CN104220441B - 烯二炔化合物、其缀合物及其用途和方法 - Google Patents
烯二炔化合物、其缀合物及其用途和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104220441B CN104220441B CN201380019853.3A CN201380019853A CN104220441B CN 104220441 B CN104220441 B CN 104220441B CN 201380019853 A CN201380019853 A CN 201380019853A CN 104220441 B CN104220441 B CN 104220441B
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Abstract
具有根据式(I)的结构的烯二炔化合物(其中R0、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6和R7在本文中定义)可用于化学治疗药(尤其用于缀合物),用以治疗诸如癌症等疾病。
Description
发明技术领域
本发明涉及烯二炔化合物及其缀合物、用于制备和使用这类化合物和缀合物的方法、以及包含这类化合物和缀合物的组合物。
发明背景
烯二炔类为这样的抗生素家族,其具有独特的张力(strained)的九或十元环系统,所述环系统包含一个Z-碳-碳双键和两个碳-碳三键,通常排列成后两者位于前者侧翼。所述烯二炔为有效的DNA破坏者,引起单链和双链断裂。其效力归因于其能够结合DNA并经历Bergmann重排,其中将所述张力环系统转化成高活性的1,4-苯环型双自由基,所述1,4-苯环型双自由基通过从DNA中夺取氢而破坏DNA。
uncialamycin为分离自在地衣寸石蕊(Cladonia uncialis)上发现的链霉菌属(Streptomyces)菌株的烯二炔(Davies等,2005;2007)。(在后文标题为“参考文献”的部分提供以第一冠名作者或发明人和年份引用到本说明书中的用于参考的完整引文。)
uncialamycin的结构已通过全合成确认(Nicolaou等,2007a;2007b)。在合成过程中,注意到非天然26(S)差向异构体与天然26(R)差向异构体几乎一样有效——即C27甲基的立体化学对生物活性有较小影响。两种差向异构体均对数种卵巢肿瘤细胞系有效。IC50值范围为9 x 10-12-1 x 10-10,其取决于差向异构体以及细胞系或亚系(Nicolaou等,2008)。
缀合物为用于递送抗癌药的重要方法,所述抗癌药常常为高细胞毒性的,并且因全身毒性的风险所致,其给予可能会带来其它问题。在缀合物中,药物与特异性或优选结合癌细胞所特有的化学实体的靶向部分缀合(共价连接),从而以高特异性将所述药物递送至癌细胞。此外,所述药物在通常通过裂解共价接头将其从缀合物中释放之前,一直保持无活性形式。
通常,所述靶向部分为抗体或其抗原结合部分,其抗原为癌细胞过表达的或独特表达的(“肿瘤相关的抗原”)。在所述情况下,所得的缀合物有时称为“免疫缀合物”或“抗体-药物缀合物”(ADC)。优选所述肿瘤相关的抗原位于癌细胞的表面,但亦可以是分泌到邻近胞外间隙中的抗原。结合之后,抗原-缀合物复合体被内化并最终在诸如溶酶体等囊泡体中找到其出路,共价接头在囊泡体中裂解,释放活性药物以发挥其化学治疗作用。
有利的是,对所述共价接头进行设计以使裂解由普遍存在于癌细胞内而非血浆内的因子引起。一种所述因子为低溶酶体pH,因此所述共价接头可以是诸如腙等酸敏感基团。另一种所述因子为谷胱甘肽的通常较高的胞内浓度,这允许通过二硫化物交换机制使二硫化物共价接头裂解。再另一种所述因子为诸如组织蛋白酶B等溶酶体酶的存在,溶酶体酶可使设计成优选底物的肽接头裂解(Dubowchik等,2002)。
缀合物已在肿瘤学中用于递送烯二炔药物。吉姆单抗奥佐米星(Mylotarg®)为抗-CD33单克隆抗体与烯二炔刺孢霉素的衍生物的缀合物。其被获准用于治疗急性骨髓性白血病,但随后退出市场。数种其它烯二炔药物(尤其是缀合形式的),已经是开发工作的主题。对于综述,参见Shao 2008。
发明概述
本发明提供基于uncialamycin支架的化合物,不论以其本身还是以缀合物使用,其均为具有作为化学治疗药的效用的有效细胞毒素。在一方面,提供具有式(I)所示结构的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中
R0为NHR1a、NHC(=O)OR1b、NHC(=O)NHR1b、OC(=O)NHR1b、(CH2)1-4NHR1a、F、Cl、Br、OR1a或SR1b;
R1a为H、C1-C6烷基、(CH2)nNH2、C(=O)(CH2)nNH2、C(=O)CHR8NH2或C(=O)R9NH2;
R1b为H、C1-C6烷基、(CH2)nNH2、或;
R2为H、R10、C(=O)R10或C(=O)OR10;
R3为H或者未取代或取代的C1-C6烷基;
R4为OH、SH、NH2、OR10、SR10、NHR10、N(R10)2、NHC(=O)OR10、OC(=O)NHR1b、OC(=O)R10、SC(=O)R10或NHC(=O)R10;
R5为OH、SH、NH2、OR10、SR10、NHR10、N(R10)2、NHC(=O)OR10、OC(=O)NHR1b、OC(=O)R10、SC(=O)R10或NHC(=O)R10;
R6为H或者未取代或取代的C1-C6烷基;或者R5和R6组合形成=O;
R7为OH、SH、NH2、OR10、SR10、NHR10、N(R10)2、NHC(=O)OR10、OC(=O)NHR1b、OC(=O)R10、SC(=O)R10或NHC(=O)R10;
R8为α-氨基酸的侧链残基,所述α-氨基酸选自丙氨酸、精氨酸、天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、γ-羧基谷氨酸、瓜氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸、正亮氨酸、正缬氨酸、鸟氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸;
R9为未取代或取代的亚芳基、未取代或取代的亚杂芳基、未取代或取代的烷基亚芳基、未取代或取代的亚环烷基或者未取代或取代的亚杂环烷基;
各R10独立地为未取代或取代的C1-C6烷基、未取代或取代的环烷基、未取代或取代的杂环烷基、未取代或取代的芳基烷基、未取代或取代的芳基;或者未取代或取代的杂芳基;和
n为2、3、4、5或6。
优选在式(I)中,R0为NHR1a。
基团NHR1a可与第6、7、8或9位上的任何碳原子连接(对于碳原子编号,参见上文uncialamycin的结构式)。因此,式(I)的结构可通过式(I’)等同地描述
其中R11基团之一为R0而剩下的R11基团各自为H以及R0、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6和R7如上对式(I)所定义。
uncialamycin为用于缀合物中药物组分的潜在候选者,但其缺乏这样的官能团,所述官能团可容易地用作与不损害生物活性的靶向部分缀合的位点。我们已发现可将R0基团引入蒽醌部分中最左边的芳环(如在式(I)中所示),而没有不可接受的生物活性损失,并且进一步地,所述R0基团为用于缀合的通用位点。因此,在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供这样的缀合物,其包含与靶向部分共价连接的根据式(I)的化合物,所述靶向部分特异性或优选结合靶细胞上的化学实体,所述靶细胞优选为癌细胞。优选所述靶向部分为抗体(更优选单克隆抗体以及甚至更优选人单克隆抗体),并且所述化学实体为肿瘤相关的抗原。
在另一个实施方案中,提供物质的组合物,所述组合物包含本发明的化合物和具有活性官能团的接头部分,其适于与靶向部分缀合。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供用于抑制受癌症所累的受试者中的癌细胞增殖的方法,所述方法包括给予所述受试者治疗上有效量的本发明的化合物或具有靶向部分(特别是抗体)的其缀合物。所述癌细胞可以是白血病、肾癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌或前列腺癌细胞。
在另一个实施方案中,提供在受所述癌症所累的受试者中治疗癌症的方法,所述方法包括给予所述受试者治疗上有效量的本发明的化合物或具有靶向部分(特别是抗体)的其缀合物。在另一个实施方案中,提供本发明的化合物或具有靶向部分(特别是抗体)的其缀合物用于制备供在受所述癌症所累的受试者中治疗癌症的药剂的用途。所述癌症可以是白血病、肾癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌或前列腺癌。
附图简述
图1-6显示用于合成本发明的化合物的方案。
图7-10显示在用于缀合的制备中,用于使接头和活性官能团与本发明的化合物连接的反应方案。
图11a-11b显示本发明的化合物与所选参照化合物相比的抗增殖活性的曲线。
图12a-12b显示本发明的另外的化合物与所选参照化合物相比的抗增殖活性的曲线。
图13a、13b和13c显示由本发明的化合物制备的抗体-药物缀合物的抗增殖活性的曲线。
发明详述
定义
“抗体”意指完整抗体及其任何抗原结合片段(即“抗原结合部分”)或单链变体。完整抗体为包含通过二硫键相互连接的至少两条重(H)链和两条轻(L)链的蛋白质。各重链包含重链可变区(VH)以及包含三个结构域CH1、CH2和CH3的重链恒定区。各轻链包含轻链可变区(VL或Vk)以及包含单一结构域CL的轻链恒定区。VH和VL区可进一步细分为具有高变性的区,称为互补决定区(CDR),穿插有更保守的框架区(FR)。各VH和VL包含3个CDR和4个FR,以下列顺序从氨基端至羧基端排列:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3和FR4。所述可变区含有与抗原相互作用的结合域。所述恒定区可介导抗体与宿主组织或因子(包括免疫系统的各种细胞(例如效应细胞)和典型补体系统的第一组分(Clq))的结合。抗体被称为与抗原X “特异性结合”,如果所述抗体以5 x 10-8 M或更小、更优选1 x 10-8 M或更小、更优选6 x 10-9 M或更小、更优选3 x 10-9 M或更小、甚至更优选2 x 10-9 M或更小的KD与抗原X结合。所述抗体可以是嵌合的、人源化的或者优选为人的。可将所述重链恒定区工程改造以影响糖基化类型或程度,延长抗体半寿期、增强或减少与效应细胞或补体系统的相互作用或者调节另一些特性。所述工程改造可通过取代、添加或缺失一个或多个氨基酸或者通过将结构域替换成来自另一种免疫球蛋白类型的结构域、或者前述的组合来完成。
抗体的“抗原结合片段”和“抗原结合部分”(或者简称“抗体部分”或“抗体片段”)意指保留特异性结合抗原的能力的抗体的一个或多个片段。已显示的是,抗体的抗原结合功能可通过全长抗体的片段进行,例如(i) Fab片段,由VL、VH、CL和CH1结构域组成的一价片段;(ii) F(ab’)2片段,包含通过铰链区的二硫桥连接的2个Fab片段的二价片段;(iii)Fab’片段,其本质上为具有部分铰链区的Fab (参见例如Abbas等,细胞和分子免疫学(Cellular and Molecular Immunology),第6版,Saunders Elsevier 2007);(iv)由VH和CH1结构域组成的Fd片段;(v)由抗体单臂的VL和VH结构域组成的Fv片段;(vi) dAb片段(Ward等,(1989) Nature 341:544-546),其由VH结构域组成;(vii)分离的互补(complementtarity)决定区(CDR);和(viii)纳米抗体,含有单个可变域和两个恒定域的重链可变区。此外,尽管Fv片段的两个结构域VL和VH通过单独的基因编码,但可使用重组法通过合成接头将其连接,所述合成接头使其能够制备成其中VL和VH区配对形成一价分子的蛋白质单链(称为单链Fv或scFv);参见例如Bird等,(1988) Science 242:423-426;和Huston等,(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883)。所述单链抗体亦包含在术语抗体的“抗原结合部分”之中。
“分离的抗体”意指这样的抗体,其基本上不含具有不同抗原特异性的其它抗体(例如特异性结合抗原X的分离的抗体基本上不含特异性结合除抗原X之外的抗原的抗体)。然而,特异性结合抗原X的分离的抗体可能具有与其它抗原(例如来自其它物种的抗原X分子)的交叉反应性。在某些实施方案中,分离的抗体特异地结合人抗原X且不会与其它(非人的)抗原X抗原交叉反应。此外,分离的抗体可基本上不含其它细胞物质和/或化学物质。
“单克隆抗体”或“单克隆抗体组合物”意指单一分子组成的抗体分子的制品,其显示对特定表位的单一结合特异性和亲和力。
“人抗体”意指具有这样的可变区的抗体,其中框架区和CDR区二者(以及恒定区,如果存在)均来源于人种系免疫球蛋白序列。人抗体可包含后续修饰,包括天然或合成的修饰。人抗体可包含并非由人种系免疫球蛋白序列编码的氨基酸残基(例如通过体外随机或定点诱变或通过体内体细胞突变引入的突变)。然而,“人抗体”不包括其中来源于另一种哺乳动物物种(例如小鼠)的种系的CDR序列已经移植到人框架序列上的抗体。
“人单克隆抗体”意指表现出单一结合特异性的抗体,其具有其中框架区和CDR区二者均来源于人种系免疫球蛋白序列的可变区。在一个实施方案中,人单克隆抗体通过杂交瘤产生,所述杂交瘤包含与无限增殖化细胞融合的获自具有这样的基因组的转基因非人动物(例如转基因小鼠)的B细胞,所述基因组包含人重链转基因和轻链转基因。
“脂肪族的”意指具有规定数量碳原子(例如在“C3脂肪族的”、“C1-C5脂肪族的”或“C1至C5脂肪族的”中,对于具有1-5个碳原子的脂肪族部分,后两个短语为同义的)或者当碳原子的数量未明确规定时具有1-4个碳原子(在不饱和脂肪族部分的情况下为2-4个碳)的直链或支链的饱和或不饱和的非芳族烃部分。
“烷基”意指饱和的脂肪族部分,对于指定适用的碳原子的数量具有相同的惯例。举例而言,C1-C4烷基部分包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、异丁基、叔丁基、1-丁基、2-丁基等。“亚烷基”意指烷基的二价对应物,例如CH2CH2、CH2CH2CH2和CH2CH2CH2CH2。
