CN104852100A - 电池系统 - Google Patents

电池系统 Download PDF

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CN104852100A
CN104852100A CN201510082316.4A CN201510082316A CN104852100A CN 104852100 A CN104852100 A CN 104852100A CN 201510082316 A CN201510082316 A CN 201510082316A CN 104852100 A CN104852100 A CN 104852100A
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battery
moisture
capacity
unit
presumption
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CN104852100B (zh
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中山博之
中岛诚
驹月正人
栗本泰英
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Toyota Motor Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2009—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for braking
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  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Tests Of Electric Status Of Batteries (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及电池系统。一种电池容量推定单元(52)根据有关电池的使用历史的信息推定电池的电池容量。水分侵入推定单元(53)推定侵入电池的水分量。电池容量校正单元(54)使用所推定的侵入水分量以校正所推定的电池容量。

Description

电池系统
本非临时申请基于2014年2月17日提交到日本专利局的编号为2014-027562的日本专利申请，该申请的全部内容通过引用的方式在此纳入。
技术领域
本发明涉及电池系统，例如涉及安装在车辆中的电池系统。
背景技术
编号为2006-250905的日本专利公开公开了使用存储在数据库中的电池信息计算电池的劣化因子(factor)，该劣化因子进而被用于推定电池可提供的用于存储电力的容量，即，电池容量。
发明内容
但是，当电池中具有从大气等侵入的水分时，电池的锂离子便会与水分发生反应，从而被耗费掉，导致电池容量降低。结果，编号为2006-250905的日本专利公开中描述的计算出的电池容量推定值偏离实际的电池容量，导致推定精确度下降。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种允许在不影响精确度的情况下推定侵入有水分的电池的电池容量的电池系统。
本发明的电池系统包括：电池；电池容量推定单元，其根据有关所述电池的使用历史的信息推定所述电池的容量；水分侵入推定单元，其推定侵入所述电池的水分量；以及电池容量校正单元，其基于所推定的侵入所述电池的水分量，校正所推定的所述电池的容量。
因此，可在获取电池具有多少电池容量时考虑已经有多少水分量侵入电池，当电池具有已侵入其中的水分时，可在不影响精确度的情况下推定电池的电池容量。
优选地，所述水分侵入推定单元参考所述电池的温度历史以推定侵入所述电池的所述水分量。
所述电池的温度数据可相对容易地获得，这样可有助于推定所述电池具有多少侵入其中的水分量。
优选地，所述水分侵入推定单元参考有关所述电池的所述使用历史的信息，以针对所述电池被使用时所在的每个温度获取侵入所述电池的所述水分的水分侵入速度以及所述电池的使用时间；并且所述水分侵入推定单元针对所述电池被使用时所在的任一温度，计算所述水分侵入速度与所述电池的所述使用时间的乘积，以及所述水分侵入推定单元将这样计算的乘积加在一起以获取所述乘积的总和，从而推定侵入所述电池的所述水分量。
这样能够以高精确度获取电池有多少水分量侵入其中。
优选地，所述电池容量校正单元参考侵入所述电池的水分量与容量劣化量之间的预定关系，以获取与所述水分侵入推定单元所推定的侵入所述电池的所述水分量对应的容量劣化量，以及所述电池容量校正单元使用所述容量劣化量，以校正在所述电池容量推定单元中推定的所述电池容量。
这样，当在获取电池具有多少电池容量中考虑已经有多少水分量侵入电池时，能够以高精确度获取电池容量。
优选地，所述电池系统进一步包括控制单元，该控制单元在所校正的所述电池的容量等于或小于阈值时，修改所述电池的输入/输出限制值。
这样可防止电池进一步劣化。
优选地，所述电池系统进一步包括通知单元，该通知单元在所校正的所述电池的容量等于或小于阈值时指示这样的信息：该信息指示所述电池具有小电池容量。
