CN1083853A - 汽油组合物 - Google Patents

汽油组合物 Download PDF

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CN1083853A
CN1083853A CN93116837A CN93116837A CN1083853A CN 1083853 A CN1083853 A CN 1083853A CN 93116837 A CN93116837 A CN 93116837A CN 93116837 A CN93116837 A CN 93116837A CN 1083853 A CN1083853 A CN 1083853A
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gasoline
carboxylic acid
additive
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gasoline composition
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Ｃ·范斯
J·格拉哈姆
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Abstract

本发明提供对减少进气阀沉积物有效的，含一种 添加剂的汽油组合物和汽油添加剂浓缩物。该添加 剂的制法是，使至少一种胺与一种单烯属不饱和C4 —C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯基衍生物反应。在该 物料每个聚链烯基链中二元羧酸部分之比不大于 1.2∶1，聚链烯烃基链的数均分子量(Mn)为1600— 5000。

Description

本发明涉及一种用于内燃机的汽油组合物和一种汽油添加剂浓缩物。
众所周知，辛烷要求（OR），即无爆震运行所需的燃料辛烷值，在内燃机运行期间随着燃烧室中沉积物的聚集而逐渐增加。
已知有许多添加剂可加到烃类燃料中来设法防止或减少沉积物的形成或者洗掉或消除燃烧室里和邻近表面（诸如阀门，气门，火花塞）上形成的沉积物，以便降低辛烷要求。这类添加剂一般可包含一种通过酸基（例如二元羧酸基诸如琥珀酸基）结合到长链烃类聚合物（例如聚异丁烯）上的胺，多胺，链烷醇或多元醇。例如GB-A-960，493中公开了把四亚乙基五胺的聚烯烃取代琥珀酰亚胺添加到汽油组合物中来抑制内燃机进油装置里沉积物的形成。所公开的琥珀酰亚胺可用下列通式表示：
Figure 931168376_IMG1
式中R来自一种含2-5个碳原子的烯烃聚合物RH，该聚合物含30-200个碳原子。R基的分子量一般是400-3000，更好是900-1200，最好来自分子量为约1000的异丁烯聚合物。其实，最适当的实例四亚乙基五胺的聚烯烃取代琥珀酰亚胺中的聚烯烃是一种分子量为约1000的聚异丁烯。
US-A-3，443，918公开了主要部分是处于汽油沸程范围内的液体烃的燃料组合物，该组合物中含有足以抑制沉积物形成量的双或三多亚甲基多胺的单或双链烯基琥珀酰亚胺，其中琥珀酸酯部分的链烯基含有约50-250个碳原子（即分子量约700-3，500），聚异丁烯基的分子量较好是约700-3500，更好是800-3200，其中多胺的通式是：
式中R是含4-9个碳原子的多亚甲基，s是2-3，t是0-1，其和s+t＝3，最适当的琥珀酰亚胺化合物的实例是一种链烯基平均分子量为1000的聚异丁烯基的单链烯烃基琥珀酰亚胺。
DE-OLS-3，126，404公开了含具有洗净性能的氮成分的汽油组合物，制法是，在第一步中使至少一种不饱和酸酐，例如马来酐，与至少一种含至少10个，最好是20-200个碳原子（即分子量至少140，最好是280-2800）的烯烃反应，当至少20%和最多80%酸酐被作用后就使该反应停止，在第二步中使第一步所得的产物与一种下列通式的多胺反应：
Figure 931168376_IMG3
式中R′是含6-30个碳原子的一价脂族基，n是2-5的整数，m是1-10的整数。实施例中使用的最适当的烯烃是分子量920的聚异丁烯和分子量168的四聚丙烯。
上述GB-A-960，493，US-A-3，443，918和DE-OLS-3，126，404中都没有公开为实现每个聚烯烃链二元羧酸部分的任何具体比值所采取的任何措施。