“烯基”意指具有至少一个碳-碳双键的脂肪族部分,对于指定适用的碳原子的数量具有相同的惯例。举例而言,C2-C4烯基部分包括但不限于乙烯基(vinyl)、2-丙烯基(烯丙基或丙-2-烯基)、顺-1-丙烯基、反-1-丙烯基、E- (或Z-) 2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、1,3-丁二烯基(丁-1,3-二烯基)等。
“炔基”意指具有至少一个碳-碳三键的脂肪族部分,对于指定适用的碳原子的数量具有相同的惯例。举例而言,C2-C4炔基部分包括乙炔基(乙基炔基)、炔丙基(丙-2-炔基)、1-丙炔基、丁-2-炔基等。
“脂环族的”意指具有1-3个环的饱和或不饱和的非芳族烃部分,各环具有3-8个(优选3-6个)碳原子。“环烷基”意指其中各环为饱和的脂环族部分。“环烯基”意指其中至少一个环具有至少一个碳-碳双键的脂环族部分。“环炔基”意指其中至少一个环具有至少一个碳-碳三键的脂环族部分。举例而言,脂环族部分包括但不限于环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环戊烯基、环己基、环己烯基、环庚基、环辛基和金刚烷基。优选的脂环族部分为环烷基,特别是环丙基、环丁基、环戊基和环己基。“亚环烷基”意指环烷基的二价对应物。
“杂脂环族的”意指这样的脂环族部分,其中在其至少一个环中,至多3个(优选1-2个)碳被独立选自N、O或S的杂原子取代,其中可任选将N和S氧化以及可任选将N季铵化。类似地,“杂环烷基”、“杂环烯基”和“杂环炔基”分别意指其中其至少一个环经如此修饰的环烷基、环烯基或环炔基部分。示例性的杂脂环族部分包括氮杂环丙烷基、氮杂环丁烷基、1,3-二氧杂环己烷基、氧杂环丁烷基、四氢呋喃基、吡咯烷基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、四氢吡喃基、四氢噻喃基、四氢噻喃基砜、吗啉基、硫代吗啉基、硫代吗啉基亚砜、硫代吗啉基砜、1,3-二氧杂环戊烷基、四氢-1,1-二氧杂噻吩基、1,4-二氧杂环己烷基、硫杂环丁烷基(thietanyl)等。“亚杂环烷基”意指杂环烷基的二价对应物。
“烷氧基”、“芳氧基”、“烷基硫代”和“芳基硫代”分别意指-O(烷基)、-O(芳基)、-S(烷基)和-S(芳基)。实例分别为甲氧基、苯氧基、甲硫基和苯硫基。
“卤素”或“卤代”意指氟、氯、溴或碘。
“芳基”意指具有单、双或三环系统的烃部分,其中各环具有3-7个碳原子并且至少一个环为芳族的。所述环系统的环可彼此稠合(如在萘基中)或者彼此键合(如在二苯基中)并且可与非芳环稠合或键合(如在茚满基或环己基苯基中)。进一步举例而言,芳基部分包括但不限于苯基、萘基、四氢萘基、茚满基、二苯基、菲基、蒽基和苊基。“亚芳基”意指芳基的二价对应物,例如1,2-亚苯基、1,3-亚苯基或1,4-亚苯基。
“杂芳基”意指具有单、双或三环系统的部分,其中各环具有3-7个碳原子并且至少一个环为含有独立选自N、O或S的1-4个杂原子的芳环,其中可任选将N和S氧化以及可任选将N季铵化。这类含有至少一个杂原子的芳环可与其它类型的环稠合(例如在苯并呋喃基或四氢异喹啉基中)或者与其它类型的环直接键合(例如在苯基吡啶基或2-环戊基吡啶基中)。进一步举例而言,杂芳基部分包括吡咯基、呋喃基、噻吩基、咪唑基、吡唑基、噁唑基、异噁唑基、噻唑基、异噻唑基、三唑基、四唑基、吡啶基、N-氧吡啶基、哒嗪基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、喹啉基、异喹啉基(isoquinolynyl)、喹唑啉基、噌啉基、喹喔啉基(quinozalinyl)、萘啶基(naphthyridinyl)、苯并呋喃基、吲哚基、苯并噻吩基、氧杂二唑基、噻二唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并三唑基、二苯并呋喃基、咔唑基、二苯并噻吩基、吖啶基等。“亚杂芳基”意指芳基的二价对应物。
当指出部分可被取代时,例如通过使用“未取代或取代的”或者“任选取代的”短语(如在“未取代或取代的C1-C5烷基”或“任选取代的杂芳基”中)指出,这类部分可具有一个或多个独立选择的取代基,优选数量为1-5个,更优选数量为1或2个。取代基和取代模式可通过本领域普通技术人员考虑所述取代基要连接的部分来选择,以提供化学上稳定并且可通过本领域已知的技术以及本文所述的方法合成的化合物。
“芳基烷基”、“(杂脂环族)烷基”、“芳基烯基”、“芳基炔基”、“联芳基烷基”等意指经芳基、杂脂环族、联芳基等部分(视情况而定)取代的烷基、烯基或炔基部分(视情况而定),其在烷基、烯基或炔基部分具有开放的(未满足的)化合价,例如在苄基、苯乙基、N-咪唑基乙基、N-吗啉代乙基等中。相反地,“烷基芳基”、“烯基环烷基”等意指经烷基、烯基等部分(视情况而定)取代的芳基、环烷基等部分(视情况而定),例如在甲基苯基(甲苯基)或烯丙基环己基中。“羟基烷基”、“卤代烷基”、“烷基芳基”、“氰基芳基”等意指经一个或多个确定的取代基(羟基、卤素等,视情况而定)取代的烷基、芳基等部分(视情况而定)。
举例而言,可允许的取代基包括但不限于烷基(特别是甲基或乙基)、烯基(特别是烯丙基)、炔基、芳基、杂芳基、脂环族的、杂脂环族的、卤素(特别是氟代)、卤代烷基(特别是三氟甲基)、羟基、羟基烷基(特别是羟乙基)、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羟基烷基)、-O(卤代烷基) (特别是-OCF3)、-O(环烷基)、-O(杂环烷基)、-O(芳基)、烷基硫代、芳基硫代、=O、=NH、=N(烷基)、=NOH、=NO(烷基)、-C(=O)(烷基)、-C(=O)H、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、叠氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NH(羟基烷基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NHC(=NH)NH2、-OSO2(烷基)、-SH、-S(烷基)、-S(芳基)、-S(环烷基)、-S(=O)烷基、-SO2(烷基)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NH(烷基)、-SO2N(烷基)2等。
当被取代的部分为脂肪族部分时,优选的取代基为芳基、杂芳基、脂环族的、杂脂环族的、卤素、羟基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羟基烷基)、-O(卤代烷基)、-O(环烷基)、-O(杂环烷基)、-O(芳基)、烷基硫代、芳基硫代、=O、=NH、=N(烷基)、=NOH、=NO(烷基)、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、叠氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NH(羟基烷基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NHC(=NH)NH2、-OSO2(烷基)、-SH、-S(烷基)、-S(芳基)、-S(=O)烷基、-S(环烷基)、-SO2(烷基)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NH(烷基)和-SO2N(烷基)2。更优选的取代基为卤素、羟基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(芳基)、=O、=NOH、=NO(烷基)、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、叠氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2和-NHC(=NH)NH2。特别优选的为苯基、氰基、卤素、羟基、硝基、C1-C4烷氧基、O(C2-C4亚烷基)OH和O(C2-C4亚烷基)卤素。
当被取代的部分为脂环族的、杂脂环族的、芳基或杂芳基部分时,优选的取代基为烷基、烯基、炔基、卤素、卤代烷基、羟基、羟基烷基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羟基烷基)、-O(卤代烷基)、-O(芳基)、-O(环烷基)、-O(杂环烷基)、烷基硫代、芳基硫代、-C(=O)(烷基)、-C(=O)H、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、叠氮基、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NH(羟基烷基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NHC(=NH)NH2、-OSO2(烷基)、-SH、-S(烷基)、-S(芳基)、-S(环烷基)、-S(=O)烷基、-SO2(烷基)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NH(烷基)和-SO2N(烷基)2。更优选的取代基为烷基、烯基、卤素、卤代烷基、羟基、羟基烷基、氰基、硝基、烷氧基、-O(羟基烷基)、-C(=O)(烷基)、-C(=O)H、-CO2H、-C(=O)NHOH、-C(=O)O(烷基)、-C(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-C(=O)NH2、-C(=O)NH(烷基)、-C(=O)N(烷基)2、-OC(=O)(烷基)、-OC(=O)(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)O(烷基)、-OC(=O)O(羟基烷基)、-OC(=O)NH2、-OC(=O)NH(烷基)、-OC(=O)N(烷基)2、-NH2、-NH(烷基)、-N(烷基)2、-NH(芳基)、-NHC(=O)(烷基)、-NHC(=O)H、-NHC(=O)NH2、-NHC(=O)NH(烷基)、-NHC(=O)N(烷基)2和-NHC(=NH)NH2。特别优选的为C1-C4烷基、氰基、硝基、卤素和C1-C4烷氧基。
当规定范围时,如在“C1-C5烷基”或“5-10%”中,这类范围包括所述范围的端点,如在第一种情况下包括C1和C5,以及在第二种情况下包括5%和10%。
除非明确指出具体的立体异构体(例如在结构式的相关立构中心通过加粗或虚线的键指出,通过在结构式中将双键描述为具有E或Z构型而指出,或者通过使用立体化学指定的命名法指出),否则作为纯的化合物及其混合物的所有立体异构体均包含在本发明的范围内。除非另外指出,否则独立的对映体、非对映体、几何异构体及其组合和混合物,均包含于本发明之中。
本领域技术人员将理解的是,化合物可具有互变异构形式(例如酮式和烯醇式)、共振形式和两性离子形式,所述形式等同于以本文所用的结构式描述的形式,并且所述结构式包含这类互变异构、共振或两性离子形式。
“药学上可接受的酯”意指在体内(例如在人体内)水解产生母体化合物或其盐或者本身具有类似于母体化合物的活性的酯。合适的酯包括C1-C5烷基、C2-C5烯基或C2-C5炔基酯,特别是甲基、乙基或正丙基酯。
“药学上可接受的盐”意指适于药物制剂的化合物的盐。当化合物具有一个或多个碱性基团时,所述盐可以是酸加成盐,例如硫酸盐、氢溴酸盐、酒石酸盐、甲磺酸盐、马来酸盐、柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、醋酸盐、扑酸盐(双羟萘酸盐)、氢碘酸盐、硝酸盐、盐酸盐、乳酸盐、甲基硫酸盐、延胡索酸盐、苯甲酸盐、琥珀酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乳糖醛酸盐、辛二酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐等。当化合物具有一个或多个酸性基团时,所述盐可以是诸如钙盐、钾盐、镁盐、葡甲胺盐、铵盐、锌盐、哌嗪盐、氨丁三醇盐、锂盐、胆碱盐、二乙胺盐、4-苯基环己胺盐、苄星青霉素盐、钠盐、四甲铵盐等盐。多晶形的晶形和溶剂化物亦包含在本发明的范围内。
合成物
根据式(I)的一个优选的实施方案为具有式(Ia)所示结构的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在此实施方案中,基团NHR1a与C6连接,其中R1a如上文在式(I)的情况下所定义:
一个更优选的实施方案为具有式(Ib)所示结构的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R1a如上文在式(I)的情况下所定义。在式(Ib)中,C27-甲基的立体化学对应于天然存在的uncialamycin的立体化学(参见uncialamycin的结构式,上文)。
在各R0、R1a、R1b、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6和R7(当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时)中,当烷基、亚烷基、芳基、亚芳基、杂芳基、亚杂芳基、环烷基、亚环烷基、杂环烷基或亚杂环烷基表示为未取代或取代的时,未取代的实施方案为优选的。当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R2优选为H或C1-C3烷基,更优选为H。当其存在于式(I)或本申请中别处的其它化学式中时,R3优选为C1-C3烷基,更优选为Me。当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R4优选为OH、OR10或OC(=O)R10 (R10优选为C1-C3烷基),更优选为OH。当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R5优选为OH、OR10或OC(=O)R10 (R10优选为C1-C3烷基),更优选为OH。当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中的其它化学式中时,R6优选为H。当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R7优选为OH、OR10或OC(=O)R10 (R10优选为C1-C3烷基),更优选为OH。当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R9优选为、、、、、、或。
