CN105118898A - 一种硅片表面钝化方法及基于其的n型双面电池的制作方法 - Google Patents
一种硅片表面钝化方法及基于其的n型双面电池的制作方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种硅片表面钝化方法及基于其的N型双面电池的制作方法,它包括以下步骤:(a)采用HF溶液或者含HF的第一混酸溶液对硅片的表面进行处理,除去氧化层、硼硅玻璃或/和磷硅玻璃;(b)采用碱液中和步骤(a)中残留的酸性溶液;(c)去除硅片表面残留的碱液和金属杂质;(d)在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中,在硅片表面形成氧化硅。只需要在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中,即可在硅片表面形成氧化硅,该步骤可以在常温下完成,大大降低了成本,尤其适用于大规模工业化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光伏太阳能电池领域,具体涉及一种硅片表面钝化方法及基于其的N型双面电池的制作方法。
背景技术
P型硅电池工艺简单,成本低,占晶体硅电池份额约90%。N型硅电池的少子寿命高,没有光致衰减,理论效率高,被认为是未来光伏市场的主角。其中,硅晶体的表面有很多断裂键,按照半导体理论,这种断裂键会在能带中形成缺陷能级,成为复合中心,从而使少子寿命降低,进一步降低电池效率。要减少表面复合,通常使用化学方法和表面的硅形成化合键,或者覆盖带有固定电荷的介质薄膜排斥硅中的“少子”到达界面,简称界面态钝化或场钝化。
而作为主要钝化薄膜材料,氮化硅和氧化铝都可以达到界面态钝化效果。同时,氮化硅薄膜带固定正电荷,氧化铝薄膜带固定负电荷。氮化硅在N型表面排斥少子空穴,氧化铝在P型硅表面排斥少子电子,都可以起到很好的场钝化作用。如果反着用,钝化膜就会吸引少子,起不到有效的场钝化效果。目前,量产P型电池正面是磷掺杂N+的发射极,其上镀有SiNx减反射膜,兼有表面钝化的作用,背面是铝背场:铝硅交界的铝融进P型硅里,实际上作为掺杂剂形成了P+层,形成了p-p+高低结结构,对背面也起到一定的钝化作用。N型电池的正面是硼掺杂的P+发射极,直接用氮化硅起不到必要的钝化效果。因此N型电池要想提高效率必须要解决P+发射极的钝化问题。适合P+发射极的钝化材料有氧化硅和氧化铝,一般用热氧化法或者CVD化学沉积氧化硅,原子层沉积(ALD),等离子增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)等方法制备氧化铝。热氧化是高温过程,通常需要900~1000℃的温度,高温过程拉长了电池的工艺时间,还降低硅的体寿命,既不利于电池的效率,又降低产能增加了成本;ALD和PECVD属外延生长,虽然其钝化效果很好,但是其对界面的洁净度要求很高,实际生产过程中片子在工序间运转,很容易发生沾污,钝化质量易波动,而且需要引进新设备成本很高,不适合大规模生产。
发明内容
本发明目的是为了克服现有技术的不足而提供一种硅片表面钝化方法。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是:一种硅片表面钝化方法,它包括以下步骤:
(a)采用HF溶液或者含HF的第一混酸溶液对硅片的表面进行处理,除去氧化层、硼硅玻璃或/和磷硅玻璃;
(b)采用碱液中和步骤(a)中残留的酸性溶液;
(c)去除硅片表面残留的碱液和金属杂质;
(d)在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中,在硅片表面形成氧化硅。
优化地,所述氧化硅的厚度通过臭氧和硅片的接触时间以及紫外线照射强度进行控制。
进一步地,所述氧化硅的厚度为d,1≤d≤5nm。
优化地,步骤(a)中,对硅片的表面进行处理后用去离子水进行清洗;步骤(b)中,碱液中和后用去离子水进行清洗;步骤(c)中,去除硅片表面残留的碱液和金属杂质后用去离子水进行清洗,风刀干燥。
优化地,步骤(a)中,所述第一混酸溶液由HF溶液与HCl、HNO3、H2SO4中的一种或两种以上组成;所述HF溶液质量浓度或者所述第一混酸溶液中HF的质量浓度为2~10%;步骤(b)中,所述碱液为质量浓度为5~10%的NaOH或KOH溶液;所述步骤(c)中,采用含HF的第二混酸溶液对硅片表面进行清洗,所述第二混酸溶液中HF的质量浓度≤10%。
