯酯等碳酸酯类,γ-丁内酯等内酯类,二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、四氢吡喃、1,4-二噁烷等醚类,环丁砜、3-甲基环丁砜等环丁砜类,1,3-二氧杂环戊烷等二氧杂环戊烷类,4-甲基-2-戊酮等酮类,乙腈、丙腈、戊腈、苄腈等腈类,1,2-二氯乙烷等卤化烃类,其他甲酸甲酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二乙基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、咪唑鎓盐、四级铵盐等的离子性液体等。进而,也可为这些化合物的混合物。这些有机溶媒中,特别是含有一种以上的选自由碳酸酯类所组成的组群中的非水溶媒的情况下,电解质的溶解性、介电常数及粘度优异,因此优选。
关于本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体,耐电解液性优选的是将由所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯所形成的皮膜在作为碳酸酯系混合溶媒的包含碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯这五种的混合溶媒(以重量比计成为1∶1∶1∶1∶1的组成)中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,皮膜的重量增加率为50wt%以下,进而优选40wt%以下。另外,优选的是在作为碳酸酯系混合溶媒的包含碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯这五种的混合溶媒(以重量比成为1∶1∶1∶1∶1的组成)中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量为10MPa以上,更优选100MPa以上。此外,膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量是使用以下的值:使用UBM公司制造的罗捷尔(Rheogel)-E4000,在-20℃~150℃的温度范围内测定动态粘弹性结果的值。
进而,优选的是在作为碳酸酯系混合溶媒的包含碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯这五种的混合溶媒(以重量比计成为1∶1∶1∶1∶1的组成)中在60℃条件下浸渍3天,对浸渍所得的皮膜在80℃下进行24小时减压干燥后,皮膜的重量减少率为10%以下,进而优选5%以下。
在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的皮膜的重量增加率超过50wt%的情况下,因电解液而皮膜的膨润变大,粘合剂无法追随充放电时的活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩,电极层与集电体发生剥离,电池的寿命大幅度地下降而成问题。在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量小于10MPa的情况下,也同样地粘合剂无法追随充放电时的活性物质的体积膨胀及收缩,电极层与集电体产生剥离,电池的寿命大幅度地下降而成问题。另外,对在60℃条件下浸渍3天所得的皮膜在80℃下进行24小时减压干燥后的皮膜的重量减少率超过10%的情况下,皮膜的成分溶出到电解液中,穿过电解液而移动到正极侧的成分发生酸值劣化,由此有使电池性能降低的担忧,因此欠佳。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池是由正极与负极、设置于该正极与负极之间并将两个隔离的隔膜(separator)、以及电解质层所构成,所述电解质层含有使作为支持电解质的锂盐溶解在用来传导锂离子的溶媒中而成的非水电解液或者聚合物或高分子凝胶电解质。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池中所用的正极及负极是由电极活性物质、导电剂、电极活性物质的集电体、以及使电极活性物质及导电剂粘合在集电体上的粘合剂所构成。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池是由使用所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体作为所述粘合剂而制造的电极所构成。在正极与负极中均可使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体作为所述粘合剂,特别优选的是用作负极用粘合剂。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体的锂二次电池中,不使用所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体时的正极或负极用粘合剂可使用:聚偏二氟乙烯(polyvinylidenefluoride,PVDF)、PVDF与六氟丙烯(hexafluoropropylene,HFP)或全氟甲基乙烯醚(perfluoro methyl vinyl ether,PFMV)及四氟乙烯(tetrafluoroethylene,TFE)的共聚物等PVDF共聚物树脂、聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)、氟橡胶等氟系树脂,或苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、乙烯-丙烯橡胶(EPDM)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物等聚合物,但不限定于此,且,若为可与所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体混合的聚合物,则也可并用。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池的正极中使用的正极活性物质只要可实现锂离子的插入、脱离,则并无特别限制。其例子可举出:CuO、Cu2O、MnO2、MoO3、V2O5、CrO3、Fe2O3、Ni2O3、CoO3等金属氧化物,LixCoO2、LixNiO2、LixMn2O4、LiFePO4等锂与过渡金属的复合氧化物,或TiS2、MoS2、NbSe3等金属硫属化物,多并苯、聚对苯、聚吡咯、聚苯胺等导电性高分子化合物等。所述中,从锂离子的释放性、容易获得高电压的方面来看,优选的是通常被称为高电压系的选自钴、镍、锰等过渡金属中的一种以上与锂的复合氧化物。钴、镍、锰与锂的复合氧化物的具体例可举出:LiCoO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiNixCo(1-x)O2、LiMnaNibCoc(a+b+c=1)等。