EP-A-208，506公开了一种油质组合物，该组合物包含一种燃料或润滑油，一种油的添加剂的胺衍生物作为无灰分散剂，该分散剂包含一种能产生烃基取代C4-C10单不饱和二元羧酸的物料。该物料的制法是使分子量1500-5000的C2-C10单烯烃的烯烃聚合物（例如聚异丁烯;PIB）同C4-C10单不饱和酸物料（例如马来酐;MALA）反应，其中每分子该反应中所用的烯烃聚合物中含有平均1.05-1.25个产生二元羧酸的部分。EP-A-208，560的所有实施例1-11都专门描述润滑组合物的制备与试验。
对本行业的人显而易见的是，全部聚烯烃（例如PIB）与马来酐（MALA）完全反应实际上是做不到的，在该情况下实际形成的化学加合物中MALA/PIB之比会高于根据反应混合物中原有的总烯烃的计算值。例如，当采用80%聚烯烃形成产物（代表一种操作实际结果）时，根据原有的总烯烃反应物计算的MALA/PIB之比1.05-1.25实际上变成为产物分子比约1.3-1.5。
现已意想不到地发现，某些添加剂，当添加到汽油组合物中时在减少进油阀门沉积物方面是特别有效的。这类添加剂的制法是，使一种胺与具有特定组合的二元羧酸的聚链烯烃基衍生物反应。该特定组合是其聚链烯烃基部分的分子量（Mn）较高而每个聚链烯烃基链中的二元羧酸部分的比值较低。
因此，按照本发明提供的汽油组合物包含一种大量的汽油和一种小量的添加剂，该添加剂的制法是使至少一种胺与一种单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯基衍生物反应。在该物料每个聚链烯基链中二元羧酸部分之比不大于1.2∶1，聚链烯基链的数均分子量（Mn）为1600-5000。
本发明中使用的胺较好是C1-C30，更好是C1-C18，特别是C8-C12的胺，该胺含有1-8个氮原子。这类胺可以是支链的或无支链的，饱和脂族的，伯胺或仲胺，含有1-8个氮原子，最好是单胺或二胺，诸如乙胺，丁胺，仲丁胺，二乙胺和3-二甲胺基-1-丙胺，但包括高级多胺诸如亚烷基多胺，其中氮原子对是通过2-4个碳原子的亚烷基连接起来。这样，就包括式Ⅰ的多胺：
式中m是2-4，n是0-6。
这类多胺的实例包括二亚乙基三胺，三亚乙基四胺，四亚乙基五胺，五亚乙基六胺，六亚乙基七胺，三亚丙基四胺和相当的商用混合物诸如“Polyamine  H”，“Polyamine  400”和“Polyamine  S”。
单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯基衍生物是已知的化合物，其制法类似于已知方法。例如，这一衍生物的简便制法是使聚链烯烃与一种规定量的单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料混合并使氯气通过该混合物，如GB-A-949，981所述。该衍生物的另一种制法是使聚链烯烃在合适的温度下与一种规定量的二元羧酸物料加温反应，如GB-A-1，483，729所述。该衍生物特别好的制法是使聚链烯烃与二元羧酸物料按二元羧酸物料∶聚链烯烃的摩尔比大于1∶1，反应温度为150-260℃，并在有抑制加成聚合量的磺酸情况下反应。这一方法见EP-A-542，380。
合适的聚链烯烃可以是均聚物或者共聚物，例如至少一种C2-C10单烯烃的聚合物。该聚链烯烃最好是至少一种C2-C5单烯烃的聚合物，例如一种乙烯-丙烯共聚物。单烯烃最好是C3-C4烯烃，优选的聚链烯烃产物包括聚异丁烯和无规或等规立构丙烯低聚物。聚异丁烯诸如British Petroleum Co.商标“Ultravis”，“Hyvis”和“Napvis”的商品用于本发明是特别优选的，例如“Napvis 120”，“Hyvis 75”和“Hyvis 200”聚异丁烯。
可以使用几种结果接近相同的已知方法来测定聚链烯烃的数均分子量Mn。例如可用新式凝胶渗透色谱法（GPC）来测定Mn，可见W.W.Yau，J.J.Kirkland和D.D.Bly，“Modern  Size  ExclusionLiquid  Chromatography”，John  Wiley  and  Sons，New  York，1979;或用汽相渗透压测定法（VPO），或者用下文实施例中本行业的人容易理解的，以假设各低聚物链含一个双键为根据的与臭氧反应的定量法。
