CN1046953C - 燃油组合物 - Google Patents

燃油组合物 Download PDF

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CN1046953C
CN1046953C CN95118210A CN95118210A CN1046953C CN 1046953 C CN1046953 C CN 1046953C CN 95118210 A CN95118210 A CN 95118210A CN 95118210 A CN95118210 A CN 95118210A CN 1046953 C CN1046953 C CN 1046953C
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composition
viscosity
weight
saturated hydrocarbon
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CN1129247A (zh
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P·甘比尼
E·加蒂
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Agip Petroli SpA
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Abstract

内燃发动机燃油组合物含有大含量的燃油和少量的几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物组分，其特征在于上述几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物：1)使含量大于90%wt基本上含C13-C18，优选为C15-C16的内齐聚物的烃组分齐聚化反应及后续加氢化反应而制取，
2)基本不含任何可能的碳原子数等于或低于13的烃，
3)100℃时的粘度在5.0～12.0厘沲之间，优选为在7.3～8.4厘沲之间。

Description

燃油组合物
本发明涉及一种含有大含量的可用于内燃发动机的汽油和少量的至少一种含内烯烃聚合产物的添加剂的燃油组合物。
常有大量的物质能形成沉淀物存在于主要组分为烃类的燃油中。
在内燃发动机的运行过程中，这些物质在与燃油接触时，易于在发动机的关键部位形成沉淀物，如在进油管，吸入阀和排气阀。如果是喷射式发动机，很容易在吸入阀和喷射器管道本身形成上述的沉淀物。
上述沉淀物以不同方式影响发动机的功能。如燃烧器上的沉淀物导致进入燃烧室中的气体混合物中燃油与空气间的比例的上升。这导致从燃烧室中排放的未燃烧的烃类和一氧化碳量的增加。另外燃油与空气之间高的比率降低了发动机的行驶里程。
喷射阀上的沉淀物，在另一方面，导致进入燃烧室的气体混合物量的减少，因此导致功率的损失。另外阀体上的沉淀物能导致阀体本身的破坏。
最终，上述的沉淀物可聚集结垢并进入燃烧室而导致活塞，活塞套环和发动机头的机械损伤的可能后果。
通过使用其中已加入具有去污作用的物质的燃油可防止这些沉淀物的形成。
各种保持易形成沉淀物的部位清洁的清净剂是市售的；用这种方式使发动机的性能与寿命得到加强。
上述清净剂也具有分散性能这一优点。
这些添加剂通常通过具有促进添加剂沉降于上述发动机部位，协同添加剂去污作用功能的载体进行输送。典型的载体是US-A-4846848中描述的矿物油，聚异丁烯(PIB)和聚α-烯烃。上述文献揭示可使用具有C6-C12，通常为C8-C12的α-烯烃的加氢化聚α-烯烃齐聚物(主要为三聚体，四聚体和五聚体的混合物)。
发动机性能的继续发展要求进一步提高上述添加剂的效率。
IT-A-20106A/80描述了内烯烃，特别是碳原子数在12-20，更优选在15至18之间的烯烃的聚合，更确切地说是齐聚合。上述聚合反应在合适催化剂，特别是在AlCl3与酯类的加合物，BF3与醇，有机酸及与无机酸的配合物的存在下进行。质谱和溴量滴定显示，每个齐聚物分子具有一个双键。齐聚化反应通常生产出二聚体与三聚体的混合物，较高级的齐聚物通常低于5-10％。
随后氢化不饱和的齐聚物，加氢化反应在氢及该领域内专家们熟知的催化剂的作用下进行。得到的不含可能的轻产物的产物称为PIO。
现在已经发现，且本发明涉及的，从主要为C13-20，特别是C15-C16内烯烃聚合得到的，100℃时粘度在5-12厘沲之间，优选为在7.3-8.4厘沲之间的PIO特殊馏分作为内燃发动机的燃油添加剂是有利的。更具体地说上述加氢化聚内烯烃馏分对通常用于燃油组合物的清净剂添加剂-分散剂具有良好的携带性能。