另外也可使用:在这些锂复合氧化物中掺杂少量的氟、硼、铝、铬、锆、钼、铁等元素所得的物质,或利用碳、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2等对锂复合氧化物的粒子表面进行表面处理所得的物质。所述正极活性物质也可并用两种以上。
关于使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池的负极中使用的负极活性物质,只要可使金属锂或锂离子插入/脱离,则可无特别限定地使用众所周知的活性物质。例如可使用天然石墨、人造石墨、难石墨化碳、易石墨化碳等碳材料。另外,也可使用金属锂或合金、锡化合物等金属材料、锂过渡金属氮化物、结晶性金属氧化物、非晶质金属氧化物、硅化合物、导电性聚合物等,具体例可举出:Li4TiO12、NiSi5C6、SiC、SiO2及含有Si结晶粒的氧化硅粉末SiOx(x为0.5≤x≤1.5)等。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池的正极及负极中可使用导电剂。导电剂只要为不对电池性能造成不良影响的电子传导性材料,则可使用。通常使用乙炔黑或科琴黑等碳黑,也可为天然石墨(鳞状石墨、鳞片状石墨、土状石墨等)、人造石墨、碳晶须、碳纤维或金属(铜、镍、铝、银、金等)粉末、金属纤维、导电性陶瓷材料等导电性材料。这些材料也能以两种以上的混合物的形式而含有。相对于活性物质量,其添加量优选0.1重量%~30重量%,特别优选0.2重量%~20重量%。
电极活性物质的集电体只要为不对所构成的电池造成不良影响的电子传导体,则均可使用。例如正极用集电体除了铝、钛、不锈钢、镍、煅烧碳、导电性高分子、导电性玻璃等以外,可使用为了提高粘接性、导电性、耐氧化性而以碳、镍、钛或银等对铝或铜等的表面进行处理所得的材料。另外,负极用集电体除了铜、不锈钢、镍、铝、钛、煅烧碳、导电性高分子、导电性玻璃、Al-Cd合金等以外,可使用为了提高粘接性、导电性、耐氧化性而以碳、镍、钛或银等对铜等的表面进行处理所得的材料。
这些集电体材料也可对表面进行氧化处理。另外,关于其形状,除了箔(foil)状以外,也可使用膜状、片状、网状、经穿孔(punch)或展开(expand)的形状、板条(lath)体、多孔质体、发泡体等成形体。厚度并无特别限定,通常使用1μm~100μm的。
关于隔膜,也可无特别限定地使用通常的锂二次电池中所用的隔膜,其例子可举出:包含聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚烯烃、聚四氟乙烯等的多孔质树脂,陶瓷,无纺布等。电解液只要为通常的锂二次电池中所用的电解液即可,包含有机电解液及离子液体等通常的电解液。
电解质盐例如可举出:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCl、LiBr、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiI、LiAlCl4、NaClO4、NaBF4、NaI等,特别可举出:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiClO4、LiAsF6等无机锂盐,LiN(SO2CxF2x+1)(SO2CyF2y+1)所表示的有机锂盐。这里,x及y表示0或1~4的整数,且,x+y为2~8。有机锂盐具体可举出:LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)(SO2C2F5)、LiN(SO2CF3)(SO2C3F7)、LiN(SO2CF3)(SO2C4F9)、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)(SO2C3F7)、LiN(SO2C2F5)(SO2C4F9)等。其中,若将LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2等用于电解质,则电特性优异,因此优选。所述电解质盐可使用一种也可使用两种以上。这种锂盐通常理想的是以0.1mol/L(摩尔/升)~2.0mol/L、优选0.3mol/L~1.5mol/L的浓度而含有在电解液中。
使电解质盐溶解的有机溶媒只要为通常的锂二次电池的非水电解液中所用的有机溶媒,则并无特别限定,例如可举出:碳酸酯化合物、内酯化合物、醚化合物、环丁砜化合物、二氧杂环戊烷化合物、酮化合物、腈化合物、卤化烃化合物等。详细可举出:碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯、乙二醇碳酸二甲酯、丙二醇碳酸二甲酯、乙二醇碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙烯酯等碳酸酯类,γ-丁内酯等内酯类,二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、四氢吡喃、1,4-二噁烷等醚类,环丁砜、3-甲基环丁砜等环丁砜类,1,3-二氧杂环戊烷等二氧杂环戊烷类,4-甲基-2-戊酮等酮类、乙腈、丙腈、戊腈、苄腈等腈类,1,2-二氯乙烷等卤化烃类,其他甲酸甲酯、二甲基甲酰胺、二乙基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜、咪唑鎓盐、四级铵盐等离子性液体等。进而,也可为这些有机溶媒的混合物。这些有机溶媒中,特别是含有一种以上的选自由碳酸酯类所组成的组群中的非水溶媒的情况下,电解质的溶解性、介电常数及粘度优异,因此优选。
用于聚合物电解质或高分子凝胶电解质的高分子化合物可举出:具有醚、酯、硅氧烷、丙烯腈、偏二氟乙烯、六氟丙烯、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯、氧杂环丁烷等的聚合物或其共聚物结构的高分子或其交联物等,高分子可为一种,也可为两种以上。高分子结构并无特别限定,特别优选的是聚环氧乙烷等具有醚结构的高分子。
液体系电池是将电解液收容到电池容器内,凝胶系电池是将使聚合物溶解在电解液中所得的前驱体(precursor)溶液收容到电池容器内,固体电解质电池是将溶解有电解质盐的交联前的聚合物收容到电池容器内。
制造使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体的锂二次电池的电极时,只要将所述各成分混合而制备糊状的电极材料,涂布在成为集电体的铝箔或铜箔等上,使分散介质挥发即可。
电极材料的糊化的粘性调整剂可使用水溶性高分子等增稠剂。具体可使用选自以下化合物中的一种或两种以上:羧甲基纤维素(carboxy methyl cellulose,CMC)、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基甲基纤维素等纤维素类;聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酸钠等聚羧酸系化合物;聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮等具有乙烯基吡咯烷酮结构的化合物;聚丙烯酰胺、聚环氧乙烷、聚乙烯醇、海藻酸钠、三仙胶、卡拉胶、瓜尔胶、琼脂、淀粉等,其中,优选羧甲基纤维素盐。所述各成分的混合的方法·顺序等并无特别限定,例如可将活性物质与导电剂预先混合而使用,此时的混合可使用研钵、混磨机(mill mixer)、行星式球磨机或搅拌器(shaker)式球磨机等球磨机、机械融合(mechanofusion)等。