更优选R9为或,特别是前者。
当其存在于式(I)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R10优选为C1-C6烷基、环己基、环戊基、苯基、呋喃基或吡啶基。更优选R10为甲基、乙基、丙基或异丙基。
当其存在于式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)或本说明书中别处的其它化学式中时,R8优选为α-氨基酸的侧链残基,所述α-氨基酸选自精氨酸、天冬氨酸、瓜氨酸、谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、酪氨酸和缬氨酸。更优选R8为甘氨酸、赖氨酸、瓜氨酸或丝氨酸的侧链残基。优选手性碳处的立体化学对应于天然存在的蛋白基因的(proteogenic) α-氨基酸的立体化学,即L-异构体。
在具有根据式(I)、(Ia)和/或(Ib)结构的化合物的一个优选实施方案中,基团R1a选自H、Me、、、、、和。
在具有根据式(I)、(Ia)和/或(Ib)结构的化合物的一个更优选的实施方案中,基团R1a为H、、或。
本发明的具体化合物包括具有根据式(IIa)-(IIh)结构的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
。
缀合物
本发明的另一个实施方案包括与靶向部分缀合的具有式(I)、(Ia)、(Ib)、(IIa)、(IIb)、(IIc)、(IId)、(IIe)、(IIg)或(IIh)所示结构的化合物,所述靶向部分特异性或优选地与癌细胞上的化学实体结合。优选所述靶向部分为抗体或其抗原结合部分,并且所述化学实体为肿瘤相关的抗原。优选所述缀合通过与基团R0的化学键来实现。
在另一个实施方案中,提供包含根据本发明的细胞毒性化合物和配体的通过式(III)表示的缀合物:
[D(XD)aC(XZ)b]mZ (III)
其中Z为配体;D为根据本发明的细胞毒性化合物(例如根据式(I)、(Ia)或(Ib)的化合物);以及-(XD)aC(XZ)b-统称为“接头部分”或“接头”,因为其连接Z和D。在所述接头中,C为设计成在化合物D的预期生物作用位点处或附近裂解的可裂解基团;XD和XZ称为间隔物部分(或“间隔物”),因为其分别隔开D和C以及C和Z;下标a和b独立地为0或1 (即XD和/或XZ的存在为任选的);以及下标m为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10 (优选为1、2、3或4)。D、XD、C、XZ和Z在下文中更充分地阐述。
配体Z (例如抗体)用作靶向功能。通过与其抗原或受体位于的靶组织或细胞结合,配体Z将缀合物导向该处。优选所述靶组织或细胞为癌组织或癌细胞以及所述抗原或受体为肿瘤相关的抗原,即与非癌细胞相比通过癌细胞独特表达或通过癌细胞过表达的抗原。基团C在靶组织或细胞处的裂解释放化合物D,以局部发挥其细胞毒性效应。在一些情况下,所述缀合物通过胞吞作用内化入靶细胞中并且在所述靶细胞内发生裂解。以此方式,在预期的作用位点实现化合物D的精确递送,减少所需的剂量。同样,化合物D在其缀合状态时通常为生物学上无活性的(或显著更低活性的),从而减少对非靶组织或细胞的不合乎需要的毒性。鉴于一般而言抗癌药对细胞常常为高毒性的,因此这是一个重要的考虑事项。
如通过下标m所反映,各配体Z分子可与多于一个化合物D缀合,这取决于配体Z具有的可用于缀合的位点的数量以及所使用的实验条件。本领域技术人员将理解的是,尽管每一个配体Z分子与整数个化合物D缀合时,但可对缀合物的制品分析化合物D与配体Z的非整数比率,这反映统计平均值。
配体Z及其缀合
优选配体Z为抗体。为方便且简洁起见以及并非限制,本文关于配体Z缀合的详细的后续论述,以其为抗体的情况来描述,但本领域技术人员将理解的是,加以必要的修改,其它类型的配体Z亦可进行缀合。例如,以叶酸作为配体的缀合物可靶定在其表面具有叶酸受体的细胞(Vlahov等,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2008, 18(16), 4558-4561;Leamon等,Cancer Res.2008, 68 (23), 9839-9844)。出于同样的原因,下文的详细论述主要以1:1比率的抗体Z/化合物D来描述。
优选配体Z为针对肿瘤相关抗原的抗体,这允许包含所述配体Z的缀合物选择性靶定癌细胞。这类抗原的实例包括:间皮素、前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)、CD19、CD22、CD30、CD70、CD200 (亦称为OX-2)、B7H4 (亦称为O8E)、蛋白酪氨酸激酶7 (PTK7)、RG1、CTLA-4和CD44。所述抗体可以是动物的(例如鼠科的)、嵌合的、人源化的,或者优选为人的。所述抗体优选为单克隆的,特别是单克隆人抗体。针对某些前述抗原的人单克隆抗体的制品公开于Korman等,US 2009/0074660 A1 (B7H4);Rao-Naik等,US 2009/0142349 A1 A2 (CD19);King等,US 2010/0143368 A1 (CD22);Keler等,US 7,387,776 B2 (2008) (CD30);Terrett等,US 2009/0028872 A1 (CD70);Gorczynski等,US 7,238,352 B2 (2007)(CD200);Korman等,US 6,984,720 B1 (2006) (CTLA-4);Korman等,US 8,008,449 B2(2011) (PD-1);Huang等,US 2008/0279868 A1 (PSMA);Terrett等,US 2010/0034826 A1(PTK7);Harkins等,US 7,335,748 B2 (2008) (RG1);Terrett等,WO 2009/045957 A1 (间皮素);和Xu等,US 2010/0092484 A1 (CD44);其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
配体Z亦可以是抗体片段或抗体模拟物,例如affibody、域抗体(dAb)、纳米抗体、单抗体(unibody)、DARPin、抗转运蛋白(anticalin)、versabody、duocalin、脂质转运蛋白或高亲合性多聚体(avimer)。
配体Z上的数个不同的反应基团中的任一个均可以是缀合位点,其包括赖氨酸残基中的ε-氨基、侧臂碳水化合物部分、羧酸基团、二硫基和巯基。各种类型的反应基团代表一个权衡,其具有某些优点和某些缺点。对于适于缀合的抗体反应基团的综述,参见例如Garnett, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 53 (2001), 171-216以及Dubowchik和Walker,Pharmacology & Therapeutics 83 (1999), 67-123,其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
在一个实施方案中,配体Z经由赖氨酸ε-氨基缀合。大部分抗体具有多个暴露的赖氨酸ε-氨基,其可使用本领域已知的技术经由酰胺、脲、硫脲或氨基甲酸酯键缀合,所述技术包括用异双功能试剂修饰(如在下文中进一步阐述)。然而,难以控制使哪些以及多少个ε-氨基进行反应,这导致缀合物制品中可能的批次间的变化性。同样,缀合可导致对于维持抗体的天然构象很重要的质子化ε-氨基的中和,或者可发生在靠近或处于抗原结合位点的赖氨酸上,二者均为不合乎需要的事件。
在另一个实施方案中,配体Z可经由碳水化合物侧链缀合,因为许多抗体为糖基化的。可使用高碘酸盐将所述碳水化合物侧链氧化以产生醛基,所述醛基进而可与胺反应形成亚胺基,例如在缩氨基脲、肟或腙中。需要时,可通过使用氰基硼氢化钠的还原将所述亚胺基转化成更稳定的胺基。对于有关经由碳水化合物侧链缀合的其它公开内容,参见例如Rodwell等,Proc. Nat’l Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2632-2636 (1986);其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。与赖氨酸ε-氨基一样,存在对于缀合位点的位置和化学计量的重现性的关注。
在又另一个实施方案中,配体Z可经由羧酸基团缀合。在一个实施方案中,将末端羧酸基团官能化以产生碳酰肼,所述碳酰肼随后与含醛的缀合部分反应。参见Fisch等,Bioconjugate Chemistry1992, 3, 147-153。
在又另一个实施方案中,抗体Z可经由二硫基缀合,所述二硫基桥接抗体Z上的半胱氨酸残基和所述缀合物的另一部分上的硫。一些抗体缺乏游离的硫醇基(巯基)但具有二硫基,例如在铰链区中。在这类情况下,游离的巯基可通过还原天然的二硫基来产生。然后可将这样产生的巯基用于缀合。参见例如Packard等,Biochemistry 1986, 25, 3548-3552;King等,Cancer Res. 54, 6176-6185 (1994);和Doronina等,Nature Biotechnol.21(7), 778-784 (2003);其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。再次,存在对于缀合位点位置和化学计量以及对抗体天然构象的可能破坏的关注。
已知用于将游离的巯基引入抗体而不破坏天然二硫键的许多方法,所述方法可使用本发明的配体Z实施。根据所使用的方法,有可能在预定位置引入可预测数量的游离巯基。在一个方法中,制备突变的抗体,其中将半胱氨酸取代成另一种氨基酸。参见例如Eigenbrot等,US 7,521,541 B2 (2009);Chilkoti等,Bioconjugate Chem.1994, 5, 504-507;Urnovitz等,US 4,698,420 (1987);Stimmel等,J. Biol. Chem., 275 (39), 30445-30450 (2000);Bam等,US 7,311,902 B2 (2007);Kuan等,J. Biol. Chem., 269 (10),7610-7618 (1994);Poon等,J. Biol. Chem., 270 (15), 8571-8577 (1995)。在另一个方法中,向C端添加额外的半胱氨酸。参见例如Cumber等,J. Immunol., 149, 120-126(1992);King等,Cancer Res., 54, 6176-6185 (1994);Li等,Bioconjugate Chem., 13,985-995 (2002);Yang等,Protein Engineering, 16, 761-770 (2003);和Olafson等,Protein Engineering Design & Selection, 17, 21-27 (2004)。用于引入游离半胱氨酸的一个优选的方法为Liu等,WO 2009/026274 A1教导的方法,其中向抗体的重链的C端添加含半胱氨酸的氨基酸序列。此方法在远离抗原结合位点的已知位置上引入已知数量的半胱氨酸残基(每条重链1个)。此段落中引用的文档的公开内容均通过引用结合到本文中。
在又另一个实施方案中,可使用诸如2-亚胺基硫杂环戊烷或N-琥珀酰亚胺基-3-(2-吡啶基二硫)-丙酸酯(SPDP)等异双功能试剂修饰赖氨酸ε-氨基,将ε-氨基转化成巯基或二硫基,产生可谓半胱氨酸替代物。然而,此方法受到与ε-氨基本身相关的相同的缀合位置和化学计量限制所累。
在又另一个优选的实施方案中,经由巯基的亲核加成产物使配体Z与受体部分缀合。一个优选的受体部分为马来酰亚胺基团,其与抗体巯基的反应在下文一般地阐述。所述巯基可以是天然巯基,或者是如上所述引入的巯基。
配体Z亦可经由适于与“点击”化学一起使用的官能团进行缀合,如下所论述。
接头-(X
D
)
a
C(X
Z
)
b
-
如上所述,本发明的缀合物的接头部分包含至多3个组分:可裂解基团C以及任选的间隔物XZ和XD。
可裂解基团C为可在生理条件下裂解的基团,优选经过选择使得其在缀合物处于血浆的全身循环中时为相对稳定的,但在缀合物到达其预期作用位点时(即靠近、处于靶细胞或在靶细胞中)即可容易地裂解。优选在抗体Z与靶细胞的表面上展示的抗原结合之后,通过靶细胞的胞吞作用内化缀合物。随后,在靶细胞的囊泡体(早期内体、晚期内体,或者尤其是溶酶体)中发生基团C的裂解。
在一个实施方案中,基团C为pH敏感性基团。血浆中的pH略高于中性,而溶酶体内的pH为酸性的,约为5。因此,其裂解为酸催化的的基团C将以比血浆中速率快数个数量级的速率在溶酶体内裂解。合适的酸敏感性基团的实例包括顺乌头酰胺和腙,如描述于Shen等,US 4,631,190 (1986);Shen等,US 5,144,011 (1992);Shen等,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 102, 1048-1054 (1981)和Yang等,Proc. Natl Acad. Sci (USA), 85, 1189-1193 (1988);其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
在另一个实施方案中,基团C为二硫化物。二硫化物可通过硫醇-二硫化物交换机制裂解,速率取决于周围的硫醇浓度。因为谷胱甘肽和其它硫醇的胞内浓度要高于其血清浓度,所以二硫化物的裂解速率在胞内将更高。此外,硫醇-二硫化物交换的速率可通过调节二硫化物的立体和电子特征来调节(例如烷基-芳基二硫化物对比烷基-烷基二硫化物;在芳环上取代等),这使得能够设计具有增强的血清稳定性或特定裂解速率的二硫键。对于涉及缀合物中的二硫化物可裂解基团的另外的公开内容,参见例如Thorpe等,Cancer Res.48, 6396-6403 (1988);Santi等,US 7,541,530 B2 (2009);Ng等,US 6,989,452 B2(2006);Ng等,WO 2002/096910 A1;Boyd等,US 7,691,962 B2;和Sufi等,US 2010/0145036A1;其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