当采用旧式GPC法时，例如“Topics  in  Chemical  Instrumentation，Vol.XXIX，Gel  Permeation  Chromatography”by  Jack  Cazes，Published  in  The  Journal  of  Chemical  Education，Vol.43，No.7and8，（1966）所述的方法，尤其是US-A-4，234，435中所规定的方法，所得的Mn数值很可能高于上述各法所得的数值。例如，对于Mn超过2000的物料，用这类旧式GPC法所得的数值会比用上述各法所得数值高出10-17%。
用于本发明的聚链烯烃用上述各法测得的Mn是1600-5000，较好是至少1700，更好是至少1800，最好是至少1850;最高可达4，000，更好是3，500，合适是3，000，最好是2，500。
C4-C10二元羧酸物料（见例如US-A-4，086，251和US-A-4，235，786）可以是例如酸酐，例如C4-C6二元羧酸诸如马来酸，柠康酸（甲基马来酸），衣康酸（亚甲基丁二酸）和乙基马来酸的酐。C4-C10二元羧酸物料最好是马来酐。
当C1-C10二元羧酸物料是马来酐时，聚链烯基衍生物将是一种聚链烯烃基琥珀酸衍生物。
每个聚链烯烃链中二元羧酸部分的比值（当该二元羧酸物料是马来酐时叫做“琥珀酸化比（succination  ratio）”，r，可很容易由下式算出：
r = (Mn×AV)/(20×AM - AV×MDA)
式中：
Mn＝聚链烯烃的数均分子量
AV＝反应产物的酸值（meq/g）
AM＝反应产物的活性物（%W）
MDA＝二元羧酸物料的分子量（马来酐为98）
“活性物”是指实际的单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯烃基衍生物，由此可知未反应的聚链烯烃不属于活性物AM。
每个聚链烯烃链中二元羧酸部分的比值较好是1∶1-1.2∶1，更好是1∶1-1.15∶1。
用于本发明汽油组合物中的添加剂的制备方法是技术上已知的。例如，使至少一种胺简便地与单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯烃基衍生物反应。反应时聚链烯烃基衍生物/胺的摩尔比一般是1-4，最好是1.5-2.5。
该反应简便地在一种有机溶剂中进行。反应温度是100-250℃，较好是125-175℃，最好是160℃，反应时间是1-10小时。接着在同样温度下用氮气洗提约1-5小时。反应最好在没有氧的情况下进行，往往用氮气覆盖来达到这一效果。
合适的有机溶剂包括烃类诸如己烷，环己烷，甲苯，二甲苯和矿物油诸如Royal  Dutch/Shell  Group的子公司商标为“HVI”和“XHVI”的商品。
在本发明汽油组合物中添加剂的含量较好是10-1000ppmw，更好是50-500ppmw，特别是100-400ppmw，所有ppmw根据全部组合物计算。
名词“汽油”指的是一种处于汽油沸程25℃-232℃的液体烃燃料（基本燃料），它通常是含有饱和烃，烯烃和芳烃的混合物。该基本燃料的饱和烃含量最好是40-80%（体积），烯烃含量最好是0-30%（体积），芳烃含量最好是10-60%（体积）。该基本燃料可来自直馏汽油，聚合汽油，天然汽油，二聚或三聚烯烃，来自热重整或催化重整烃类的人造芳烃混合物，或来自催化裂化或热裂化石油原料的人造芳烃混合物，或者它们的混合物。基本燃料的烃组成和辛烷值要求并不严格。辛烷值，（R+M）/2，通常高于85。任何常规的汽车基本燃料都可用于本发明的实施。例如，在汽油中，烃类可被直到相当大量的通常已知用于燃料的醇，醚，酮或酯所替代。当然，该基本燃料最好基本上不含水，因为水会妨碍平稳燃烧。
本发明的汽油组合物也可以含有其它添加组分或添加剂。例如，可含有一种铅的化合物作为抗爆剂，从而本发明的汽油组合物既包括含铅汽油也包括无铅汽油。该汽油组合物也可以含有抗氧化剂诸如酚类化合物，如2，6-二叔丁基苯酚或苯二胺，如N，N′-二仲丁基对苯二胺;染料;金属减活化剂;减混浊剂诸如聚酯型乙氧基化烷基酚-甲醛树脂;缓蚀剂，诸如琥珀酸衍生物的多元醇酯，该衍生物的至少一个α碳原子上有一个含20-500个碳原子的未取代或取代的脂肪族烃基，例如聚异丁烯取代琥珀酸的季戊四醇二酯，该聚异丁烯的数均分子量为950;除铅的化合物以外的抗爆剂诸如甲基环戊二烯基-锰三羰基或邻叠氮基酚;抗爆助剂诸如苯甲酰丙酮;或者运载液诸如一种聚醚如C12-C15烷基取代丙二醇（“SAP949”，Royal Dutch/Shell Group的子公司产），“HVI”或“XHVI”基础油，或来自C2-C6单体的聚烯烃，例如含20-175，特别是35-150个碳原子的聚异丁烯。