使用本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体的锂二次电池可形成为圆筒型、硬币型、方型、其他任意形状,电池的基本构成与形状无关而相同,可根据目的进行设计变更而实施。例如圆筒型的情况下,可将在负极集电体上涂布负极活性物质而成的负极、与在正极集电体上涂布正极活性物质而成的正极隔着隔膜卷绕,将所得的卷绕体收纳到电池罐中,注入非水电解液并在上下载置绝缘板,以该状态密封而获得电池。另外,在应用于硬币型锂二次电池的情况下,将圆盘状负极、隔膜、圆盘状正极及不锈钢的板以积层状态收纳到硬币型电池罐中,注入非水电解液,加以密封。
以下,通过聚氨基甲酸酯树脂水分散体的实施例对本发明加以更具体说明,但本发明不限定于以下的实施例。
实施例1
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加34.0重量份的可乐丽(Kuraray)多元醇P-520(商品名,可乐丽(Kuraray)公司制造,平均羟基值224mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、3.0重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、54.2重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为6.0%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以30重量份的水将4.0重量份的二乙三胺(活性氢原子数3)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.64)。
对20重量份的所得的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体添加20重量份的乙基溶纤剂,以干燥膜厚成为约200μm的方式流延到铁氟龙(Teflon)(注册商标)加工板上,在60℃下干燥4小时,进而在80℃下干燥2小时,进而在130℃下干燥2小时而制作试片。关于用以判断耐电解液性的具体方法,使用包含碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯这五种的混合溶媒(以重量比计成为1∶1∶1∶1∶1的组成)作为碳酸酯系的混合溶媒来实施试验。关于本发明的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体,耐电解液性是将由所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体所形成的皮膜在所述混合溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,对皮膜的重量增加率进行测定。另外,对在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量进行测定。进而,对在60℃条件下浸渍3天所得的皮膜在80℃下进行24小时减压干燥后,对皮膜的重量减少率进行测定。
对以下的实施例2~比较例4也同样地进行评价。
实施例2
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加27.0重量份的可乐丽(Kuraray)多元醇P-520(商品名,可乐丽(Kuraray)公司制造,平均羟基值224mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、5.2重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、28.0重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、28.0重量份的异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为7.6%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以70重量份的温水将15.8重量份的哌嗪·六水合物(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.42)。
实施例3
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加22.4重量份的安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-50(商品名,宇部兴产公司制造,平均羟基值224mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、5.2重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、60.6重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为8.3%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以70重量份的温水将15.8重量份的哌嗪·六水合物(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.42)。
实施例4
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加22.3重量份的纽波尔(Newpol)BPE-20NK(商品名,三洋化成公司制造,双酚A的环氧乙烷加成物,平均羟基值360mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、5.0重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、56.9重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为5.8%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以70重量份的甲基乙基酮将11.0重量份的亚甲基二苯胺(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.41)。
实施例5