优选的基团C包含肽键,所述肽键优先在预期的作用位点经蛋白酶切割,而不是在血清中经蛋白酶切割。通常基团C包含1-20个氨基酸,优选1-6个氨基酸,更优选1-3个氨基酸。所述氨基酸可以是天然和/或非天然的α-氨基酸。天然氨基酸为通过遗传密码编码的氨基酸,以及衍生自其的氨基酸,例如羟脯氨酸、γ-羧基谷氨酸、瓜氨酸和O-磷酸丝氨酸。术语氨基酸亦包括氨基酸类似物和模拟物。类似物为具有相同的天然氨基酸通用结构H2N(R)CHCO2H的化合物,只是R基团不是在天然氨基酸中存在的基团。类似物的实例包括高丝氨酸、正亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸-亚砜和甲硫氨酸甲基锍。氨基酸模拟物为结构不同于α-氨基酸的通用化学结构但以类似于α-氨基酸的方式起作用的化合物。意图术语“非天然氨基酸”代表“D”立体化学形式,天然氨基酸为“L”型。
优选基团C包含其为蛋白酶的切割识别序列的氨基酸序列。许多切割识别序列为本领域已知的。参见例如Matayoshi等,Science 247: 954 (1990);Dunn等,Meth. Enzymol. 241: 254 (1994);Seidah等,Meth. Enzymol. 244: 175 (1994);Thornberry,Meth. Enzymol. 244: 615 (1994);Weber等,Meth. Enzymol. 244: 595 (1994);Smith等,Meth. Enzymol. 244: 412 (1994);和Bouvier等,Meth. Enzymol. 248: 614 (1995);其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
对于不预期被细胞内化的缀合物,可选择基团C,使得其通过存在于靶组织附近的胞外基质中的蛋白酶切割,例如通过附近的濒死细胞释放的蛋白酶或肿瘤相关的蛋白酶切割。示例性的胞外肿瘤相关的蛋白酶为基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)、甲拌磷寡肽酶(TOP)和CD10。
对于设计成被细胞内化的缀合物,基团C优选包含针对通过内体或溶酶体蛋白酶(特别是后者)切割而选择的氨基酸序列。这类蛋白酶的非限制性实例包括组织蛋白酶B、C、D、H、L和S,特别是组织蛋白酶B。组织蛋白酶B优先在序列-AA2-AA1-处切割肽,其中AA1为碱性或强氢键结合的氨基酸(例如赖氨酸、精氨酸或瓜氨酸),以及AA2为疏水性氨基酸(例如苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸或异亮氨酸),例如Val-Cit (其中Cit表示瓜氨酸)或Val-Lys。(除非文段另有明确指示,否则本文中的氨基酸序列以N-至C-方向描述,如H2N-AA2-AA1-CO2H)。对于关于组织蛋白酶可裂解基团的其它信息,参见Dubowchik等,Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett.8, 3341-3346 (1998);Dubowchik等,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 83347-3352 (1998);和Dubowchik等,Bioconjugate Chem.13, 855-869 (2002);其公开内容通过引用结合。可用于切割肽基接头的另一种酶为豆蛋白酶(legumain),其为优先在Ala-Ala-Asn处切割的溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶。
在一个实施方案中,基团C为包含2-氨基酸序列-AA2-AA1-的肽,其中AA1为赖氨酸、精氨酸或瓜氨酸,以及AA2为苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸或异亮氨酸。在另一个实施方案中,C由1-5个氨基酸的序列组成,选自Val-Cit、Ala-Val、Val-Ala-Val、Lys-Lys、Ala-Asn-Val、Val-Leu-Lys、Cit-Cit、Val-Lys、Ala-Ala-Asn、Lys、Cit、Ser和Glu。
由单个氨基酸组成的可裂解基团C的制备和设计公开于Chen等,US 2010/0113476A1,其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
基团C亦可以是可光切割的基团,例如在暴露给光之后裂解的硝基苄基醚。
基团C可直接与抗体Z或化合物D键合;即间隔物XZ和XD (视情况而定)可不存在。例如,如果基团C为二硫化物,则两个硫之一可以是在抗体Z上的半胱氨酸残基或其替代物。或者,基团C可以是与抗体的碳水化合物侧链上的醛键合的腙。或者,基团C可以是与抗体Z的赖氨酸ε-氨基形成的肽键。在一个优选的实施方案中,化合物D经由与化合物D中的羧基或胺基的肽基键与基团C直接键合。
当存在时,间隔物XZ提供基团C和抗体Z之间的空间隔离,以免前者在空间上干扰通过后者的抗原结合,或者后者在空间上干扰前者的裂解。此外,间隔物XZ可用于给缀合物提供增加的溶解性或减少的聚集性质。间隔物XZ可包含一个或多个模块区段,所述模块区段可以任何数量的组合装配。用于间隔物XZ的合适区段的实例为:、、、和,其中下标q为0或1,以及下标r为1-24,优选2-4。可将这些区段组合,如下所示:、或。
间隔物XD (如果存在)提供基团C和化合物D之间的空间隔离,以免后者在空间上或电子上干扰前者的裂解。间隔物XD亦可用于引入另外的分子量和化学官能度到缀合物中。一般而言,所述另外的质量和官能度将影响所述缀合物的血清半寿期和其它性质。因此,通过间隔物基团的慎重选择,可调节缀合物的血清半寿期。间隔物XD亦可装配自模块区段,如上在间隔物XZ的文段中所述。
间隔物XZ和/或XD (如果存在)优选分别在Z和C或者D和C之间提供5-15个原子、更优选5-20个原子的线性隔离。
间隔物XZ或XD或二者,均可包含自我毁灭的部分。自我毁灭的部位为这样的部分,其(1)与基团C以及任选抗体Z或细胞毒素D键合以及(2)具有这样的结构,所述结构使得从基团C的裂解引发导致所述自我毁灭部分使其自身从抗体Z或细胞毒素D (视情况而定)脱离的反应续发事件。换言之,在远离抗体Z或细胞毒素D的位点处的反应(从基团C的裂解)亦导致XZ-Z或XD-D键断裂。自我毁灭部分的存在在间隔物XD的情况下为合乎需要的,因为如果在缀合物裂解之后,间隔物XD或其部分保持与细胞毒素D连接,则后者的生物活性可能受损。当可裂解基团C为多肽时,自我毁灭部分的使用为特别合乎需要的。
与配偶体分子D上的羟基或氨基键合的示例性自我毁灭部分(i)-(v)如下所示:
所述自我毁灭部分为虚线a和b之间的结构,显示邻接的结构特征以提供环境。自我毁灭部分(i)和(v)与化合物D-NH2键合(即化合物D经由氨基缀合),而自我毁灭部分(ii)、(iii)和(iv)与化合物D-OH键合(即化合物D经由羟基或羧基缀合)。虚线b处酰胺键的裂解将酰胺氮作为胺氮释放,引发导致虚线a处的键裂解以及D-OH或D-NH2 (视情况而定)的随后释放的反应续发事件。对于关于自我毁灭部分的其它公开内容,参见Carl等,J. Med. Chem., 24 (3), 479-480 (1981);Carl等,WO 81/01145 (1981);Dubowchik等,Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 83, 67-123 (1999);Firestone等,US 6,214,345 B1(2001);Toki等,J. Org. Chem.67, 1866-1872 (2002);Doronina等,Nature Biotechnology21 (7), 778-784 (2003) (勘误,第941页);Boyd等,US 7,691,962 B2;Boyd等,US 2008/0279868 A1;Sufi等,WO 2008/083312 A2;Feng, US 7,375,078 B2;和Senter等,US 2003/0096743 A1;其公开内容通过引用结合。
在另一个实施方案中,抗体靶向部分和细胞毒性化合物D通过不可裂解的接头连接。抗体的降解最终将所述接头缩小为小的随附部分,其不会干扰细胞毒性化合物D的生物活性。
化合物D-接头合成物
在本发明的化合物中,优选通过与如在式(I)中所定义的基团R0的键来实现缀合。优选R0为NHR1a。当R1a为H或烷基时,所述键可为R1aNH的氮的键。当R1a为(CH2)nNH2、C(=O)(CH2)nNH2、C(=O)CHR8NH2或C(=O)R9NH2时,可经由R1a的氨基(NH2)来实现缀合。因此,根据R1aNH的结构,D可表示为:
;
;
;
;
;或
;
其中R12为C1-C6烷基以及R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9和n如对于式(I)所定义。
加以必要的修改,相应的结构可衍生自式(Ia)、(Ib)或者(IIa)-(IIh)。
优选D为
、
、
或
。
本发明的缀合物优选通过首先连接化合物D和接头(XD)aC(XZ)b形成药物-接头合成物来制备,所述药物-接头合成物通过式(IV)表示:
D-(XD)aC(XZ)b-R31 (IV)
其中R31为适于与抗体Z上的官能团反应形成缀合物的官能团。合适的基团R31的实例包括叠氮化物、环辛炔、
其中R32为Cl、Br、F、甲磺酸酯或甲苯磺酸酯,以及R33为Cl、Br、I、F、OH、-O-N-琥珀酰亚胺基、-O-(4-硝基苯基)、-O-五氟苯基或-O-四氟苯基。通常可用于制备合适部分D-(XD)aC(XZ)b-R31的化学物质公开于Ng等,US 7,087,600 B2 (2006);Ng等,US 6,989,452 B2(2006);Ng等,US 7,129,261 B2 (2006);Ng等,WO 02/096910 A1;Boyd等,US 7,691,962B2;Chen等,US 7,517,903 B2 (2009);Gangwar等,US 7,714,016 B2 (2010);Boyd等,US2008/0279868 A1;Gangwar等,US 7,847,105 B2 (2010);Gangwar等,US 7,968,586 B2(2011);Sufi等,US 2010/0145036 A1;和Chen等,US 2010/0113476 A1;其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
优选活性官能团-R31为-NH2、-OH、-CO2H、-SH、马来酰亚胺基、环辛炔、叠氮基(-N3)、羟氨基(-ONH2)或N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基。
-OH基团可与抗体上的羧基(例如天冬氨酸或谷氨酸侧链上的羧基)酯化。
-CO2H可与抗体上的-OH基团酯化或与其上的氨基(例如赖氨酸侧链上的氨基)酰胺化。
N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基团为功能上活化的羧基并且可便利地通过与氨基(例如来自赖氨酸)的反应进行酰胺化。
在迈克尔加成反应中,马来酰亚胺基团可与抗体上的-SH基团(例如来自半胱氨酸或者来自引入巯基官能团的抗体的化学修饰)缀合。
在其为上述反应的“镜像”的迈克尔加成反应中,-SH基团对于其中抗体经修饰以向其引入马来酰亚胺基团的缀合特别有用。可使用4-(马来酰亚胺甲基)-环己烷甲酸N-琥珀酰亚胺酯(SMCC)或其磺化变体磺基-SMCC将抗体修饰成具有马来酰亚胺基团,两种试剂均可获自Sigma-Aldrich。
叠氮化物和环辛炔为互补的官能团,其可经由所谓的无铜“点击化学”来实现缀合,其中叠氮化物横跨加成到环辛炔的张紧的炔键,形成1,2,3-三唑环。参见例如Agard等,J. Amer. Chem. Soc.2004, 126, 15046-15047;Best, Biochemistry2009, 48, 6571-6584。所述叠氮化物可以是式(IV)中的活性官能团R31,以及所述环辛炔可位于抗体或其抗原结合部分上,反之亦然。环辛炔基团可通过DIBO试剂(可获自Invitrogen/MolecularProbes, Eugene, Oregon)提供。
可利用用于将非天然氨基酸引入抗体中的技术,所述非天然氨基酸提供用于与活性官能团缀合的官能团。例如,可将非天然氨基酸对乙酰苯丙氨酸掺入抗体中,如在Tian等,WO 2008/030612 A2 (2008)中所教导。对乙酰苯丙氨酸中的酮基可通过与羟氨基活性官能团形成肟而成为缀合位点。
胺(NH2)基团可用于使用转谷氨酰胺酶的缀合,如在Jeger等,Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010, 49, 9995-9997中所教导。
缀合亦可使用分选酶A来实现,如在Levary等,PLoS One2011, 6(4), e18342;Proft, Biotechnol. Lett.2010, 32, 1-10;Ploegh等,WO 2010/087994 A2 (2010);和Mao等,WO 2005/051976 A2 (2005)中所教导。所述分选酶A识别基序(通常为LPXTG,其中X为任意天然氨基酸)可位于配体Z上,以及所述亲核受体基序(通常为GGG)可以是式(IV)中的基团R31,反之亦然。
根据式(IV)的合成物的实例包括具有式(IVa)-(IVg)所示结构的合成物:
缀合物的制备