按照这一点，本发明涉及一种含有大比例燃油和少量的几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物组分的内燃发动机燃油组合物，其特征在于上述几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物组分：1)通过使含量大于90％wt的主要含C13-C18，优选Cl5-C16，内烯烃的烃组分进行齐聚化反应和随后的加氢化而得到，2)基本上无任何可能的碳原子数等于或低于13的烃，3)100℃下的粘度在5.0和12.0厘沲之间，特别是从7.3至8.4厘沲之间。
术语PIO指几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物的组分。“几乎全部饱和”指不饱和度低于10％，优选为低于5％，且基本上无起始的烯烃组合物或轻反应副产物。
满足上述粘度要求的本发明的几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物组分可由从齐聚化反应和随后加氢化得到的粗产物(不含可能的未反应的单体或其它烃副产品)组成，或可以是上述粗产物的头馏分或尾部分馏馏分。
然而最好是分馏该粗产物(或在加氢化步骤前或在它之后，优选在它之后)以去除微量的轻产物，如未反应的烯烃，轻链烷烃和异链烷烃。术语“轻”指通常具有与起始的烃混合物相等或较少碳原子数的烃。
对于几乎全部饱和的烃混合物而言，100℃时具有在5-12厘沲之间的粘度，优选为在7.3-8.4厘沲之间是很重要的。
该PIO可通过在AlCl3与酯的加合物或BF3与醇、有机酸及无机酸的配合物存在下，在由二氧化硅或氧化铝组成的载体上的AlCl3的分散体的作用下进行齐聚化反应而得到(IT-A-20106A/80)。然而最好为使用BF3与无机酸的配合物。利用这种工艺常可得到起始烯烃转化率为70～90％，因此有必要去除上述反应产物的轻馏分。
这一步骤优选包括除去作为分馏头馏份的上述轻产物，并且优选在加氢化步骤后进行。
根据所要求的粘度，去除轻产物后得到的PIO可直接使用，或者，如果需要具有较高粘度的馏分，这样得到的PIO优选在减压条件下进一步进行分馏。用这种方式，具有较低粘度的轻馏分被去除，且可使用明显更粘稠的分馏残液。
如从PIO6(即100℃下粘度约为6厘沲的PIO)通过去除相当于约50％的起始PIO6的分馏头馏分的量可能得到PIO8(或100℃时粘度约为8厘沲的PIO)。
这暗示要得到更粘稠的馏分，将去除更大量的分馏头馏分。
如此得到的PIO基本上由二聚体和三聚体组成，两种齐聚物的总量通常高于90-95％。二聚体和三聚体之间的百分比分布依据各种参数而不同，如温度，催化剂体系和反应时间。
作为燃油添加剂，PIO的有效添加数量为100-1200ppmw(每百万重量份中含有的份数)，优选为200-800ppmw。
本发明的燃油组合物另外可含有少量的清净剂添加剂，如油溶的脂肪族聚胺(US-A-3,649,229)，链烯基琥珀酰亚胺的聚胺(US-A-3,574,576)，聚异丁烯基苯酚的曼尼期碱(US-A-4160648)，聚氧亚烷基的氨基羧酸盐(US-A-4,247,301)，聚氧化亚烷基的聚胺(US-A-3,873,278)，羧酸的铵盐，聚氧亚烷基脂肪胺和氨基碳酸盐(US-A-5,248,315)。聚胺常含有一分子量为500-10,000，优选为600-1300，与氮相键连或与键连有胺基氮原子的亚烷基相键连的聚烯烃链。
典型的聚胺是通式(Ⅰ)代表的那些聚胺
H(R)N-R’-(NH-R’)x-N(R”)2    (Ⅰ)其中R为聚烯烃链，优选为分子量为600-1300的聚异丁烯链；R’为一碳原数为1-8，特别是3的亚烷基链；R”是氢或较低级的烷基，特别是甲基；x从0至5，优选为零。
本发明的燃油组合物，特别是汽油，更具体地说是无铅汽油，也可含有其它添加剂，如，苯酚类的添加剂，诸如2,6-二叔丁基苯酚，或苯二胺，如，N,N’-二仲丁基一对苯二胺，或抗爆添加剂，如在US-A-4,477,261和EP-A-151,621中描述的例子，及燃烧速度增强剂，如链烯基琥珀酰亚胺的碱土金属盐。
本发明的燃油组合物含有大含量用于内燃发动机的燃油。上述燃油的沸点为从汽油，如30℃至230℃的温度范围内，且基本上由饱和的烯烃和芳香烃组成。
这些烃馏分可从直馏汽油，从合成生产的芳香烃的混合物，进行过热或催化裂解的烃原料，进行过氢化裂解的石油馏分或进行过催化剂重整的烃中得到。
此烃类的辛烷值不是关键且通常高于65。燃油中也可有少量的醇，酮，醚和酯。很显然燃油中最好不要有水，因为水阻碍燃油的充分燃烧。
PIO可与其它添加剂一起加入到燃油中。一种很方便的方法包括先制取PIO与其它添加剂的浓缩物，然后将这种浓缩物以要求的数量加入以生产出所要求的最终浓度的添加剂。
本发明进一步涉及可很方便地加入到燃油中，含有本身能溶解于燃油的稀释剂及本发明的几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物组分的一种浓缩物；上述浓缩物必要时也可含有可溶于油中的一种聚胺和聚异丁烯，或其它的如上述描述的具有去污功能的添加剂。