优化地,所述步骤(a)中,对硅片表面进行处理的设备为链式清洗设备或槽式清洗设备。
本发明的又一目的在于提供一种N型双面电池的制作方法,它包括以下步骤:
(a)使用碱液对硅片的正、背表面进行处理,随后在硅片的正表面涂覆硼浆料,烘干后进行硼扩散;
(b)用HF洗掉硅片背表面的氧化膜;
(c)在扩散硼的表面形成厚度为20~60nm的氮化硅掩膜;
(d)在硅片的背表面进行磷扩散;
(e)去除硅片的氮化硅掩膜、磷硅玻璃和硼硅玻璃,在其正、背表面生长SiOx薄膜,随后镀上氮化硅膜,再印刷银浆,烘干、烧结后形成电极;
步骤(e)中,所述硅片正、背表面生长SiOx薄膜基于上述硅片表面的钝化方法。
优化地,步骤(a)中,所述硼扩散的扩散温度为850~1100℃,扩散时间为45~120分钟,扩散方阻为40~100Ω。
优化地,步骤(d)中,所述磷扩散的扩散温度为800~900℃,扩散时间为30~120分钟,扩散方阻为20~60Ω。
优化地,步骤(e)中,所述氮化硅膜厚度为70~90nm。
由于上述技术方案运用,本发明与现有技术相比具有下列优点:本发明硅片表面钝化方法,只需要在在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中,即可在硅片表面形成氧化硅,该步骤可以在常温下完成,大大降低了成本,尤其适用于大规模工业化生产;而且基于该方法的N型双面电池克服了热氧化、原子层沉积方式生长导致的缺陷,保证了N型双面电池的钝化质量。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明优选实施方案进行详细说明:
实施例1
本发明硅片表面钝化方法,它包括以下步骤:
(a)采用HF溶液或者含HF的第一混酸溶液(第一混酸溶液中肯定包含HF,其余成分可以从HCl、HNO3和H2SO4中选取一种或两种以上,采用混酸能够提高对硅片清洗的速度)对硅片的表面进行处理,其中HF成分的质量浓度(HF溶液质量浓度或者第一混酸溶液中HF的质量浓度)优选为2~10%,第一混酸溶液中其它组分的质量浓度不能太高,根据实际需要进行确定(为现有技术);用于除去氧化层、硼硅玻璃或/和磷硅玻璃,随后用去离子水进行清洗(或者冲洗);
(b)采用质量浓度为5~10%NaOH溶液或KOH溶液中和步骤(a)中残留的酸性溶液,随后用去离子水进行清洗(或者冲洗);本步骤中,碱液还起到平整硅片表面的作用;
(c)采用含HF的第二混酸溶液(优选由HF和HCl组成,其中HF的质量浓度一般不超过10%)对硅片表面进行清洗,从而去除硅片表面残留的碱液和金属杂质,随后用去离子水进行清洗(或者冲洗),风刀干燥;
(d)在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面(链式清洗设备)或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中(槽式清洗设备),在硅片表面形成氧化硅,其厚度d可以通过臭氧和硅片的接触时间以及紫外线照射强度进行控制,例如链式清洗设备可以通过调整风刀的角度和传送链的转动速度控制臭氧和硅片的接触时间,一般为1~2分钟;厚度d优选为1~5nm。只需要在在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中,即可在硅片表面形成氧化硅,该步骤可以在常温下完成,大大降低了成本,尤其适用于大规模工业化生产;形成的氧化硅可以作为晶体硅电池P+表面的钝化膜,解决了N型电池的正面钝化问题。
实施例2
本发明提供一种N型双面电池的制作方法,部分工艺可以参考现有技术(CN201510020649.4),具体包括以下步骤:
(a)使用NaOH溶液或KOH溶液对硅片的正、背表面进行处理,去损伤和各向异性刻蚀;随后在硅片的正表面涂覆硼浆料(可以使用旋涂设备在硅片上均匀涂覆),烘干后置于管式炉中退火,完成硼扩散(扩散温度为850~1100℃,扩散时间为45~120分钟,扩散方阻为40~100Ω);
(b)在水上漂单面刻蚀机上使用HF洗掉硅片背表面的氧化膜;