以下为一个说明性的程序,其基于通过使赖氨酸ε-氨基与2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷反应将游离的巯基引入抗体中,接着与如上所述的含马来酰亚胺的药物-接头部分反应。首先将抗体的缓冲液更换成含50 mM NaCl和2 mM二亚乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)的0.1 M磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 8.0)并浓缩为5-10 mg/mL。通过向抗体中添加2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷来实现硫醇化。待添加的2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷的量可通过预实验确定并且在抗体之间各不相同。在预实验中,向抗体中滴定加入渐增量的2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷,并接着与抗体一起于RT (室温,约25℃)孵育1 h,使用SEPHADEXTM G-25柱使抗体脱盐于50 mM pH 6.0 HEPES缓冲液中并通过与二硫代二吡啶(DTDP)的反应迅速确定引入的巯基数量。巯基与DTDP的反应导致硫代吡啶的释放,所述硫代吡啶可用分光光度法在324 nm处监测。通常使用蛋白质浓度为0.5-1.0mg/mL的样品。280 nm处的吸光度可用于精确测定样品中蛋白质的浓度,并随后将各样品的等分(0.9 mL)与0.1 mL DTDP (5 mM贮存液/乙醇)一起于RT孵育10 min。仅缓冲液加DTDP的空白样品亦在旁边孵育。10 min之后,测定324 nm处的吸光度并使用19,800 M-1的硫代吡啶的消光系数对巯基数量进行定量。
通常每个抗体约3个巯基的硫醇化水平为合乎需要的。例如,对于一些抗体,这可通过添加15倍摩尔过量的2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷接着于RT孵育1 h来实现。然后以所需的摩尔比将抗体与2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷一起孵育,并随后脱盐于缀合缓冲液(含5 mM甘氨酸和2mM DTPA的50 mM pH 6.0 HEPES缓冲液)中。在如上所述定量引入的巯基数量时,使硫醇化的物质保持在冰上。
在验证引入的巯基数量之后,以每个巯基3倍摩尔过量添加药物-接头部分。使缀合反应在亦含有终浓度5%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的缀合缓冲液或类似的备选溶剂中进行。通常,将药物-接头贮存液溶于100% DMSO。将所述贮存液直接添加到硫醇化的抗体(已加入足够的DMSO将终浓度调为10%)中,或者用含终浓度10% DMSO的缀合缓冲液预稀释,接着添加到等体积的硫醇化抗体中。
将缀合反应混合物于RT搅拌孵育2 h。孵育之后,将缀合反应混合物离心并通过0.2 μm滤器过滤。缀合物的纯化可使用大量方法通过层析法完成。在一个方法中,使用大小排阻层析法在用含5 mM甘氨酸和50 mM NaCl的50 mM pH 7.2 HEPES缓冲液预平衡的SEPHACRYLTM S200柱上纯化缀合物。以28 cm/h的线性流速进行层析。将含有缀合物的流分收集、合并并浓缩。在一个备选的方法中,纯化可通过离子交换层析来实现。抗体之间的条件各不相同并且应针对各种情况最优化。例如,将抗体-药物缀合物反应混合物施加到用含5 mM甘氨酸的50 mM pH 5.5 HEPES预平衡的SP-SEPHAROSETM柱上。使用含0-1 M NaCl梯度的平衡缓冲液(pH 5.5)洗脱抗体缀合物。将含有缀合物的相关流分合并并针对制剂缓冲液(含5 mM甘氨酸和100 mM NaCl的50 mM pH 7.2 HEPES缓冲液)透析。
本领域技术人员将理解的是,上述条件和方法为示例性的和非限制性的,并且用于缀合的其它途径为本领域已知的且可用于本发明。
根据本发明的一些优选缀合物的结构通过式(Va)-(Vg)显示,其中Ab代表抗体,且m为1、2、3或4:
。
生物活性
关于本发明的化合物和缀合物的生物活性的数据在本说明书的实施例13和14中提供。
本领域技术人员将理解的是,当其中基团R1a为H2NCHR8C(=O)的式(I)、(Ia)或(Ib)化合物(例如在化合物(IIb)、(IIf)、(IIg)或(IIh)中所举例说明)用于缀合物时,部分R1a可以是可酶促切割的肽基接头的部分,所述肽基接头的切割不会使除化合物(IIa)之外的起始化合物(例如(IIb)、(IIf)、(IIg)或(IIh))再生。
药物组合物
在另一方面,本公开内容提供一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含与药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂一起配制的本发明的化合物,或其缀合物。其可任选包含一种或多种另外的药学上活性的成分,例如抗体或另一种药物。所述药物组合物可以与另一种治疗剂(特别是另一种抗癌剂)的组合疗法给予。
所述药物组合物可包含一种或多种赋形剂。可使用的赋形剂包括载体、表面活性剂、增稠或乳化剂、固体粘合剂、分散或混悬助剂、增溶剂、着色剂、矫味剂、包被物、崩解剂、润滑剂、甜味剂、防腐剂、等渗剂及其组合。合适赋形剂的选择和使用在Gennaro编辑,Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,第20版(Lippincott Williams &Wilkins 2003)中教导,其公开内容通过引用结合到本文中。
优选药物组合物适于静脉内、肌内、皮下、胃肠外、脊柱或表皮给予(例如通过注射或输注)。根据给予途径,可将所述活性化合物包被在材料内以保护其免受酸和可使其失活的其它天然条件的作用。短语“胃肠外给予”意指除肠内和局部给予之外的给予模式,通常通过注射进行并且包括但不限于静脉内、肌内、动脉内、鞘内、囊内、眶内、心内、真皮内、腹膜内、经气管、皮下、表皮下、关节内、囊下、蛛网膜下、脊柱内、硬膜外和胸骨内注射和输注。或者,所述药物组合物可经由非胃肠外途径给予,例如局部、表皮或粘膜给予途径,例如鼻内、经口、经阴道、经直肠、舌下或局部给予。
药物组合物可以呈无菌水溶液或分散体的形式。其亦可配制成微乳剂、脂质体或适于实现高药物浓度的其它有序结构。所述组合物亦可以冻干物(lyophilate)的形式提供,以用于在给予之前用水重构。
可与载体物质组合产生单剂型的活性成分的量,将根据待治疗的受试者和具体的给予模式而不同,并且通常将是产生疗效的组合物的量。一般而言,在100%中,这个量范围将是约0.01%-约99%的活性成分,优选约0.1%-约70%、最优选约1%-约30%的与药学上可接受的载体组合的活性成分。
调整剂量方案以提供治疗反应。例如,可给予单次大推注,可随时间给予数个分次剂量,或者可根据病情的紧急状态所指示相应地减少或增加剂量。以剂量单位形式配制胃肠外组合物对于简化给予和剂量一致性而言特别有利。“剂量单位形式”是指适合作为单剂量用于待治疗的受试者的物理上离散的单位;各单位含有经计算产生所需治疗反应的预定量的活性化合物以及所需的药物载体。
所述剂量范围为约0.0001-100 mg/kg以及更通常为0.01-5 mg/kg宿主体重。例如剂量可以是0.3 mg/kg体重、1 mg/kg体重、3 mg/kg体重、5 mg/kg体重或10 mg/kg体重或者在1-10 mg/kg的范围内。示例性的治疗方案为每周给予一次、每两周给予一次、每三周给予一次、每四周给予一次、每月给予一次、每3个月给予一次或者每3-6个月给予一次。优选的剂量方案包括经由静脉内给予1 mg/kg体重或3 mg/kg体重,其使用以下给药方案之一进行:(i)每四周给予达6个剂量,然后每三个月给予;(ii)每三周给予;(iii) 3 mg/kg体重一次,接着每三周1 mg/kg体重。在一些方法中,调整剂量以实现约1-1000 μg/mL的血浆抗体浓度,以及在一些方法中为约25-300 μg/mL。
本发明的化合物的“治疗上有效的量”优选导致疾病症状的严重性的减轻、无疾病症状阶段的频率和持续时间上的增加或者防止因疾病苦难所致的损伤或失能。例如,对于荷瘤受试者的治疗,相对于未治疗的受试者,“治疗上有效的量”优选抑制肿瘤生长达至少约20%、更优选达至少约40%、甚至更优选达至少约60%、以及还更优选达至少约80%。治疗化合物的治疗上有效量可缩小肿瘤大小,或者以其它方式改善受试者中的症状,所述受试者通常为人,但亦可以是另一种哺乳动物。
所述药物组合物可以是控释或持续释放制剂,包括埋植剂、透皮贴剂和微囊递送系统。可使用生物可降解的生物相容性聚合物,例如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚酐、聚乙醇酸、胶原、聚原酸酯和聚乳酸。参见例如持续释放和控释药物递送系统(Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems), J.R. Robinson编辑,Marcel Dekker,Inc., New York, 1978。
治疗组合物可经由医疗装置给予,例如(1)无针皮下注射装置(例如US 5,399,163;5,383,851;5,312,335;5,064,413;4,941,880;4,790,824和4,596,556);(2)微量输液泵(US 4,487,603);(3)透皮装置(US 4,486,194);(4)输液器(US 4,447,233和4,447,224);和(5)渗透装置(US 4,439,196和4,475,196);其公开内容通过引用结合。
在某些实施方案中,可对所述药物组合物进行配制以确保在体内的适当分布。例如,为了确保本发明的治疗化合物跨越血-脑屏障,可将其配制成脂质体,所述脂质体可另外包含靶向部分以增强对特定细胞或器官的选择性转运。参见例如US 4,522,811;5,374,548;5,416,016;和5,399,331;V.V. Ranade (1989) J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685;Umezawa等,(1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153:1038;Bloeman等,(1995)FEBS Lett. 357:140;M. Owais等,(1995) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:180;Briscoe等,(1995) Am. J. Physiol. 1233:134;Schreier等,(1994) J. Biol. Chem.269:9090;Keinanen和Laukkanen (1994) FEBS Lett. 346:123;以及Killion和Fidler(1994) Immunomethods 4:273。
用途
本发明的化合物或其缀合物可用于治疗疾病,例如但不限于过度增殖性疾病,包括:头与颈的癌症,其包括头、颈、鼻腔、鼻旁窦、鼻咽、口腔、口咽、喉、下咽、唾液腺的肿瘤和神经节细胞瘤;肝和胆系的癌症,特别是肝细胞癌;肠癌,特别是结肠直肠癌;卵巢癌;小细胞和非小细胞肺癌(SCLC和NSCLC);乳腺癌肉瘤,例如纤维肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、环胎性横纹肌肉瘤、平滑肌肉瘤(leiomysosarcoma)、神经纤维肉瘤、骨肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤和软组织腺泡状肉瘤;白血病,例如急性早幼粒细胞性白血病(APL)、急性骨髓性白血病(AML)、急性成淋巴细胞性白血病(ALL)和慢性骨髓性白血病(CML);中枢神经系统的新生物,特别是脑癌;多发性骨髓瘤(MM)、淋巴瘤例如何杰金淋巴瘤、淋巴浆细胞样淋巴瘤、滤泡性淋巴瘤、粘膜相关的淋巴样组织淋巴瘤、外套细胞淋巴瘤、B系大细胞淋巴瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤和T细胞间变性大细胞淋巴瘤。临床上,本文所述的方法的实施和组合物的使用将导致癌性生长的大小或数量上的减少和/或相关症状(当适用时)的减轻。病理学上,本文所述的方法的实施和组合物的使用将产生病理学相关的反应,例如:抑制癌细胞增殖、减小癌或肿瘤的大小、防止进一步转移以及抑制肿瘤血管发生。治疗这类疾病的方法包括向受试者给予治疗上有效量的本发明组合。可根据需要重复所述方法。所述癌症尤其可以是结肠直肠癌、肝癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、黑素瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、肺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、多发性骨髓瘤、肾癌、白血病(尤其是ALL、APL或AML)或淋巴瘤。
本发明的化合物或其缀合物可与其它治疗剂组合给予,所述治疗剂包括抗体、烷化剂、血管生成抑制剂、抗代谢物、DNA裂解剂、DNA交联剂、DNA嵌入剂、DNA小沟结合剂、烯二炔类、热休克蛋白90抑制剂、组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂、免疫调节剂、微管稳定剂、核苷(嘌呤或嘧啶)类似物、核输出抑制剂、蛋白酶体抑制剂、拓扑异构酶(I或II)抑制剂、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶抑制剂。具体的治疗剂包括阿达木单抗、安丝菌素P3、金他汀(auristatin)、苯达莫司汀、贝伐单抗、比卡鲁胺、博来霉素、硼替佐米、白消安、卡利他汀(callistatin) A、喜树碱、卡培他滨、卡铂、卡莫司汀、西妥昔单抗、顺铂、克拉屈滨、阿糖胞苷、克利素(cryptophycin)、达卡巴嗪、达沙替尼、柔红霉素、多西他赛、多柔比星、倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)、代纳霉素(dynemycin) A、埃博霉素、依托泊苷、氟尿苷、氟达拉滨、5-氟尿嘧啶、吉非替尼、吉西他滨、依匹单抗、羟基脲、伊马替尼、英夫利昔单抗、干扰素、白介素、β-拉帕醌、来那度胺、伊立替康、美登素、氮芥、美法仑、6-巯嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素C、尼罗替尼、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、丙卡巴肼、辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA)、6-硫代鸟嘌呤、塞替派、替尼泊苷、托泊替康、曲妥单抗、曲古抑菌素A、长春碱、长春新碱和长春地辛。