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加9.0重量份的纽波尔(Newpol)BPE-20NK(商品名,三洋化成公司制造,双酚A的环氧乙烷加成物,平均羟基值360mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、7.1重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、62.7重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为9.9%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以90重量份的甲基乙基酮将16.4重量份的亚甲基二苯胺(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.56)。
实施例6
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加25.0重量份的艾迪科聚醚(Adeka Polyether)BPX-11(商品名,艾迪科(ADEKA)公司制造,双酚A的环氧丙烷加成物,平均羟基值312mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、5.0重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、58.0重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为5.4%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以80重量份的水将7.2重量份的二甲苯二胺(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.41)。
实施例7
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加6.4重量份的1,4-环己烷二甲醇(活性氢原子数2)、7.1重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、7.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、72.0重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为8.4%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加5.9重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以70重量份的水将6.7重量份的乙二胺(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.56)。
实施例8
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加6.4重量份的1,4-环己烷二甲醇(活性氢原子数2)、7.1重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、7.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、72.0重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为8.4%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,缓缓添加使2.3重量份的氢氧化钠溶解在300重量份的水中所得的水溶液,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以70重量份的水将6.7重量份的乙二胺(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.56)。
比较例1
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加41.0重量份的安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-100(商品名,宇部兴产公司制造,平均羟基值112mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、4.5重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、46.0重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为6.0%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以40重量份的温水将8.3重量份的哌嗪·六水合物(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.34)。
比较例2
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加41.0重量份的可乐丽(Kuraray)多元醇P-1020(商品名,可乐丽(Kuraray)公司制造,平均羟基值112mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、4.5重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、46.0重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为6.0%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以40重量份的温水将8.3重量份的哌嗪·六水合物(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.34)。
比较例3
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加27.0重量份的安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-50(商品名,宇部兴产公司制造,平均羟基值224mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、5.2重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、55.2重量份的异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为9.1%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以80重量份的温水将17.6重量份的哌嗪·六水合物(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.42)。
比较例4