(c)在扩散硼的表面用APCVD(常压化学气相淀积)工艺形成厚度为20~60nm的氮化硅掩膜;
(d)将硅片置于磷扩散管中进行背表面磷扩散(扩散温度为800~900℃,扩散时间为30~120分钟,扩散方阻为20~60Ω);
(e)用热磷酸去除硅片的氮化硅掩膜,再可以用链式清洗设备洗去磷硅玻璃和硼硅玻璃,在其正、背表面生长1~5nm的SiOx薄膜(生长SiOx薄膜的方法为实施例1中的方法),随后利用PECVD工艺镀上70~90nm的氮化硅膜;在硅片的背面印刷银浆、烘干,在硅片的正面印刷银浆、烘干后进行烧结形成电极。该方法克服了热氧化、原子层沉积方式生长氧化硅膜导致的缺陷,保证了N型双面电池的钝化质量。
上述实施例只为说明本发明的技术构思及特点,其目的在于让熟悉此项技术的人士能够了解本发明的内容并据以实施,并不能以此限制本发明的保护范围,凡根据本发明精神实质所作的等效变化或修饰,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种硅片表面钝化方法,其特征在于,它包括以下步骤:
(a)采用HF溶液或者含HF的第一混酸溶液对硅片的表面进行处理,除去氧化层、硼硅玻璃或/和磷硅玻璃;
(b)采用碱液中和步骤(a)中残留的酸性溶液;
(c)去除硅片表面残留的碱液和金属杂质;
(d)在紫外线照射下,用臭氧气体吹扫硅片表面或者将硅片浸在含臭氧的水中,在硅片表面形成氧化硅。
2.根据权利要求1所述的硅片表面钝化方法,其特征在于:所述氧化硅的厚度通过臭氧和硅片的接触时间以及紫外线照射强度进行控制。
3.根据权利要求2所述的硅片表面钝化方法,其特征在于:所述氧化硅的厚度为d,1≤d≤5nm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的硅片表面钝化方法,其特征在于:步骤(a)中,对硅片的表面进行处理后用去离子水进行清洗;步骤(b)中,碱液中和后用去离子水进行清洗;步骤(c)中,去除硅片表面残留的碱液和金属杂质后用去离子水进行清洗,风刀干燥。
5.根据权利要求1所述的硅片表面钝化方法,其特征在于:步骤(a)中,所述第一混酸溶液由HF溶液与HCl、HNO3、H2SO4中的一种或两种以上组成;所述HF溶液质量浓度或者所述第一混酸溶液中HF的质量浓度为2~10%;步骤(b)中,所述碱液为质量浓度为5~10%的NaOH或KOH溶液;所述步骤(c)中,采用含HF的第二混酸溶液对硅片表面进行清洗,所述第二混酸溶液中HF的质量浓度≤10%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的硅片表面钝化方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(a)中,对硅片表面进行处理的设备为链式清洗设备或槽式清洗设备。
7.一种N型双面电池的制作方法,它包括以下步骤:
(a)使用碱液对硅片的正、背表面进行处理,随后在硅片的正表面涂覆硼浆料,烘干后进行硼扩散;
(b)用HF洗掉硅片背表面的氧化膜;
(c)在扩散硼的表面形成厚度为20~60nm的氮化硅掩膜;
(d)在硅片的背表面进行磷扩散;
(e)去除硅片的氮化硅掩膜、磷硅玻璃和硼硅玻璃,在其正、背表面生长SiOx薄膜,随后镀上氮化硅膜,再印刷银浆,烘干、烧结后形成电极;
其特征在于:步骤(e)中,所述硅片正、背表面生长SiOx薄膜基于权利要求1至6中任一所述硅片表面的钝化方法。
8.根据权利要求7所述N型双面电池的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(a)中,所述硼扩散的扩散温度为850~1100℃,扩散时间为45~120分钟,扩散方阻为40~100Ω。
9.根据权利要求7所述N型双面电池的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(d)中,所述磷扩散的扩散温度为800~900℃,扩散时间为30~120分钟,扩散方阻为20~60Ω。
10.根据权利要求7所述N型双面电池的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(e)中,所述氮化硅膜厚度为70~90nm。
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