实施例
本发明的实施可通过参考以下实施例来进一步理解,所述实施例通过例示而非限制的方式提供。
实施例1-化合物(IIa)
此实施例阐述了化合物(IIa)或8-氨基uncialamycin的制备。用于其制备的合成方案在图1中显示,图中将其标记为化合物9。
(3-氧代-1,3-二氢异苯并呋喃-5-基)氨基甲酸2,2,2-三氯乙酯2。于0℃向6-氨基异苯并呋喃-1(3H)-酮1 (Maybridge,13.43 g,90 mmol)的二氯甲烷(DCM,200 mL)混悬液中加入氯甲酸2,2,2-三氯乙酯1a (18.23 mL,135 mmol)和吡啶(17.79 mL,180 mmol)。将反应混合物于室温(RT,约25℃)搅拌1 h。薄层层析(TLC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)显示反应已完成。将反应混合物过滤并用DCM (2x30 mL)洗涤,得到作为白色固体的氨基甲酸酯2(17.03g,58%)。LCMS: [M+1] = 324。
羟基苯酞3。将氨基甲酸酯2 (17.0 g,52.4 mmol)、N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS,10.26g,57.6 mmol)的CCl4 (150 mL)混悬液搅拌并加热至回流(85℃油浴)。将反应混合物暴露给来自位于距离烧瓶约10 cm处的太阳灯(sun lamp)的光照。2h之后,TLC显示反应已完成。因中间体溴化物的不稳定性质所致,HPLC显示多个峰。用旋转蒸发仪浓缩,得到棕色固体。原位向所述棕色固体添加水(200 mL)并加热至回流5 h,产生含有一些不溶物质的近乎清澈的溶液。TLC和HPLC显示反应已完成。用旋转蒸发仪浓缩,接着使用COMBIFLASHTM装置用0-50% EtOAc梯度/己烷在120 g硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到羟基苯酞3 (13.55g,76%)。LCMS: [M+1] = 340。
氰基苯酞5。于0℃ (冰浴)向羟基苯酞3 (1.391 g,4.09 mmol)和氰化钾(399 mg,6.14 mmol,1.5当量)的水(4 mL)混悬液中缓慢加入33% HCl水溶液(1.2 mL)。移除冰浴并持续搅拌2 h。LCMS (m+1 = 368)显示化合物4的形成。用EtOAc萃取反应混合物,用MgSO4干燥并浓缩成20 mL。冷却至0℃之后,用二环己基碳化二亚胺(DCC,1.2当量)处理溶液并于RT持续搅拌8 h。将反应混合物过滤以去除脲副产物并通过快速柱层析以30% EtOAc/己烷梯度将滤液浓缩,得到作为白色固体的氰基苯酞5 (1.116 g,78%产率)。1H NMR(400 MHz,CDCl3): δ 8.10 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d,J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (s, 1H), 4.87 (s, 1H)。
氨基氰基苯酞6。于RT向含氰基苯酞5 (3 g,8.58 mmol)的乙酸(82 mL)和水(4.3mL)的溶液中加入锌(8.58 g,131 mmol)。30 min之后,TLC和HPLC显示反应已完成,产物和单脱氯副产物的比率为3:1。用CELITETM过滤并用EtOAc (50 mL)和水(50 mL)洗涤,接着浓缩和使用0-50% EtOAc/己烷梯度在COMBIFLASHTM 40g硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到作为白色固体的氨基氰基苯酞6 (980 mg,66%产率)。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.46 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s,1H)。
8-氨基uncialamycin-OTES 8。采用Hauser成环(annulation)程序。于-70℃向氨基氰基苯酞6 (155 mg,0.891 mmol)的四氢呋喃(THF,5.3 mL)溶液中加入双(三甲基甲硅烷基)酰胺锂(LiHMDS,1.782 mL,1.782 mmol)。将反应混合物搅拌20 min。加入亚氨基醌7(按照Nicolaou等,2007a制备,125 mg,0.297 mmol)/THF (12.5 mL)的预冷溶液。在相同温度下将反应混合物搅拌5 min,并随后在30 min之内缓慢加热至RT。用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH6.8,100 mL)淬灭反应并用EtOAc (3x75 mL)萃取。用MgSO4干燥合并的萃取液,得到粗产物。使用0-50% EtOAc/己烷梯度在COMBIFLASHTM 12 g硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到作为紫色固体的产物8 (60 mg,36%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 569。1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN): δ 13.14(s, 1H), 9.96 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1H), 8.03 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H),7.38 (m, 1H), 7.02 (td, J = 8.0 Hz, J = 1.6 Hz 1H), 5.92 (dd, J = 24, 9.6 Hz,2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 5.12 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.65(m, 1H), 4.55 (q, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.46 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H),1.40 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.68 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H)。
8-氨基uncialamycin 9。于RT将氨基uncialamycin-OTES 8 (30 mg)溶于THF (3mL)并用Et3N•3HF/THF (1:1,1.5 mL)溶液处理。1 h之后,如通过TLC和HPLC所监测完成脱甲硅基(desilylation)。用EtOAc提取反应混合物,用饱和NaHCO3溶液洗涤,用MgSO4干燥并浓缩。使用0-55% EtOAc/己烷梯度在COMBIFLASHTM硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到作为紫色固体的8-氨基uncialamycin 9 (80%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 455。
本领域技术人员将理解的是,氨基位于其它环位置的化合物(IIa)的变体,可通过使用其氨基在环的别处或被不同基团置换的化合物1的变体作为起始材料来制备,如下所示:
。
实施例2-化合物(IIb)、(IIg)和(IIh)
虽然8-氨基uncialamycin中的8-氨基并非特别有活性,但其可在氰化银存在下用α-氨基酸氯化物进行酰胺化。图2显示用于经由此程序制备化合物(IIb)、(IIh)和(IIg)的说明性程序。在图2中,化合物(IIb)、(IIh)和(IIg)分别标记为13a、13b和13c’。
Fmoc-Gly-NH-uncialamycin-OTES 11a。将氨基uncialamycin-OTES 8 (5 mg)和Fmoc-保护的甘氨酰氯10a (Chem-Impex,8.4 mg,3当量)溶于乙腈(2 mL)并在AgCN (7 mg,6当量)存在下搅拌过夜。如通过TLC和HPLC所监测的,反应完成了。浓缩并使用0-40%EtOAc/己烷梯度在COMBIFLASHTM硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到作为紫色固体的产物11a (90%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 848。
Fmoc-Gly-NH-uncialamycin 12a。于RT将产物11a (4 mg)溶于THF (0.5 mL)并用Et3N•3HF•THF (1:1,0.25 mL)溶液处理。1 h之后,如通过TLC和HPLC所监测,脱甲硅基完成了。用EtOAc提取反应混合物,用饱和NaHCO3溶液洗涤,用MgSO4干燥并浓缩。使用0-55%EtOAc/己烷梯度在COMBIFLASHTM硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到作为紫色固体的化合物12a (80%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 734。
Gly-NH-uncialamycin 13a。用20%哌啶/N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF,1 mL)将化合物12a (2 mg)于RT处理15 min。浓缩并使用反相HPLC (R-HPLC)用含0.1% TFA的乙腈/水洗脱液进行纯化,得到化合物13a (50%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 512。
使用相同的通用程序制备类似的赖氨酸和丝氨酸化合物13b和13c’。通过与亚硫酰氯或Ghosez试剂反应自相应的羧酸(二者均来自Chem-Impex)制备酰基氯10b和10c。自化合物13c中去除TES基团可使用乙酸完成。化合物13b:LCMS [M+1] = 583.2;化合物11c:LCMS [M+1] = 770.3。
实施例3-化合物(IIf)
前述实施例的程序因瓜氨酸酰基氯的不稳定性所致而不适用于瓜氨酸。设计了备选的合成途径,其中在与化合物7缩合之前将瓜氨酸连接至苯酞(如在图3中所示),产生化合物(IIf),在图中标记为17。
Fmoc-瓜氨酸偶联的氰基苯酞14。将含Boc-保护的瓜氨酸6a (Chem-Impex,0.726g,2.64 mmol)和N-(3-二甲基氨丙基)-N’-乙基碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC,0.578g,2.9 mmol)的DCM:DMF (17:3,20 mL)于RT搅拌30 min。然后加入氨基氰基苯酞6 (0.23 g,1.32 mmol)并于RT搅拌18 h。用乙酸乙酯对反应混合物进行后处理,用饱和NaHCO3溶液洗涤,并用水和盐水进一步洗涤。浓缩并使用COMBIFLASH柱用17% MeOH/DCM洗脱进行纯化,得到氰基苯酞14 (40%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 432. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.50 (s, 1H),8.37 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (m, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J= 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 5.40 (s, 2H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 2.92 (m, 2H), 1.60(m, 2H), 1.36 (m, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 172.7, 168.3, 159.3,156.0, 141.9, 137.0, 126.7, 125.0, 124.5, 115.7, 114.8, 78.5, 66.7, 55.3,29.4, 28.6, 27.3。
化合物15。使用DCM-三氟乙酸(TFA) (1:1)处理苯酞14,得到化合物15。LCMS: [M+1] = 332。
化合物17。不进行进一步纯化,采用上述通用条件使化合物15的TFA盐经历与亚氨基醌7的Hauser成环,得到TES保护的化合物16 (10%产率)。使用Et3N•3HF将化合物16脱甲硅基,接着使用含0.1% TFA的CH3CN/水进行R-HPLC,得到化合物17。LCMS: [M+1] = 612。
实施例4-化合物(IIc)
图4显示用于合成化合物(IIc) (在图中标记为22)的方案。
化合物19。向含氨基氰基苯酞6 (300 mg,1.723 mmol)、化合物18 (Aldrich-Sigma,823 mg,5.17 mmol)和乙酸(5当量)的ClCH2CH2Cl (30 mL)溶液中加入三乙氧基硼氢化钠(3当量)并于RT搅拌5 h。HPLC显示90%转化。将反应混合物用DCM (100 mL)提取并用饱和NaHCO3溶液(50 mL)洗涤。浓缩并使用COMBIFLASHTM柱以40% EtOAc/己烷作为洗脱液进行纯化,得到化合物19。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.53 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07(dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (brs, 1H), 6.56 (s,1H), 4.0 (brs, 1H), 3.06-3.13 (m, 4H), 1.34 (m, 9H)。