这些浓缩物优选含有从20-80％wt的内聚烯烃，从1-30％wt的一种聚胺和从1-30％wt的稀释剂。
上述浓缩物的常用稀释剂是能够与燃油混溶的稀释剂，如烃类(如庚烷)，醇，或醚，诸如甲醇，乙醇，丙醇，2-丁氧基乙醇或甲基叔丁基醚。稀释最好是芳香烃如甲苯，二甲苯，相关的混合物或甲苯和二甲苯与一种醇的混合物。该浓缩物必要时也可含有一种脱雾剂，特别是一种乙氧基化酚醛树脂。如果使用，在浓缩物中可含有用量相当于稀释剂量的0.1-2％之间的脱雾剂。
参照下面的实施例将能更好地理解本发明。实施例1
使用Mix oil销售的Enichem Augusta Industriale生产的称为MX2106的一种市售产品。
上述的PIO由一种C15-C16内烯烃的组分齐聚化反应得到。
上述的MX2106具有下列特性：
15℃时密度：8.834Kg/l100℃时的粘度：5.8厘沲40℃时的粘度：31.5厘沲-30℃时的粘度：2750厘沲粘度指数：128倾点：-48℃Noack测试：8.4％wt实施例2
实施例1的MX2106产品在减压条件下(约1.5-1.6mmHg)，在一细膜蒸发器上进行分馏以得到两个馏分，一种头部馏分，具有低较粘度(100℃时约为4厘沲，被称为PIO4且不能用于本发明)和一个馏分在底部，具有较高的粘度(100℃时在7.0-8.5厘沲之间，被称为PIO8)。
表1A列出了分馏的条件且表1B列出了原料和从同一原料起始得到的头馏分和底部馏分的特性，但一种情况下(测试A)的分馏为约50％的馏出量，而另一种情况(测试B)的分馏为约40％的馏出量。在表1B中，粘度是在不同温度下测定的用厘沲表征的运动粘度，I.V.是粘度指数，NOACK是挥发性测定(方法CEC-L-40T87)。
                表1A
             (测试A)         (测试B)
         头馏分  底馏分    头馏分  底馏分温度(℃)     246     260       246     260压力.(mmHg)  1.6               1.5配比值(％w)  49.1    50.9      39.5    60.5
                      表1B
             测试A             测试B             原料
            头馏分  底馏分     头馏分    底馏分100℃时的粘度    4.9     7.914     4.188     7.225   5.77140℃时的粘度     20.28   51.08     19.58     44.4    31.29粘度指数         119     123       118       124     128-30℃时的粘度    1630    6500      1530      5100    2750NOACK(％w)       12.14   5.4       13.32     6.57    9.12
分馏A中的残液由42％的二聚体和58％的三聚体和更高级的齐聚物组成。马达法评估
表2列出了使用其中已加入实施例1的市售PIO6和实施例2的PIO8，确切的说是分馏A的残液的汽油进行马达法评估的结果。
表2的测试1列出了未加PIO的汽油的评估数据，测试2列出了其中已加入实施例2的PIO分馏残液A的汽油的评估数据，测试3列出了其中已加入市售聚异丁烯胺(添加剂A)的汽油的评估数据，重复测试4和5列出了其中已加入PIO8和添加剂A的混合物的汽油的评估数据，测试6为其中已加入实施例1的PIO6的汽油的评估数据。
                 表2添加剂    加入量          吸入阀沉淀物      (mg/阀)(类型)     mg/kd       1     2    3     4    平均值1)--        --       210   226  631   362     3572)PIO8      600      156   132  198   222     1773)A         370      106    50   22    94      684)A+PIO8  370+230     16    52    0     0      175)A+PIO8  370+230     14     3   10    16      116)A+PIO6  370+230     35   103   27    23      47
表2的数据显示出单独的PIO8减少了的阀沉淀物的量(测试2与测试1比较)
另外当PIO与常用的市售添加剂混合时显示出优良的去污性能(测试4与测试5与前面的测试比较)。
尽管在较小的程度上，馏分PIO6或细膜蒸发器上的在分馏相前的产物也显示出了这种效果。