添加剂既可分别加到汽油中也可与其它附加剂掺混，然后一起加到汽油中。向汽油中加添加剂的一种优选方法是首先制备添加剂的浓缩液然后按计算要求的量把浓缩液加到汽油中。
因此本发明还提供一种含有与汽油相溶性的稀释剂和添加剂的汽油添加剂浓缩液。该添加剂的浓度根据稀释剂计算为20-50%（重量）。该添加剂的制法是使至少一种胺与一种单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯基衍生物反应，其中每个聚链烯基链中二元羧酸部分之比不大于1.2∶1，聚链烯烃基链的数均分子量（Mn）为1600-5000。
合适的与汽油相溶性的稀释剂是烃类和烃与醇或醚（诸如甲醇，乙醇，丙醇，2-丁氧基乙醇或甲基叔丁基醚）的混合物。该稀释剂最好是一种芳烃溶剂诸如甲苯，二甲苯，它们的混合物或者甲苯或二甲苯与一种醇的混合物。
从下列各说明性的实施例中将会进一步熟悉本发明。在各实施例中所用的聚异丁烯的数均分子量，除非另有说明，是用一种本行业的人容易理解的，以每个低聚物链含一个双键的假定为根据通过与臭氧的定量反应法来测定的。
在氧化铝柱上（用乙醚作洗脱液）把非活性物料同所需要的活性物分离开来的方法来测定活性物含量。按照ASTM  D664来测定酸值。
实施例1
（ⅰ）马来酐的聚异丁烯基衍生物的制备
如GB-A-949，981中所述，使数均分子量（Mn）为1890的“Hyvis75”（商标）聚异丁烯（PIB）与马来酐反应，生成的PIB-MALA反应产物的活性物含量为73.0%（重量），酸值为0.84毫克当量/克（meq/g）。此分析数据表明琥珀酸化比为1.15mol  MALA/mol  PIB。
（ⅱ）PIB-MALA和多胺的反应产物的制备
使上面（ⅰ）中所得的PIB-MALA反应产物与多胺，四亚乙基五胺（TEPA）按常规方式反应。例如，把TEPA在160℃下经1.5小时期间添加到PIB-MALA中（摩尔比PIB-MALA/TEPA  1.5），使反应器内容物在该温度下再保持一小时，然后用氮气洗提以除去全部反应水，生成想要的最终产物（琥珀酰亚胺）。添加到PIB-MALA中的TEPA的量是每公斤PIB-MALA  52.9gTEPA。这个添加量是从下式推导出来的：
I0＝ (Ma)/2 × (AO)/(CR)
式中
I0＝每公斤PIB-MALA中添加的多胺克数
Ma＝多胺的分子量（TEPA为189）
Ao＝PIB-MALA的酸值
CR＝PIB-MALA/多胺摩尔比
实施例2-4和对照实施例A-D
如同实施例1那样进行实施例2-4和对照实施例A-D，同时改变所用反应物的数量和品种，只是在实施例2中，步骤（ⅰ）按照类似于EP-A-542，380的实施例1-8的方式进行，在实施例4和对照实施例A和B中，步骤（ⅰ）按照GB-A-1，483，729的说明进行。下面表I中指出所用的多胺，CR值，实施例2-4和对照实施例A-D中所用的聚异丁烯的品种与Mn，以及在这些实施例中制得的中间体PIB-MALA反应产物的活性物含量，酸值和琥珀酸化比。表中使用了下列略语：
TETA：三亚乙基四胺
TEPA：四亚乙基五胺
多胺S：四亚乙基五胺，五亚乙基六胺和六亚乙基七胺的混合物（摩尔比1∶2∶1）。
表Ⅰ
Figure 931168376_IMG4
＊对照实施例A和对照实施例B是当PIB的Mn超出1600-5000范围时的对照实施例。
＊＊对照实施例C和对照实施例D是当琥珀酸化比超出1.2时的对照实施例。
实施例5
实施例1-3和对照实施例A-D中制得的每个最终产物（琥珀酰亚胺）都用来试验（Volkswagen（VW）Polo  Road  Test）进油阀门洁净效能。该试验使用含80ppmw活性琥珀酰亚胺（根据全部组合物计算）以及下列物质作运载流体的无铅汽油。
（ⅰ）200ppmw“HVI”基油，这是一种1∶1的“HVI 60”基油和“HVI 160”基油的混合物。前者是一种光亮透明高粘度指数基油，在100℃的粘度为4.4-4.9mm2/s（ASTM D445），闪点204℃（ASTM D93），倾点-15--18℃（ASTM D97）;后者是一种光亮透明高粘度指数基油，在100℃的粘度为10.7-11.8mm2/s（ASTM D445），闪点228℃（ASTM D93），倾点-9℃（ASTM D97）;或者