这样允许驾驶员在电池使用寿命迅速减少之前及时让经销商更换电池。
根据以下结合附图对本发明的详细描述，本发明的上述及其它目的、特征、方面和优点将变得更加显而易见。
附图说明
图1是示出根据本发明的第一实施例的安装有电池系统的车辆的配置的框图。
图2是根据第一实施例的操作过程的流程图。
图3示出存储在电池信息存储单元中的有关电池的使用历史的信息的实例。
图4示出电池200的温度TB与侵入电池200的水分的速度VW之间的关系。
图5示出电池200的温度TB与针对电池中的每个温度的电池使用时间ST之间的关系。
图6示出侵入电池200的水分量如何随着时间变化。
图7示出侵入水分量IW与容量劣化量D之间的关系。
图8示出第二实施例的控制装置(或ECU)的配置。
图9是根据第二实施例的操作过程的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面将参考附图在实施例中描述本发明。
下面参考附图以在实施例中更具体地描述本发明。在附图中，相同或相应的部件以相同的方式表示，并且不再重复进行描述。
第一实施例
图1是示出根据本发明的第一实施例的安装有电池系统的车辆的配置的框图。
参考图1，混合动力车辆包括电池组BP、系统主继电器SMR、充电和放电单元19、引擎ENG，以及控制装置15。
充电和放电单元19给电池200充电和放电。充电和放电单元19包括电力控制单元(PCU)20，电动发电机MG1和MG2，以及动力分割装置PG。
电池组BP包括电池200、电压监视单元DV、温度传感器142和电流传感器143。电池200包括多个串联连接的电池单体(battery cell)。
电池200是直流(dc)电源，例如包括可再充电电池，例如镍金属氢化物电池和锂离子电池。电池200向PCU 20提供dc电压，并且还被充以从PCU 20提供的dc电压。
电压监视单元DV检测电池200的dc电压VB。温度传感器142感测电池200的温度TB。电流传感器143感测通过电池200的电流IB。温度TB、电流IB和dc电压VB被朝着控制装置(或ECU)15输出。
控制装置15从多种传感器接收指示驾驶状况和车辆状况的输出17。传感器输出17包括被置于加速踏板处的位置传感器感测到的、且取决于加速踏板的下压量的加速踏板位置，车轮速度传感器的输出等。控制装置15响应于这些传感器的输出而执行操作，从而总体地提供被应用于混合动力车辆的多种控制。
引擎ENG以及电动发电机MG1和MG2经由动力分割装置PG进行机械耦合(couple)。根据混合动力车辆如何行驶，动力分割装置执行操作以在引擎ENG、电动发电机MG1和电动发电机MG2之间分配和耦合驱动力，从而驱动驱动轮。
尽管电动发电机MG1和MG2可充当发电机以及电动机，但是电动发电机MG1主要充当发电机，电动发电机MG2主要充当电动机。
更具体地说，对于加速而言，电动发电机MG1被用作电动机以启动引擎。更具体地说，电动发电机MG1从电池200接收电力而作为电动机被驱动，以旋转机轴，从而启动引擎。
而且，一旦引擎被启动，电动发电机MG1便通过经由动力分割装置PG传输的引擎驱动力而旋转以产生电力。
电动发电机MG2通过存储在电池200中的电力和由电动发电机MG1产生的电力中的至少一者而被驱动。电动发电机MG2提供驱动力，该驱动力进而经由差动齿轮和/或类似的装置被传输到驱动轴。这样，电动发电机MG2辅助引擎使车辆行驶，或者单独提供驱动力以使车辆行驶。
而且，当车辆被再生地制动时，电动发电机MG2通过驱动轮的转矩而被驱动以作为发电机执行操作。这样，电动发电机MG2再生这样的电力，该电力进而经由PCU 20而被充入到电池200。
当电动发电机MG1和MG2处于电力运行操作中时，PCU 20遵循从控制装置15接收的控制指令以升高从电池200输出的dc电压，并且还将升高的dc电压转换为交流(ac)电压，以控制并从而驱动在动力输出装置30中包括的电动发电机MG1和MG2。
而且，当电动发电机MG1和MG2处于再生制动操作中时，PCU 20遵循从控制装置15接收的控制指令以将电动发电机MG1和MG2所产生的ac电压转换为dc电压，以给电池200充电。
这样，混合动力车辆使电池200、PCU 20和控制装置15中控制PCU20的一部分构成为这样的电源装置，该电源装置驱动地控制电动发电机MG1和MG2。
PCU 20包括转换器110、平滑电容器(smoothing capacitor)120、分别与电动发电机MG1和MG2关联的电动机驱动装置131和132、以及转换器/逆变器(inverter)控制单元140。在该实施例中，作为ac电动机的电动发电机MG1和MG2被驱动地控制，因此，电动机驱动装置131和132被配置为逆变器。在下文中，电动机驱动装置131和132被称为逆变器131和132。
控制装置15响应于多种传感器输出17而执行操作，以考虑针对引擎ENG的输出的分配，因此，确定需要电动发电机MG1和MG2提供的转矩。而且，控制装置15根据电动发电机MG1和MG2的当前操作状况计算最佳电动机操作电压。
而且，控制装置15基于所需的转矩和最佳电动机操作电压，以及基于电压监视单元DV检测到的dc电压VB，产生电动机操作电压Vm的电压控制值Vmr，以及电动发电机MG1和MG2的转矩控制值Tref。电压控制值Vmr和转矩控制值Tref被提供给转换器/逆变器控制单元140。