化合物20a。于0℃将化合物19溶于DCM (6 mL)并用TFA (3 mL)处理。使温度升至RT并将反应混合物搅拌30 min。HPLC显示反应已完成。将反应混合物浓缩,得到粘性物质,将其用乙醚(2x20 mL)洗涤,溶于乙腈/水并冻干,得到化合物20a (601 mg,78%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 218。
化合物20b。于0℃向化合物20a (200 mg,0.451 mmol,作为双-TFA盐)的DMF (2mL)溶液中加入三乙胺(0.314 mL,2.256 mmol),接着加入(氯(4-甲氧基苯基)亚甲基)二苯(167 mg,0.541 mmol)/DCM (2 mL)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌1 h并用EtOAc和水进行后处理。使用30% EtOAc/己烷在中性氧化铝柱上进行纯化,得到作为淡黄色固体的对甲氧基苯基二苯基甲基(MMT)保护的产物20b (105 mg,48%产率)。通过使用三乙胺:EtOAc:己烷(1:30:70)流动相的TLC检验纯度。1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.2-7.7 (m, 16H), 7.0 (m,2H), 6.8 (m, 3H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 4.57 (brs, 1H), 3.77 (m, 3H), 3.28 (m, 2H),2.50 (m, 2H)。
化合物22。于-70℃向产物20b (92 mg,0.188 mmol)的THF (2 mL)溶液中加入LiHMDS (0.376 mL,0.376 mmol)。将反应混合物搅拌20 min。加入亚氨基醌7 (52.8 mg,0.125 mmol)/THF (2.6 mL)的预冷溶液并在相同温度下搅拌5 min。在20 min之内将反应混合物缓慢加热至RT,用磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8,20 mL)淬灭并用EtOAc (3x15 mL)萃取。将合并的有机相用盐水(30 mL)洗涤并用MgSO4干燥,得到粗产物21。于4℃将未纯化的产物21溶于DMSO (2 mL)并用Et3N•3HF (0.5 mL)处理,并于RT搅拌。1 h之后,LCMS显示产物形成。使用含0.1% TFA的乙腈/水作为流动相在X-Bridge prep C18柱5μm OBD (30x150 mm)上纯化粗产物。冻干得到产物22 (14.4 mg,两步之后23%产率)。LCMS [M+1] = 498.3。
实施例5-化合物(IIe)
图5显示用于合成化合物(IIe) (在图中标记为25)的方案。
8-甲基氨基uncialamycin 25。向含氨基氰基苯酞6 (34 mg,0.195 mmol)、多聚甲醛(11.72 mg,0.390 mmol)和乙酸的ClCH2CH2Cl (2 mL)溶液中加入三乙氧基硼氢化钠。将反应混合物于RT静置24 h。HPLC显示90%转化。将反应混合物用EtOAc (20 mL)提取并用饱和NaHCO3溶液(10 mL)洗涤。浓缩并通过R-HPLC纯化,得到产物23 (15 mg,41%产率)。MS (m+1) = 189。如上文所述使产物23经历Hauser成环接着TES脱保护,得到8-甲基氨基uncialamycin 25。LCMS: (M+1) = 467。
实施例6-化合物(IId)
图6显示用于合成化合物(IId) (在图中标记为30)的方案。
化合物30。将4-((叔丁氧羰基)氨基)苯甲酸26 (Fluka,1.885 g,7.95 mmol)和EDC (1.676 g,8.74 mmol)在DCM (24 mL)中的合并物于RT搅拌30 min。然后加入氨基氰基苯酞6 (0.346 g,1.987 mmol)/DMF (6.00 mL)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌5 h。使温度升至50℃;40 h之后通过蒸发去除DCM。用EtOAc提取残留物。使用饱和NaHCO3、水和盐水洗涤EtOAc。浓缩并使用15% MeOH/DCM洗脱液在COMBIFLASHTM装置上进行纯化,得到作为黄色固体的化合物27 (587 mg,75%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 394。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ10.53 (s, 1H), 9.71 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0Hz, 1H), 7.9 (m, 3H), 7.59 (dd, J = 7.2, J = 2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 1.47(m, 9H)。使此物质27 (567 mg,1.441 mmol)悬浮在DCM (2 mL)中并加入TFA (2 mL,26.0mmol)。于RT搅拌50 min之后,LCMS和HPLC显示反应已完成。在高真空下浓缩和干燥2h,得到化合物28,如上所述使其经历Hauser成环接着使用Et3N•3HF进行TES脱保护,得到化合物30(18%产率)。LCMS: M+1=574.2。
实施例7-使化合物(IIb)适于缀合
图7显示使化合物(IIb)适于缀合的反应方案。
化合物32。使用N,N-二异丙基乙胺(DIPEA,3当量)将化合物13a (1当量)和31(Dubowchik等,2002;1.2当量)/DMSO于RT处理1 h。使用含0.1% TFA的CH3CN/水作为洗脱液通过R-HPLC进行纯化,得到化合物32 (50%产率)。LCMS: [M+1] = 1082。1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6): δ 13.12 (s, 1H), 10.62 (s, 1H), 9.67 (m, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.29(d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (m, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.4Hz, 1H), 7.57 (m, 2H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 6.98 (m, 1H), 6.65 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H),5.99 (dd, J = 30, 9.2 Hz, 2H), 5.38 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J = 4.8 Hz,1H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.16 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (q, J = 5.2Hz, 4H), 3.86 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (m, 2H),1.94 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (m, 6H)。
化合物34。马来酰亚胺丁酸33 (TCI)的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯的类似反应得到化合物34。LCMS: [M+1] = 677。
实施例8-使化合物(IIf)适于缀合
图8显示用于使化合物(IIf)适于缀合的反应方案。
化合物38。向含化合物17 (5 mg)和35 (Bachem,10 mg,22 µmol)的DMF (2 mL)溶液中加入DIPEA (16 µl)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌7 h。浓缩并使用30% MeOH/DCM洗脱液用COMBIFLASHTM装置进行纯化,得到化合物36 (29%产率)。用20%哌啶/DMF (2 mL)处理化合物36。于RT搅拌15 min之后,LCMS显示反应已完成。用旋转蒸发仪去除哌啶。使反应混合物吸附到硅胶上并使用30%甲醇/DCM洗脱液用COMBIFLASHTM装置纯化,得到产物37 (60%产率)。在DIPEA (16 µl)/DMSO (1 mL)中使产物37与N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯33 (6 mg)于RT偶联3h。通过R-HPLC进行纯化,得到产物38 (1.56 mg)。LC MS (m+1 = 876)。
化合物39。向含化合物17 (1.68 mg)和33 (2 mg,22 µmol)的DMF (0.5 mL)溶液中加入DIPEA (5 µl)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌1 h。通过R-HPLC进行纯化,得到产物39(0.776 mg)。LC MS (m+1 = 777)。
实施例9-使化合物(IIc)适于缀合
图9显示用于使化合物(IIc)适于缀合的反应方案。
化合物40。将含化合物22 (4.89 mg,8 µmol)、化合物31 (5.68 mg,8.00 µmol)和DIPEA (6.95 µl,40.0 µmol)的DMSO (3 mL)溶液于RT搅拌1 h。通过R-HPLC进行纯化并冻干,得到4.6 mg所需化合物40 (54%产率)。LC MS (m/2+1 = 535)。1H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6): δ 13.07 (s, 1H), 9.87 (m, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 7.2 Hz,1H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz,1H), 7.2 (m, 5H), 6.95 (m, 3H), 5.92 (dd, J = 30, 9.2 Hz, 2H), 5.35 (m, 2H),5.08 (s, 1H), 4.08 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (m,2H), 2.09 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.63 (m, 2H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.78(m, 6H)。
化合物41。向化合物22 (4.89 mg,8 µmol)的DMSO (3 mL)溶液中加入DIPEA(4.35 µl,25.00 µmol)和化合物33a (TCI,2.466 mg,8.00 µmol)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌。30 min之后,加入另外0.5当量的化合物33a和DIPEA (5当量)并继续搅拌30 min。HPLC和LCMS显示反应已完成。通过R-HPLC进行纯化并冻干,得到2.35 mg化合物41 (43%产率)。LC MS (m+1 = 691.3)。1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 13.07 (s, 1H), 9.87 (m, 1H),8.38 (s, 1H), 7.89 (m, 2H), 7.1 – 7.5 (m, 2H), 6.7-7.0 (m, 4 H), 6.4- 6.6 (m,2 H), 5.92 (dd, J = 30.4, 10.0 Hz, 2H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.91 (m,1H), 4.24 (m, 1H), 1.98 (m, 4H), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.24 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H), 1.0– 1.2 (m, 4H)。
实施例10-使化合物(IId)适于缀合
图10显示使化合物(IId) (标记为30)适于缀合的反应方案。
化合物43。向含化合物30 (6.53 mg,11.39 µmol)、Fmoc-保护的瓜氨酸42 (Chem-Impex,9.05 mg,22.77 µmol)以及N,N,N′,N′-四甲基-O-(7-氮杂苯并三唑-1-基)六氟磷酸脲 (HATU,8.66 mg,22.77 µmol)的DMF (1 mL)溶液中加入DIPEA (0.012 mL,68.3 µmol)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌16 h并用饱和NaHCO3溶液和盐水进行后处理。通过COMBIFLASHTM色谱法使用12% MeOH/DCM洗脱液在12 g硅胶柱上进行纯化,得到产物43 (29%产率)。LCMS [[M+1] = 953。