在具备搅拌机、回流冷凝管、温度计及氮气吹入管的四口烧瓶中,添加34.0重量份的可乐丽(Kuraray)多元醇P-520(商品名,可乐丽(Kuraray)公司制造,平均羟基值224mgKOH/g,活性氢原子数2)、3.0重量份的三羟甲基丙烷(活性氢原子数3)、4.8重量份的二羟甲基丙酸(活性氢原子数2)、54.5重量份的二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯及60重量份的甲基乙基酮,在75℃下反应4小时,获得相对于不挥发成分的游离异氰酸酯基含量为6.0%的氨基甲酸酯预聚物的甲基乙基酮溶液。将该溶液冷却到45℃,添加3.6重量份的三乙胺进行中和后,缓缓添加300重量份的水,使用均质机进行乳化分散。然后,添加以40重量份的水将3.7重量份的乙二胺(活性氢原子数2)稀释所得的胺水溶液,进行1小时链伸长反应。在减压、50℃下,对该溶液进行脱溶剂,获得不挥发成分为约30%的聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体(交联密度:0.23)。
对所得的水性聚氨基甲酸酯树脂组合物进行各测定时,使用下述方法。
[游离异氰酸酯基含量]依照JIS K 7301来进行测定。
[水性聚氨基甲酸酯树脂分散体中的不挥发成分的重量]依照JIS K 6828来测定。
[水性聚氨基甲酸酯树脂组合物的树脂固体成分中的交联密度]由数1的式子而算出。
[芳香环结构的含有比例、脂环结构的含有比例、芳香环结构或脂环结构的含有比例的合计]根据构成含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯的分子结构中的芳香环结构、脂环结构的质量%而算出。
[酸值]依照JIS K 1557来测定。
将实施例3的安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-50替换为安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-100的比较例1中,有机聚异氰酸酯的含量相对于聚氨基甲酸酯而变低,另外具有芳香族或脂环族的结构体的含量相对于聚氨基甲酸酯而变低,因此在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的皮膜的重量增加率变大,耐电解液性差。另外,在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量差。
将实施例2的可乐丽(Kuraray)多元醇P-520替换为可乐丽(Kuraray)多元醇P-1020的比较例2中,有机聚异氰酸酯的含量相对于聚氨基甲酸酯而变低,因此在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的皮膜的重量增加率变大,耐电解液性差。另外,在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量差。
将实施例3的安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-50替换为安特那可(ETERNACOLL)UH-100的比较例3中,具有芳香族或脂环族的结构体的含量相对于聚氨基甲酸酯而变低,因此在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的皮膜的重量增加率变大,耐电解液性差。另外,在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后的膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量差。
将实施例1的二乙三胺替换为乙二胺的比较例4中,表示聚氨基甲酸酯的每1000树脂分子量的分支密度的指标变低,对在碳酸酯系溶媒中在60℃条件下浸渍3天所得的皮膜在80℃下进行24小时减压干燥后,皮膜的重量减少率变大。
工业上的可利用性
本发明的粘合剂可用作锂二次电池用电极的粘合剂,使用该粘合剂而制造的电极可提高充放电特性,因此可用于制造各种锂二次电池。所得的锂二次电池可用于手机、笔记本电脑、个人数字助理(PDA)、摄影机、数字相机等各种便携式设备,或进而产业用或电动自行车、电动汽车等中搭载的中型或大型锂二次电池。
Claims (4)
1.一种锂二次电池的负极用粘合剂,含有聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体,且其特征在于:
所述负极中使用了NiSi5C6、SiC、SiO2及含有Si结晶粒的氧化硅粉末SiOx所组的物质组中的一种以上作为负极活性物质,其中x为0.5≤x≤1.5,
所述聚氨基甲酸酯水分散体含有含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯是至少使用(A)有机聚异氰酸酯及(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物而获得,
相对于所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,所述(A)有机聚异氰酸酯的含量为50质量%以上且80质量%以下,
所述(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物含有(B1)具有两个以上的活性氢基的化合物及(B2)具有一个以上的活性氢基与一个以上的离子性亲水基的化合物,
所述(B)具有一个以上的活性氢基的化合物的平均羟基值为300mgKOH/g以上,
所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯含有芳香环结构或脂环结构,且芳香环结构或脂环结构的含有比例合计为40质量%以上,且
关于所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯,所述聚氨基甲酸酯的每1000分子量的交联密度为0.3以上且1.0以下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池的负极用粘合剂,其特征在于:将由所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯所形成的皮膜在电解液中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,皮膜的重量增加率为50%以下。
3.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池的负极用粘合剂,其特征在于:将由所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯所形成的皮膜在电解液中在60℃条件下浸渍3天后,膨润皮膜的60℃下的弹性模量为10MPa以上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的锂二次电池的负极用粘合剂,其特征在于:将由所述含亲水基的聚氨基甲酸酯所形成的皮膜在电解液中在60℃条件下浸渍3天,对浸渍所得的皮膜在80℃下进行24小时减压干燥后,皮膜的重量减少率为10%以下。
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