控制装置150产生电动机操作电压Vm的电压控制值Vmr和电动发电机MG1和MG2的转矩控制值Tref，以便在电动发电机MG1和MG2处于电力运行操作中时所需的电力不超过可容许的输出电力WOUT。
控制装置15产生电动机操作电压Vm的电压控制值Vmr和电动发电机MG1和MG2的转矩控制值Tref，以便在电动发电机MG1和MG2处于再生制动时所产生的电力不超过可容许的输入电力WIN。
转换器/逆变器控制单元140遵循从控制装置15接收的电压控制值Vmr，以产生控制转换器110的操作的转换器控制信号Scnv。而且，转换器/逆变器控制单元140遵循从控制装置15接收的转矩控制值Tref，以产生控制逆变器131和132的操作的逆变器控制信号Spwm1和Spwm2。
控制装置15包括电池信息存储单元51、电池容量推定单元52、水分侵入推定单元53、电池容量校正单元54和电池输入/输出限制单元55。
电池信息存储单元51存储有关电池200的使用历史的信息。
电池容量推定单元52参考有关电池200的使用历史的信息以推定电池的电池容量。
水分侵入推定单元53推定侵入电池200的水分量。
电池容量校正单元54使用在水分侵入推定单元53中推定的侵入水分量，校正在电池容量推定单元52中所推定的电池容量。
电池输入/输出限制单元55在所校正的电池容量等于或小于阈值时，减小电池200的可容许的输出电力Wout和可容许的输入电力Win。
图2是根据第一实施例的操作过程的流程图。
在步骤S101，电池容量推定单元52基于存储在电池信息存储单元51中的有关电池的使用历史的信息推定电池容量C。更具体地说，电池容量推定单元52推定电池容量C，如下所示：
y＝1-a×tu1/2   …(1)，以及
C＝C0×y   …(2)
其中a表示劣化因子，该劣化因子由电池200的使用条件确定，tu表示电池200的使用累积时间，y表示容量维持率，C0表示电池200的初始容量。
图3示出存储在电池信息存储单元51中的有关电池的使用历史的信息的实例。
电池200的使用累积时间tu存储在电池信息存储单元51中。劣化因子a可通过存储在电池信息存储单元51中的至少一个信息来设定。例如，劣化因子a可被设定为具有以下特征：
当历史指示每单位时间电池越频繁地达到预定的温度值或更高温度值时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示在单位时间内电池越频繁地达到等于或大于预定值的最大温度值时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示在单位时间内电池越频繁地使用具有预定值或更大值的电流而被充电/放电时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当电池释放的总电量越大时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示每单位时间电池具有越大的充电状态(state ofcharge，SOC)时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示在单位时间内电池越频繁地具有这样的SOC时，劣化因子a增加为越大，该SOC的最大值和最小值之差等于或大于预定值。当历史指示紧接在点火开关被接通之后电池越频繁地具有等于或小于预定值的SOC时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示点火开关越不频繁地被关断具有预定值的时间段时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当电池的电压越频繁地小于下限值时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示在插入式充电开始时观察到的SOC与在插入式充电结束时观察到的SOC之差越大时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示在越长的时间段内连续应用EV行驶模式时，劣化因子a增加为越大。当历史指示在越短的时间段内连续应用HV行驶模式时，劣化因子a增加为越大。
在步骤S102，水分侵入推定单元53参考电池200的温度历史以推定侵入电池200的水分量。更具体地说，水分侵入推定单元53通过以下过程推定侵入的水分量：
水分侵入推定单元53参考存储在电池信息存储单元51中的直到当前时间t的电池的温度历史，或者每单位时间的电池的温度历史，以针对电池200被使用时所在的每个温度TB获取侵入电池200的水分的水分侵入速度VW(TB)。图4示出电池200的温度TB与侵入电池200的水分的水分侵入速度VW之间的关系。如图4所示，1/TB和VW由线性表达式(阿列纽斯(Arrhenius)图)表示。水分侵入推定单元53根据图4中的关系，针对每个温度TB获取侵入电池200的水分的水分侵入速度VW(TB)。
而且，水分侵入推定单元53参考直到当前时间t的电池的温度历史，以针对电池200被使用时所在的每个温度TB获取电池200的使用时间ST(TB)。图5示出电池200的温度TB与电池200的使用时间ST之间的关系。