化合物44。向化合物43 (4 mg,4.20 µmol)的DMF (0.8 mL)溶液中加入哌啶(200µL,2.020 mmol)。于RT搅拌15 min之后,LCMS显示反应已完成。通过旋转蒸发去除哌啶。使反应混合物吸附到硅胶上并使用25-65% MeOH/DCM梯度作为洗脱液通过COMBIFLASHTM色谱法纯化,得到化合物44 (80%产率)。LCMS [M+1] = 731。
马来酰亚胺化合物45。于RT向含叔丁醇(1当量)、叔丁基缬氨酸(1.05当量)和马来酰亚胺(2.11 g,1.0当量)的DCM (50 mL)溶液中加入EDC (2当量)。1 h之后,用EtOAc提取混合物,将其用柠檬酸水溶液、碳酸氢钠水溶液和盐水洗涤。将有机相干燥并通过蒸发浓缩以去除溶剂。使残留物通过柱(EtOAc/己烷0-80%梯度),得到3.02 g油状物。于RT将该油状物溶于DCM-TFA (3:2;20 mL)。4 h之后,将溶液在高真空下完全蒸发并干燥过夜,得到作为白色固体的化合物45 (2.1 g,68%产率)。LCMS: (M+1) = 311。
化合物46。向含马来酰亚胺化合物45 (3.12 mg,10.06 µmol)和化合物44 (2.45mg,3.35 µmol)的DMF (1 mL)溶液中加入HATU (4.59 mg,0.012 mmol),接着加入DIPEA(5.26 µl,0.030 mmol)。将反应混合物于RT搅拌17 h。通过R-HPLC进行纯化,得到产物46(0.455 mg,13%产率)。LCMS (m+1 = 1023)。
实施例11-与抗间皮素抗体的缀合
此实施例阐述了化合物(IVe) (在图9中标记为41)和(IVf) (在图9中标记为40)与抗间皮素抗体的缀合。
使用10倍摩尔过量的2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷将单克隆抗间皮素抗体6A4 (Terrett等,WO 2009/045957 A1) (在100 mM磷酸钠、150 mM NaCl,pH 8.0中的浓度为5.3 mg/mL)硫醇化。使所述硫醇化反应于RT在连续搅拌下进行1小时。
硫醇化之后,经由PD10柱(Sephadex G-25)将抗体6A4的缓冲液更换成缀合缓冲液(50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸,pH 7.0)。通过UV光谱法于280 nm处测定硫醇化抗体的浓度。使用二硫代二吡啶测定法测定巯基浓度。
以抗体6A4中的每个巯基1.5倍摩尔过量添加化合物(IVe)或(IVf) (视情况而定)/DMSO的2 mM贮存液。加入DMSO使终浓度为20%并随后加入TWEEN-80TM至0.1%的终浓度。将反应混合物于RT搅拌2 h。在此缀合步骤之后,以相对于抗体6A4中的巯基10倍摩尔过量添加100 mM N-乙基马来酰亚胺(NEM)/DMSO,以淬灭任何未反应的巯基。使所述淬灭反应于RT在连续搅拌下进行1 h。
使缀合的抗体6A4通过0.2 μm滤器过滤并随后经历阳离子交换(CEX)层析法纯化。用5倍柱体积(CV)的50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、1M NaCl,pH 7.0缓冲液将SP SepharoseHigh Performance CEX柱再生。再生之后,用3 CV的平衡缓冲液(50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸,pH 7.0)将柱平衡。将含有化合物(IVe)或(IVf) (视情况而定)的抗体6A4缀合物上样到柱上并用平衡缓冲液将柱洗涤一次。用50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、110 mM NaCl,pH 7.0将缀合物洗脱。分批收集洗脱液。然后用50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、1M NaCl,pH 7.0将柱再生,以去除蛋白质聚集物和任何未反应的化合物(IVe)或(IVf)。
将含有单体抗体缀合物的洗脱物流分合并。通过测定280和560 nm处的吸光度,确定抗体缀合物浓度和取代率。
通过使用10 MWCO膜透析,将纯化的缀合物的CEX洗脱物合并液的缓冲液更换成50mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、100 mM NaCl、0.01% TWEEN 80TM,pH 7.0。透析之后,通过测定280和560 nm处的吸光度,确定抗体缀合物浓度和取代率。所得缀合物的特征在表1中概述,如下:
实施例12-与抗CD70抗体的缀合
此实施例阐述了化合物(IVe)和(Ivf)与抗CD70抗体的缀合。
使用15倍摩尔过量的2-亚氨基硫杂环戊烷将单克隆抗CD70抗体2H5 (Terrett等,US 2009/0028872 A1) (在20 mM磷酸钠、50 mM NaCl、0.02% TWEEN-80TM,pH 7.5中的浓度为5.5 mg/mL)硫醇化。使所述硫醇化反应于RT在连续搅拌下进行1小时。
硫醇化之后,经由PD10柱(Sephadex G-25)将抗体2H5的缓冲液更换成缀合缓冲液(50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸,pH 7.0)。通过UV光谱法于280 nm处测定硫醇化抗体的浓度。使用二硫代二吡啶测定法测定巯基浓度。
以抗体2H5中的每个巯基1.5倍摩尔过量添加化合物(IVe)或(IVf) (视情况而定)/DMSO的2 mM贮存液。加入DMSO使终浓度为20%并随后加入TWEEN-80TM至0.1%的终浓度。将反应介质于RT搅拌2 h。在此缀合步骤之后,以相对于抗体6A4中的巯基10倍摩尔过量添加100 mM NEM/DMSO,以淬灭任何未反应的巯基。使所述淬灭反应于RT在连续搅拌下进行1h。
使缀合抗体2H5通过0.2 μm滤器过滤并随后经历CEX层析法纯化。用5 CV的50 mMHEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、1M NaCl,pH 7.0缓冲液将SP Sepharose High Performance CEX柱再生。再生之后,用3 CV的平衡缓冲液(50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸,pH 7.0)将柱平衡。将含有化合物(IVe)或(IVf) (视情况而定)的抗体2H5缀合物上样到柱上并用平衡缓冲液将柱洗涤一次。用50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、110 mM NaCl,pH 7.0将缀合物洗脱。分批收集洗脱液。然后用50 mM HEPES、5 mM甘氨酸、1M NaCl,pH 7.0将柱再生,以去除蛋白质聚集物和任何未反应的化合物(IVe)或(IVf)。
如先前实施例所述将含有缀合物的流分合并、更换缓冲液并透析。所得缀合物的特征在表2中概述。
实施例13-化合物的生物活性
如下分析本发明的化合物或其缀合物的抗增殖活性。人肿瘤细胞系获自美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC),P.O. Box 1549,Manassas,VA 20108,USA,并按照来自ATCC的说明培养。以1.0 x 103或1.0 x 104个细胞/孔将细胞接种到96孔板中达3 h,以分别用于ATP测定或3H胸苷测定。向孔中加入游离的(未缀合的)化合物或其缀合物的1:3连续稀释物。使板孵育24-72 h。在总孵育期的最后24小时,以1.0 μCi 3H-胸苷/孔对3H胸苷板进行脉冲,收获并用Top Count Scintillation Counter (Packard Instruments,Meriden,CT)读数。使用CELLTITER-GLO Luminescent Cell Viability试剂盒,按照制造商手册测定ATP板中的ATP水平并用GLOMAX 20/20光度计读数(两种仪器均来自Promega,Madison,WI,USA)。使用PRISMTM软件,版本4.0 (GraphPad Software,La Jolla,CA,USA)测定EC50值,其为物质抑制或减少细胞增殖达50%的浓度。
图11a为如通过使用72 h孵育期的ATP测定法所测定,与三种参照化合物:多柔比星(阿霉素)、uncialamycin和化合物A (具有以下结构的DNA烷化剂)相比,化合物(IIa)对HL-60白血病细胞的抗增殖活性的曲线:
化合物A
来源于图11a的EC50值在表3中显示。化合物(IIa)的效力大于uncialamycin本身的效力。
图11b为对于抗多柔比星的卵巢癌细胞系(Adr)的抗增殖活性的类似曲线,其亦使用ATP测定法和72 h孵育期进行。相应的EC50值在表4中显示。鉴于多柔比星和化合物A在面对抗性细胞系时的效力损失,化合物(IIa)的效力(再次甚至高于uncialamycin本身的效力)为值得注意的。
表5显示化合物(IIa)与已用于缀合物的另两种毒素:化合物A和多柔比星相比较的另外的抗增殖数据。测定法为ATP法。测试针对的癌细胞系为A2780 (卵巢癌)、A549 (肺癌)、CCRF-CEM (急性成淋巴细胞性白血病)、COLO205 (结肠癌)、DU4475 (乳腺癌)、H2087(非小细胞肺癌)、H661 (大细胞肺癌)、HCT116 (结肠癌)、LNCaP (前列腺癌)、LS174T (结肠癌)、MDA MB468 (乳腺癌)、MDA MB231 (乳腺癌)和SET2 (白血病)。将抗增殖效果报道为IC50,即产生50%抑制作用的毒素浓度。
图12a显示以多柔比星作为对比化合物,化合物(IIa)、(IIc)、(IId)和(IIe)对786-O肾癌细胞的另外的抗增殖数据。来源于图12a的EC50值提供于表6。以72 h孵育期,使用ATP测定法。
图12b为相似的抗增殖曲线,但其针对H226肺癌细胞。所得的EC50值提供于表7。以72 h孵育期,使用ATP测定法。
实施例14-缀合物的生物活性
使用与上文所述相同的测定法,测定自本发明的化合物制备的缀合物的抗增殖活性。
图13a显示自本发明的化合物制备的4种缀合物:(a)抗体2H5 (抗CD70,Terrett等,US 2009/0028872 A1)与化合物(IVf)的缀合物,(b)抗体6A4 (抗间皮素,Terrett等,WO2009/045957 A1)与化合物(IVf)的缀合物,(c)抗体2H5与化合物(IVe)的缀合物,和(d)抗体6A4与化合物(IVe)的缀合物,对786-O细胞的抗增殖活性,其使用3H胸苷掺入测定法(72h孵育)进行。在图13a中(以及亦在之后的图13b和13c中),将关于“毒素浓度”的X轴值针对取代率(SR)进行校正——即所述值等于缀合物的摩尔浓度乘以SR。来源于图13a中曲线的EC50值提供于表8。
图13b显示相同的4种缀合物对H226细胞的抗增殖活性,其再次使用3H胸苷掺入测定法和72 h孵育期进行。所得的EC50值在表9中显示。
图13c为缀合物2H5-(IVf)和6A4-(IVf)对H226细胞的抗增殖活性的另一条曲线,但其使用ATP法以72 h孵育期测定。所得的EC50值分别为6.630和0.1548 nM。
本发明的上述详述包含主要涉及或者仅涉及本发明的具体部分或方面的段落。要理解的是,这是出于清楚和便利的目的,具体特征可以不只是与其中将其公开的段落相关,并且本文的公开内容包含存在于不同段落中的信息的所有适当组合。类似地,尽管本文的多个图表和描述涉及本发明的具体实施方案,但要理解的是,在具体图表或实施方案的文段中公开具体特征时,这类特征亦可在适当时用于另一个图表或实施方案的文段中、与另一个特征组合使用或者一般地用于本发明。
另外,当以某些优选的实施方案具体描述本发明时,本发明不限于这类优选的实施方案。更确切地说,本发明的范围是通过随附权利要求来界定。
参考文献
以下提供先前在本说明书中以第一作者(或发明人)和日期的简化形式引用的下列参考文献的完整引文。为了所有的目的,这些参考文献各自通过引用结合到本文中。
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Claims (8)
1.一种具有式(IIa)、(IIb)、(IIc)、(IId)、(IIe)、(IIf)、(IIg)或(IIh)所示结构的化合物:
。
2.一种缀合物,具有式(Va)、(Vb)、(Vc)、(Vd)、(Ve)、(Vf)或(Vg)所示的结构:
,
其中Ab是抗间皮素抗体或抗CD70抗体,和
m是1、2、3或4。
3.一种化合物,具有根据式(IV)的结构
D-(XD)aC(XZ)b-R31 (IV)
其中
R31为选自-NH2、-OH、-CO2H、-SH、马来酰亚胺基、环辛炔、叠氮基、羟氨基或N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺基的活性官能团;
XD为选自以下的第一间隔物部分:
,,,,,,,和;
其中q是0或1且r是1-24;
XZ为选自以下的第二间隔物部分:
,,,,,,,和;
其中q是0或1且r是1-24;
C由1-5个氨基酸的序列组成,选自:
Val-Cit, Ala-Val, Val-Ala-Val, Lys-Lys, Ala-Asn-Val, Val-Leu-Lys, Cit-Cit, Val-Lys, Ala-Ala-Asn, Lys, Cit, Ser, 和Glu;
下标a和b独立地为0或1;和
D选自
,,
,and。
4.根据权利要求3的化合物,具有由式(IVa)、(IVb)、(IVc)、(IVd)、(IVe)、(IVf)或(IVg)所示的结构:
。
5.根据权利要求1的化合物在制备用于在受癌症所累的受试者中治疗所述癌症的药物中的用途。
6.根据权利要求2的缀合物在制备用于在受肾癌或肺癌所累的受试者中治疗所述癌症的药物中的用途。
7.一种药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1的化合物和药学上可接受的载体。
8.一种药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求2的缀合物和药学上可接受的载体。
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