（ⅱ）250ppmw聚氧丙二醇半醚（单醚），它采用C12-C15醇的混合物作引发剂制得，其Mn为1200-1500，运动粘度72-82mm2/s（40℃，ASTM D445），Royal Dutch/Shell Group的子公司出售，商品牌号“SAP 949”。
在这一试验中，一台装有1043cc汽缸工作容量的汽化器发动机和安装着固定在顶部的小挡风板以提高风阻力从而提高汽车荷载的标准VW汽车用该试验汽油组合物运行5000km。在试验开始前，从汽缸盖，进气歧管，活塞顶和燃烧室除去沉积物，并称量和安装新的进油阀门。更换油料和滤器并安装新的火花塞。使用一种37分钟的试验循环。该循环包括以第4档在4500rpm（65mph或104.6km/h）下驾驶该汽车30分钟，然后使汽车空转7分钟。在休止期之前，一天内进行12个全循环，这一操作在接连几天重复达总数为8天（见下面表Ⅱ）。
试验持续时间＝60小时
试验循环数＝96
试验距离＝5000km
在试验末尾，取出进油阀门并称重。下面的表Ⅲ和Ⅳ表明每个试验组合物的4个进油阀门沉积物重量的平均值。
表Ⅱ  VW  Polo  Road试验
Figure 931168376_IMG6
表Ⅳ
含200ppmw“HVI”基油和80ppmw琥珀酰亚胺的汽油组合物 MnPIB 琥珀酸化比（no.mol MALA/mol PIB) 平均进油阀沉积物重量（mg)
实施例1对比实施例D实施例3对比实施例C 1890189018901890 1.151.751.151.75 184685173626
从上列表Ⅲ和Ⅳ的试验结果可清楚地看出，本发明的汽油组合物所产生的沉积物大大少于对照的汽油组合物所产生的沉积物，因此证明大大改善了发动机有关的性能。
实施例6
在本实施例中，用实施例5中所述的Volks-wagen（VW）polo  Road  Test来试验一种无铅汽油，该汽油含有根据全部组合物计算的300ppmw  40%w/w实施例4最终产物（琥珀酰亚胺）的二甲苯溶液（120ppmw活性物），和300ppmw“SAP  949”半醚作运载液。所得结果见下面表Ⅴ。
表Ⅴ
Figure 931168376_IMG7
表Ⅴ中的试验结果证明，含有实施例4琥珀酰亚胺的汽油组合物的优良发动机性能出现在按照本发明的组合物。

Claims (10)

1、一种汽油组合物，该组合物包含一种大量的汽油和一种小量的添加剂，该添加剂的制法是使至少一种胺与一种单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯基衍生物反应，其中每个聚链烯基链中二元羧酸部分之比不大于1.2∶1，聚链烯基链的数均分子量(Mn)为1600-5000。
2、按照权利要求1的汽油组合物，其中每个聚链烯基链中二元羧酸部分之比为1∶1-1.15∶1。
3、按照权利要求1或权利要求2的汽油组合物，其中该聚链烯烃基链的Mn为1700-3500。
4、按照权利要求1-3任何一项的汽油组合物，其中该聚链烯烃基链的Mn为1800-2500。
5、按照权利要求1-4任何一项的汽油组合物，其中该聚链烯烃基链来自至少一种C2-C5单烯烃的聚合物。
6、按照权利要求5的汽油组合物，其中该单烯烃是异丁烯。
7、按照前面权利要求任何一项的汽油组合物，其中该胺是一种通式Ⅰ的化合物：
式中m为2-4，n为0-6。
8、按照前面权利要求任何一项的汽油组合物，其中添加剂的含量是根据全部组合物计算的10-1000ppmw。
9、按照前面权利要求任何一项的汽油组合物，其中添加剂的用量是根据全部组合物计算的50-500ppmw。
10、一种汽油添加剂浓缩液，该浓缩液包含与汽油相溶性的稀释剂和根据稀释剂计算的20-50%（重量）的添加剂，该添加剂的制法是使至少一种胺与一种单烯属不饱和C4-C10二元羧酸物料的聚链烯基衍生物反应，其中每个聚链烯烃链中二元羧酸部分之比不大于1.2∶1，聚链烯烃基链的Mn为1600-5000。
CN93116837A 1992-09-11 1993-09-09 汽油组合物 Expired - Fee Related CN1042345C (zh)

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