如表达式(3)所示，水分侵入推定单元53针对电池200被使用时所在的任一温度，计算温度TB处的水分侵入速度VW(TB)与电池200的使用时间ST(TB)的乘积，并且水分侵入推定单元53将这样计算的乘积加在一起以获取其总和，从而针对当前时间t获取已经侵入电池的水分量IW(t)
IW(t)＝ΣVW(TB)×ST(TB)   …(3)
其中Σ表示变化的TB，这样获取总和。
图6示出侵入的水分量IW(t)如何随着时间变化。
在步骤S103，电池容量校正单元54使用在水分侵入推定单元53中推定的侵入水分量IW(t)，以校正在电池容量推定单元52中推定的电池容量C。更具体地说，电池容量校正单元54参考侵入水分量IW与容量劣化量D之间的预定关系(如图7所示)，以获取与在水分侵入推定单元53中推定的侵入水分量IW对应的容量劣化量D。图7中的实例确定侵入水分量IW乘以梯度k(常数)为容量劣化量D。电池容量校正单元54从在电池容量推定单元52中推定的电池容量C减去容量劣化量D，以计算校正的电池容量E，即，E＝C-D。
在步骤S104，当校正的电池容量E等于或小于阈值时，控制继续到步骤S105，然而当校正的电池容量E超过阈值时，控制继续到步骤S106。
在步骤S105，电池输入/输出限制单元55将电池200的可容许的输出电力Wout和可容许的输入电力Win减小到预定值。
在步骤S106，电池输入/输出限制单元55不修改电池200的可容许的输出电力Wout和可容许的输入电力Win。
这样，该实施例允许在不影响精确度的情况下推定侵入有水分的电池的电池容量。而且，当推定的电池容量等于或小于阈值时，电池的可容许的输出电力和可容许的输入电力可被减小以防止电池进一步劣化。
第二实施例
图8示出第二实施例的控制装置(或ECU)115的配置。
图8中的控制装置115与图1中的控制装置15的不同之处在于：前者不包括电池输入/输出限制单元55，而是包括通知单元155。
显示装置156例如为液晶显示器。
当校正的电池容量等于或小于阈值时，通知单元155提供指示电池具有小电池容量的信息，并且显示装置156显示该信息。
图9是根据第二实施例的操作过程的流程图。
图9中的流程图与图2中的流程图的不同之处在于：前者不包括步骤S105和步骤S106，而是包括步骤S205和步骤S206。
在步骤S205，通知单元155提供指示电池具有小电池容量的信息，并且显示装置156显示该信息。例如，显示装置156将这样的消息显示为“电池具有小电池容量。电池无法再被使用。请联系经销商对电池进行诊断。”。
在步骤S206，通知单元155提供指示电池具有正常电池容量的信息，并且显示装置156显示该信息。例如，显示装置156将这样的消息显示为“电池具有正常电池容量。电池可被继续使用。”。
这样，该实施例以及第一实施例允许在不影响精确度的情况下推定侵入有水分的电池的电池容量。而且，当推定的电池容量等于或小于阈值时，显示指示电池具有小电池容量的信息，这样允许驾驶员例如在电池使用寿命迅速减少之前更换电池。
尽管详细地描述和示出了本发明，但是应该清楚地理解，本发明仅仅是采取示例和举例的方式，而不是要受到限制，本发明的范围由所附权利要求的各项来解释。

Claims (6)

1.一种电池系统，包括：
电池(200)；
电池容量推定单元(52)，其根据有关所述电池的使用历史的信息推定所述电池的容量；
水分侵入推定单元(53)，其推定侵入所述电池的水分量；以及
电池容量校正单元(54)，其基于所推定的侵入所述电池的水分量，校正所推定的所述电池的容量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池系统，其中所述水分侵入推定单元参考所述电池的温度历史以推定侵入所述电池的所述水分量。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电池系统，其中：
所述水分侵入推定单元参考有关所述电池的所述使用历史的信息，以针对所述电池被使用时所在的每个温度获取侵入所述电池的所述水分的水分侵入速度以及所述电池的使用时间；并且
所述水分侵入推定单元针对所述电池被使用时所在的任一温度，计算所述水分侵入速度与所述电池的所述使用时间的乘积，以及所述水分侵入推定单元将这样计算的乘积加在一起以获取所述乘积的总和，从而推定侵入所述电池的所述水分量。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电池系统，其中所述电池容量校正单元参考侵入所述电池的水分量与容量劣化量之间的预定关系，以获取与所述水分侵入推定单元所推定的侵入所述电池的所述水分量对应的容量劣化量，以及所述电池容量校正单元使用所述容量劣化量，以校正在所述电池容量推定单元中推定的所述电池容量。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电池系统，进一步包括控制单元(15)，该控制单元在所校正的所述电池的容量等于或小于阈值时，修改所述电池的输入/输出限制值。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电池系统，进一步包括通知单元(155)，该通知单元在所校正的所述电池的容量等于或小于阈值时指示这样的信息：该信息指示所述电池具有小电池容量。
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