Claims (7)

1．含有汽油和100至1200ppm(重量)的不饱和度低于10％的几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物的燃油组合物，其沸点在汽油30℃至230℃之间的温度范围内，基本上由饱和的，烯烃类和芳香族烃组成，上述几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物组分：
1)通过使含量大于90％wt含C13-C18的内烯烃的一种烃组分进行齐聚化反应和后续加氢化而得到，
2)不含碳原子数等于或低于13的烃类，
3)在100℃时粘度为5.0-12.0厘沲。
2．按照权利要求1的组合物，其中几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物从基本上为C15-C16的内烯烃组分的齐聚化反应及后续加氢化得到。
3．按照权利要求1的组合物，其中几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物在100℃时的粘度为7.3-8.4厘沲。
4．按照权利要求1的组合物，其特征在于该几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物在组合物中的含量为200-800ppmw。
5．按照权利要求1的组合物，其中含有清净剂选自于：
1)聚异丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺，
2)具有通式(Ⅰ)的油溶性脂肪族聚胺
H(R)N-R'-(NH-R')x-N(R”)2    (Ⅰ)
其中R为聚烯烃链，R’为具有1-8个碳原子的亚烷基链，R”为氢或一低级的烷基，x为0～5。
6．按照权利要求5的组合物，其中R为具有分子量600-1300的聚异丁烯链，R’为一具有3个碳原子的亚烷基链，R”是甲基，x为0。
7．适于加入到燃油中的浓缩物，其中含有1-30％(重量)的本身能溶于燃油中的稀释剂、20-80％(重量)的几乎全部饱和的烃齐聚物及1-30％(重量)必要时一种或多种清净剂，选自于：
1)聚异丁烯基琥珀酰亚胺，
2)具有通式(Ⅰ)的油溶性脂肪族聚胺
H(R)N-R’-(NH-R’)x-N(R”)2    (Ⅰ)
其中R为聚烯烃链，R’为一具有1-8个碳原子数的亚烷基链，R”为氢或一较低级的烷基，x为0-5。
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CN103562360B (zh) * 2011-05-30 2015-12-23 国际壳牌研究有限公司 液体燃料组合物

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CA2160434A1 (en) 1996-04-14
KR960014309A (ko) 1996-05-22
DK0707058T3 (da) 2000-01-10
RU2144058C1 (ru) 2000-01-10
AU3172495A (en) 1996-04-26
DE69511032D1 (de) 1999-09-02
EP0707058B1 (en) 1999-07-28
ES2134980T3 (es) 1999-10-16
BR9504380A (pt) 1997-05-27
AU685990B2 (en) 1998-01-29
SI0707058T1 (en) 1999-12-31
JPH08199177A (ja) 1996-08-06
MY132055A (en) 2007-09-28
EP0707058A1 (en) 1996-04-17
US5593463A (en) 1997-01-14
IT1270656B (it) 1997-05-07
GR3031081T3 (en) 1999-12-31
ITMI942089A0 (it) 1994-10-13
NZ280096A (en) 1996-08-27
ATE182611T1 (de) 1999-08-15
MX9504294A (es) 1997-01-31
SG42778A1 (en) 1997-10-17
ITMI942089A1 (it) 1996-04-13
DE69511032T2 (de) 2000-02-24
CN1129247A (zh) 1996-08-21

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